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Inventory Management 4 Dec 2017
Inventory Management 4 Dec 2017
goals
1. Explain strategic importance of effectively
managing inventory
2. Classify inventory by form and purpose
Inventory Management 3. Understand measures to gauge effectiveness of
inventory management practices
December 4, 2017
4. Introduce quantitative tools to optimize inventory
decisions, while understanding limitations
Logistics Management
Inventory management Inventory classifications
why is it important? by form
1. Raw materials
Impacts customer experience
2. Work in process/progress (WIP)
3. Finished goods
Tool for managing business risk
Impacts need for fixed assets
Impacts return on assets (ROA)
Inventory classifications Inventory classifications
by purpose by purpose
• Cycle or base stock refers to inventory that is held to • Strategic or speculative stock refers to inventory
satisfy normal demand during the course of a that is held for projected price increases or due to
replenishment order cycle. “getting a good deal”
• Prebuild stock may be necessary when capacity is • Anticipatory stock is inventory held for a specific,
constrained projected “binary event” to meet a one‐time order
• Variability in replenishment lead times or poor planning
of could lead to early arrival stock
Inventory classifications Measuring Inventory Effectiveness
by purpose
• Pipeline or in‐transit stock is inventory that is held • Inventory Turnover refers to the number of times
due to transportation lead times between various that inventory is sold in a one‐year period.
facilities in a supply chain
Inventory turnover = cost of goods sold (annual)
• Marketing or psychic stock is inventory held to average inventory (annual)
stimulate demand (e.g., retail store shelf).
• Safety stock refers to inventory that is held, over and • Inventory Turnover also called “turns”
beyond cycle stock, to guard against uncertainty in
demand and/or supply to support a desired service
level to customers
Measuring Inventory Effectiveness Inventory Carrying Cost Components
• Days Supply Inventory (DSI) is simply the reciprocal
of inventory turnover times 365.
• Both Inventory Turnover and DSI are measures of
how effectively an organization is managing
inventory
Source: Supply Chain Logistics Management, 2nd ed., Bowersox, Closs & Cooper
DSI = average inventory (annual) X 365 Recall DSI is
one
component
cost of goods sold (annual) of CCC Carrying costs…
• are overhead costs associated with holding inventory
• are hidden costs – most are not directly quantified on financial statements
• Goal: Lower DSI (higher turns) • are opportunities for cost reduction
…but really low DSI could signal business issues
• Periodic review
• How often to order is held constant
• Q = order quantity
• Q = (M – I), where (I) is current inventory
• Business example of applying ROP
Use EOQ as a guideline
How Much to Order (or produce) (beware of its assumptions)
Inventory reduction strategies Inventory reduction strategies
2. Part commonality and 3. Delayed product differentiation
SKU reduction • Postponement
• Reduce number of parts 4. Lead time reduction
(e.g., car platforms)
• Faster modes of transport reduces inventory…but cost trade‐off
5. Just‐in‐Time (JIT)
• Benefits often recognized, but beware of shifting costs upstream
6. Variability reduction
• Predictability is key for optimizing inventory and customer experience
Learning goals
1. Explain strategic importance of effectively
managing inventory
2. Classify inventory by form and purpose
3. Understand measures to gauge effectiveness of
inventory management practices
4. Introduce quantitative tools to optimize inventory
decisions, while understanding limitations