NATURAL ORAL HYGIENE PRODUCTS combines the properties of activated charcoal and

probiotics to promote oral health.

1. PRO-DENTAL
- Hyperbiotics PRO-Dental Probiotic Mint flavored Chewable
Tablet
- Uniquely formulated with 4 targeted, science-backed
probiotic strains
- Including S. salivarius BLIS K12 and S. salivarius BLIS M18
- Help support oral, dental and upper respiratory health
Key Benefits:
o Revolutionize your dental check-ups
o Repopulate your oral microbiome
o Maintain healthy ears, nose, throat, and sinuses
o Uniquely formulated
o Premium probiotic supplement
Ingredients:
o water, diatomaceous earth, xylitol, organic cocos nucifera
(coconut) oil, activated charcoal, sodium bicarbonate
(baking soda), citric acid, inactivated Lactobacillus
paracasei, mentha spicata (spearmint) oil, melaleuca
alternifolia (tea tree) oil, xanthan gum
Benefits:
o Teeth Whitening
o Oral Detoxification
o Probiotic Support
o Reduced Plaque and Gingivitis

Ingredients: Advantages Disadvantages

o Natural Alternative o Abrasive Nature
o Isomalt o Potential Oral Health o Staining
o Inulin Benefits o Limited Scientific
o Microcrystalline Cellulose o Consumer Evidence
o Glyceryl Behenate Preference
o Natural Spearmint Flavor
o Dicalcium Phosphate 3. DENTAL FLOSS
o Natural Peppermint Flavor - a thin thread of woven nylon that helps clean teeth by
o Stevia Leaf Extract (Stevia rebaudiana) removing food or other organic debris caught in the spaces
between one’s teeth.
Probiotic Strain Type:
- Some dental flosses are formulated with toxic chemicals
o Lactobacillus paracasei Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFA) and potential exposure of
o Lactobacillus reuteri Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (Boronow, et.al., 2019)
o Streptococcus salivarius BLIS K12 Effect:
o Streptococcus salivarius BLIS M18
o colon cancer, thyroid disease, inflammatory bowel disease,
PROS CONS renal cancer, testicular cancer, decreased semen quality,
o Chewable and o Stevia taste may not impaired fetal development, increased cholesterol and
refreshing mint be pleasing to all hormone production
flavour. users.
o Helps improved o Not everyone is ORGANIC FLOSS
tooth sensitivity and convinced of its
bad breath. effectiveness - Organic dental floss is made from natural products
o Supports healthy - doesn’t contain the harmful chemicals found in regular
gums, teeth and toothpaste and many other types of food, such as
fresher breath. preservatives that can lead to cancer.
o Recommended by - does not use chemical dyes, which may be linked to
dentists hormone disruption or allergic reactions.
- contains all-natural ingredients like pure vegetable
glycerin, xylitol, aloe vera leaf extract, and spearmint
Suggested Use:
essential oil. These are used for their flavor and beneficial
o Chew or dissolve 1 tablet once or twice per day, after properties
brushing teeth or using mouthwash. For Intense Support,
Organic Floss Examples:
chew or dissolve 2-3 tablets twice per day.
o No refrigeration necessary o Cocofloss - It is a coconut-oil infused woven dental floss
that comes in many different flavor options. It's also vegan
and cruelty free.
2. ACTIVATED CHARCOAL PROBIOTIC TOOTHPASTE o Tom's of Maine Natural Waxed Antiplaque Flat Floss - a
- a charcoal whitening toothpaste that lets you avoid the well-known brand, Tom's is another safe and nontoxic
unfriendly ingredients in many toothpastes while still floss option that tested negative for PFAS.
giving you a sparkling smile and nurturing the delicate
ecosystem in your mouth: your oral microbiome. It
 o Desert Essence Tea Tree Dental Tape - It's gluten free and - Oil pulling is the act of swishing oil in your mouth for 15 to
naturally waxed with beeswax to help remove plaque 20 minutes and then spitting it out.
buildup. - using oil as a mouthwash.
o The Humble Co. Natural Dental Floss Picks - if you prefer
How to do it?
floss sticks or floss picks these are a great natural option
that are plastic free, bio-degradable and vegan. o Put a tablespoon of coconut oil in your mouth
o Swish the oil around for 15–20 minutes, pushing and
pulling it between teeth.
4. COCONUT OIL o Spit out the oil Brush your teeth after How to do it: (into
- Coconut oil comes from the coconut palm trees (Cocos the trash since it can clog sink pipes)
nucifera). o Brush your teeth after
- 2 Two main types of coconut oil: Copra oil and Virgin
coconut oil Reason: The fatty acids in the oil attract and trap bacteria so each
- Coconut oil is 80-90% FAT which is saturated fat. time you oil pull, you remove harmful bacteria and plaque from your
- Predominant Fat is Lauric Acid (47%) mouth. It’s best to do this right away in the morning, before you eat
- It contains no cholesterol, no fiber, and only traces of or drink anything
Vitamins, Minerals, and Plant Sterols
- Coconut Oil It has a wide range of uses, from:
1. Hair products 5. WHEATGRASS JUICE
2. Food - Wheatgrass is the freshly sprouted first leaves of the
3. Sunscreen common wheat plant, used as a food, drink, or dietary
4. Deodorant supplement.
- Wheatgrass juice also makes a great natural mouthwash. It
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
can reduce the number of S. mutans bacteria in our
o Weight loss o SKIN: COMEDOGENIC
mouth.
o Improves skin means it CLOG
o Improves hair PORES not best Streptococcus Mutans
o Brain function choice for people
o Dental health that are darker skin - Considered to be a pathogen for dental caries.
or oily/acne prone - Infective Endocarditis
skin
o BRAIN: LIMITED Benefits: it contains Side effects
RESEARCH o Iron o Nausea
o Calcium o Headache
o Magnesium o Constipation
COCONUT OIL For Optimal Oral Care o Vitamins A, C, E, K2 o Upset stomach
o Proteins o fever
- One of the simplest natural ways to support your teeth
and gums.
- Has antibacterial to reduce the bacteria that causes dental 6. XYLITOL GUMS AND MINTS
issues
- S. mutans and P. gingivalis––two strains associated with Xylitol:
some of the most common oral health condition:
- A naturally occurring sweetener found in fruits, and
a) Bad Breath
vegetables
b) Irritated Gums
- Commercially produced from birch and beechwood
c) Tooth Decay Candida
- A five-carbon sugar that cannot be metabolized by S.
- Albicans may reduce another prevalent bacteria.
Mutans
Benefits of coconut oil for the teeth: - Promotes mineralization – increases salivary flow

o Reducing the number of unwanted bacteria History:

o Clears the way for beneficial bacteria to come in and
o 1891 – German chemist – Emil Fischer
repopulate in your mouth
o 1930s – Finland used it as a substitute for sugar
o Restoring balance to your oral microbiome
o 1963 – FDA approved a special dietary and nutritional
o Giving your teeth and gums the bacterial support they
additive
need to thrive
o 1970s – dental purposes
What does oil pull with coconut oil? o 1975 – first xylitol chewing gum (Finland And United States

- Oil pulling is a growing trend, but it’s not a new concept. Products:
- In fact, the practice of oil pulling started in India thousands
o Gum
of years ago.
o Toothpastes
 o Mouth rinse o Versatility
o Lozenges
o Floss picks
INDICATION CONTRAINDICATION
Benefits: o Tooth decay o Large restoration
o Chipped or broken o High bite forces
o Promotes tooth remineralization teeth
o Decreases prevalence of dental caries o Cosmetic dentistry
o Reduce the number of cariogenic bacteria (streptococcus
mutans)
o Lower plaque levels Applications:
o Reduce the occurrence of xerostomia
o Enables more neutral oral ph o Fillings
o May reduce gingival inflammation o Veneers
o Improves oral malodor o Orthodontic bracket
o Crowns and bridges
Negative Side Effects:
 3M Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative
o bloating
- Improve esthetics
o possibility of overdose: diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss,
- Shrinkage stress relief
gastrointestinal pain, nausea, vomiting, indigestion
- Wear resistance
o note: extremely toxic to dogs
- Indicated for composite warming
- having xylitol-sweetened gum after eating is a good
preventative measure when brushing and flossing aren’t 2. GINGIVAL REACTION PASTE
possible. But overall, xylitol gum will never replace good - A substance used in dentistry to temporarily retract the
oral hygiene habits. gum tissue
- Allowing for better access during impression or dental
In conclusion, natural oral hygiene products offer a compelling procedures
alternative to conventional dental care products. They are generally
composed of natural ingredients and avoid the use of synthetic It contains:
chemicals, preservatives, and artificial additives. Natural oral
o Vasoconstrictors
hygiene products often incorporate substances such as herbal
o Astringents
extracts, essential oils, and minerals known for their potential oral
health benefits
- It addresses challenges associated with tissue
management during crown and bridge impressions.
- Applied to the gingival crevice, facilitating accurate
DENTAL BIOMATERIALS impressions and creating a clean working field

- materials that play a significant role in dentistry as they Advantages Disadvantages

are used for diagnosis, treatment and restoration of o Facilitates accurate o Improper application
various dental condition. impressions can cause tissue
o Better isolation of irritation.
Examples of dental biomaterials: the tooth o Potential for allergies
o Minimizes bleeding or sensitivity
1. COMPOSITE RESIN o Enhances visibility reactions
- The development of early resin composites in the late during tooth o Limited shelf life for
1950s and early 1960s led to the introduction of a resin preparation some products.
composite material as a class II restorative in 1968 leading
to a constant decline in the number of amalgam
restoration. Indications Contraindications
- Resin composite materials are becoming increasingly o Prepare accurate o Gingival
popular for use in fillings, veneers, crowns, repaired impressions for inflammation or
fractured teeth, bonds, and improve aesthetics. These prosthetic infection
materials are strong and easy to use. They consist of restorations (crowns, o Allergic reactions to
mixture of resin matrix and inorganic fillers. bridges) the paste
o Enhance visibility and ingredients.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES accessibility during
o Aesthetic appeal o Cost tooth preparation for
o Bonding o Staining certain procedures.
o Curing time o Wear and tear
o Minimal tooth
structure 3. POLYMERS
 - widely used in various applications, including temporary 6. Computer-Enhanced Design (CED)
restorations, orthodontic appliances, and denture bases - also known as Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is a
- typically processed using techniques like polymerization technology that utilizes computer software to design
or heat curing dental restorations like crowns, bridges, and veneers

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

o Versatile o potential for allergies o Precise and o Higher initial
o Ability to customize or sensitivity consistent design investment for
properties reactions o Predictable outcome equipment and
o Biocompatibility o roper handling and software
curing techniques o Requires training and
required expertise
o Lower strength and Conclusion: Overall, the factors that should be considered in
wear resistance choosing dental biomaterials are:
compared to some
materials  what the patient needs
 aesthetic requirements
 durability and affordability
4. BIO-MIMETIC MATERIALS
- Bio-mimetic materials aim to mimic the natural properties
of teeth and promote their overall health. These materials
REGENERATIVE DENTISTRY
incorporate biomimicry, which is the imitation of
biological processes and structures. - Field in the dental practice that focuses on the stimulation
- These materials can stimulate the remineralization of of the body's natural healing response to repair and
tooth structure, maintain the natural tooth shape and regenerate damaged tissues
translucency, and bond effectively to tooth structure. - The goal of regenerative dentistry is to stimulate the
- Bio-mimetic materials include materials like bioactive healing response to repair and regenerate oral structures
composites, remineralizing agents, and adhesive systems. with minimal surgical intervention
Advantage Disadvantage Key takeaways:
o Natural-like o Technique sensitivity
aesthetics during placement - Regenerative dentistry aims to heal, grow, and regenerate
o Promote tooth o Limited availability or dental tissues with therapy
health and higher cost for some - New ways to heal damaged teeth biologically, including
remineralization advanced bio- bioactive dental filling materials and stem cell therapy for
o Effective bonding to mimetic materials replacing lost teeth
the tooth structure o Not suitable for all - Dental stem cells can be stored for future use, not only for
cases regenerating teeth, but also for treating life-threatening
diseases
- Possibility of regrowing jawbone, clefts, and oral defects
5. CERAMICS
with stem cell therapy (currently under research
- nonmetallic materials that have been used in dentistry for
various application. Principles of Regenerative Dentistry
- ceramic restoration offers aesthetics
A. STIMULATION
Advantages Disadvantages - Factors such as nutrients, growth factors, and
o Excellent aesthetics o Higher cost oxygen can be used to stimulate the healing
o Durability o Greater tooth process and to promote cellular growth that can
reduction rebuild the tissues
o Brittle B. DELIVERY
- Using specific instruments and techniques to
guide the healing process and deliver cellular
Indications Contraindications
growth factors to the damaged tissues
o veneers to enhance o limited remaining
C. TARGETING
the appearance of tooth structure that
front teeth cannot support - Knowing the exact area of the oral tissues that
o full ceramic crowns ceramics need healing and those that are healthy to avoid
and bridges for o insufficient occlusal complications
natural looking and clearance for the
Key Technologies in Regenerative Dentistry
long-lasting restoration thickness
restorations A. 3D PRINTING
 - Creates a three-dimensional model of the
patient's teeth and gums by scanning with an
intra-oral scanner
- Scanning process is painless and safe
B. CELL THERAPY
- Use of stem cells and other biological materials
to repair and regenerate oral tissues
- Type of regenerative medicine that uses
specialized cells to treat diseases and help the
body in healing itself
C. GENE THERAPY
- Aims to treat diseases like cancer and diabetes
by genes with heal
D. IMMUNOTHERAPY
- Use of certain agents to stimulate the body's
natural ability to resist infection and fight
disease
New and Upcoming Innovations
A. BIOTEETH: TOOTH REGENERATION
- Tooth produced from stem cells
- Tissue-engineered teeth that are similar to
natural teeth are created by stimulating a
biological response within the tooth
- Achieved by biomaterials that mimic the oral
environment, help cell signaling, and have low
immune rejection status
Two Approaches in Tooth Regeneration:
D. TEETHBANKS: STORING STEM CELLS
- It is suggested that dental stem cells can remedy
various diseases (cancer, genetic disorders)
- Stem cells are available from the milk teeth and
permanent teeth (collected using sterile barbed
broach / cutting the tooth)
- Stem cell banking: Process of collecting,
isolating, and storing stem cells
- Teethbanks: Special chambers where dental
stem cells are store
Selection of Biomaterials
General Requirements:
o Ease of handling
o Adequate porosity
o Biodegradability
o Bioactivity
o Good physical and mechanical strengths
o Low immunogenicity
o Ability to support vascularity
o Can be natural or synthetic, rigid and non-rigid
Natural Biomaterials:
o Offers cellular compatibility
o Ability to support cell survival
o Biocompatibility

1. Scaffold Based Approach Disadvantages:

- Uses scaffolds where cells are planted in vitro or
o Source variability
by cell homing
o Immunogenicity
- excludes the need for isolation and laboratory
o Lack of pore size control
manipulation of cells
2. Scaffold Free Approach Natural Biomaterials Used in Tooth Regeneration
- Directly induces developmental processes of
embryonic tooth formation guided by signals to PROTEINS POLYSACCHARIDES
produce tooth structures mimicking natural o Collagen o Chitosan
teeth in morphology and size o Fibrin o Hyaluronic acid
- Injects a soft scaffold matrix impregnated with o Silk o Alginate
cells and growth factors o Agarose
- Useful in difficult to reach areas inside the pulp
cavity and can be delivered by syringe
Synthetic Biomaterials
B. BIOACTIVE DENTAL FILLINGS: HEALING DAMAGED TEETH - can be manufactured in unlimited supplies, are cheaper
PARTS and can obtain desired shape, cell differentiation
- Pulp: rich in stem cells properties, mechanical and chemical properties
- "Bioactive " tooth fillings encourages the stem - Disadvantages – Lack of cell adhesion sites
cells to form healthy dentine which saves the
tooth from cavity and strengthens it from the Synthetic Materials Used in Tooth Regeneration
core
Organic Polymers:
C. REGENERATIVE THERAPIES FOR CLEFTS IN NEWBORNS o Polylactic acid (PLA)
- Cleft lip and cleft palate occur when a baby ' s lip o Polyglycolic acid (PGA)
or palate does not grow normally during o Polylactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)
pregnancy and remains split after birth
o Polycaprolactone (PCL)
- Dental stem cells coming from the baby’s milk
teeth can help grow the tissue and close the Rigid Biomaterials
defect
 - Provide structural substitute whereas soft biomaterials - Goal of bleaching is to restore the normal color of a tooth
provide cell encapsulation by lightening the stain with a powerful oxidizing agent,
- Matrix used must have adequate strength properties to also known as bleaching agent.
support the applied load
- Matrix should preferably be soft and injectable for ease of Types of Dental Bleaching Procedures
delivery into complex pulp space, allow attachment to a) Vital tooth bleaching:
matrix, support vascularity and exhibit minimal o In office bleaching
contraction
o Night-guard bleaching
Non-Rigid Biomaterials o Over the counter bleaching

- Hydrogels: Hydrophilic polymers suspended in water and b) Non-vital tooth bleaching:

serves as soft cell encapsulating scaffolds o Walking bleaching technique
- Demonstrates solution to gel conversions and can be o Modified walking bleaching
injected o Non-vital power bleaching
o inside/outside bleaching
Methods for Forming Hydrogels:
Effects of Bleaching Process
1. Thermal gelation
- Formation of gel from solution by heating a. Effects on soft tissues:
2. Ionic interaction - soft tissue burns, turning the tissue white
- Force between ions with opposite charge
3. Physical cross linking b. Systemic effects:
- Formation of bonds between polymer chains through - Gastrointestinal mucosal irrigation, burning palate and
weak physical connection throat, minor upset stomach
4. Photo polymerization
- Uses light to initiate polymerization reaction to form c. Effects on enamel surface morphology and texture:
linear/crosslinked polymer structure - increased porosity of the superficial enamel structure,
5. Chemical cross linking demineralization and decreased protein concentration,
- Intermolecular or intramolecular joining of two or more organic matrix degradation, modification in the calcium
molecules by covalent bond phosphate ratio, and calcium loss
COSMETIC DENTISTRY
III. Aligners
- Cosmetic dentistry is a branch of dentistry in which - Many people dream of having the perfect smile. However,
improves the appearance of a person's teeth and gums some people avoid actually getting orthodontic treatment
using various cosmetic procedures. because they don’t want to deal with how visible and
bulky braces can be
I. Teeth Whitening - Aligners work best at straightening teeth and fixing the
- This procedure can also be referred to as Teeth Bleaching above conditions so long as they are mild or moderate.
and as the name implies, the goal of teeth whitening is to Those with more severe cases may need more complex
make sure that your teeth look sparkling. treatment.
- If your teeth are discolored with colors that you cannot
Signs that you may need clear aligners include:
describe, teeth whitening is what you need.
- You can whiten your teeth at home or go to the dentist. o Gapped teeth
- You must consult a dentist first to be sure that your teeth o Crowded or cramped teeth
can be whitened. o Overbite
Classification of Discoloration: o Underbite
o Open bite
a. Extrinsic Strain o Crooked teeth
- Yellowish stain o Cross bite
- Causes: smoking, coffee, cola and tea
b. Intrinsic Stain How do Aligners work?
- Greyish stain, dark dentin
- Clear aligners are clear, thin, plastic-like trays that are
- Causes: tooth decay, excessive use of fluoride
formed to fit an individual’s teeth. Patients are responsible
c. Age Related Stain
for putting in and removing their aligners. A series of
- Yellowish stain
aligners is created to move teeth. Each aligner is worn for
- Causes: ageing, thinning teeth
1 week at a time and moves teeth a fraction of a
millimeter at a time.
II. Bleaching
- Patients must remove aligners for meals and when
brushing/flossing. The number of aligners needed to
 correct misaligned teeth varies based on the individual’s - Implants can be designed with the neck of the implant at
orthodontic problem and its correction. supra-crestal (tissue level), crestal (bone level), or sub-
crestal
IV. Veneers
- Dental veneers (sometimes called porcelain veneers or ADVANTAGES OF DENTAL DISADVANTAGES OF DENTAL
dental porcelain laminates) are wafer-thin, custom-made IMPLANT IMPLANTS
shells of tooth-colored materials designed to cover the
front surface of teeth. o Permanent tooth o Not suitable for
- Can be used to correct a wide range of dental issues, replacement everyone
included stained, chipped, crooked or damaged teeth o Look and feel natural o Multiple
o Prevent bone loss appointments
ADVANTAGES OF DENTAL DISADVANTAGES OF DENTAL o Eat what you want o Cost more than the
VENEERS VENEERS o Easy to look after alternatives
o Require surgery
o They last a long time o Infection o Risk of complications
o Comfort o Staining
o Affordable o Tooth sensitivity Types of Dental Implant
o Good-looking o It may cause injury to
1. Subperiosteal Implants
o Less sensitivity the tissue around the
o Improved bite teeth - The subperiosteal implant is a custom-made cast
o Tooth decay framework that is placed beneath the periosteum over the
o Allergic reaction alveolar bone. It can be used in either the maxilla or
mandible. The frame rests on the jawbone, with no
evidence of direct union with the bone in most cases.
Posts of varying number, based on the prosthetic design,
Types of Veneers protrude through the soft tissues to provide anchorage for
the denture or fixed prosthesis.
• Porcelain Veneers - most popular and most used type of
veneer as this last for a very long time. This is also a good 2. Transosteal Implants
choice for fractured teeth, teeth gaps, and badly - Transosteal implants traverse the mandible in an
positioned teeth that causes bite-related problems. apicocoronal direction. They protrude through the gingival
tissues into the mouth for prosthesis anchorage. A
• Composite Veneers - more affordable type of veneer, but stabilization plate is placed along the inferior border of the
do not last as long as the porcelain. They are also used mandible. Posts are in turn attached to this plate and
where there are minor malalignments of teeth. traverse the mandible to provide anchorage for the
prosthesis. Their use is limited to the mandible, where
they are commonly referred to as staple implants. The
Which Type of Veneer is Best?
interfacial adaptation between the subperiosteal and
o Cost transosteal implants and bone resembles that of scar
o Length of time of the installation process tissue with no direct bone anchorage. This creates a
o Appearance of the veneers compromised arrangement under occlusal loads.
o Longevity of the veneers
o Your dentist’s recommendations 3. Endosteal Implants
- The most commonly used type of design is the endosteal
Porcelain veneers Resin-based veneers (called endosseous) implant, a device placed into an
o More expensive o Less expensive alveolar and/or basal bone of the mandible or maxilla that
o May require more Conservative tooth usually transected only one cortical plate. These implants
than 1 visit reduction were formed in many different shapes, such as root-form
o Stronger and long o Applied in 1 visit cylindrical cones or screws or thin plates called plate or
lasting o Last 5-7 years blade forms, and they were used in all areas of the mouth.
o Less to stain o Easier to fix
o Damage easily Implant Surgery

The successful placement of an endosseous implant relies

V. Dental Implants
- A dental implant is the surgical component that interfaces
mechanically and biologically with the bone to support a
dental prosthesis
- Implants provide an esthetic substitute for a lost or
missing tooth, they also are placed to restore lost
masticatory function
on a careful and methodic series of surgical steps that preserve bony
support for the implant and impart minimal trauma and
inflammation that might impede healing. Depending on the type of
implant placed, several strategies are possible.
• For tissue-level implants, the soft tissue may be sutured
around the implant, which will be left protruding through
the tissue, and a small cap will be placed to prevent
 contamination of the internal parts of the implant. This
strategy is called a one-stage surgery. In a one-stage
surgery, a healing abutment with a cap is placed
immediately after the implant, and the tissue is managed
around the abutment as with the tissue-level implant.

• For bone-level implants, two strategies may be used. In a

two-stage surgery, a healing cap is placed on the implant
and the tissue is positioned over the cap to allow healing
with the implant submerged. In this case, a second surgery
is needed to place the abutment.

In all cases, the implant is allowed to heal for at least 6 weeks

(generally 2 to 3 months) without occlusal loading.

Several types of final abutments are possible:

• In posterior teeth, a platform abutment is common; this

type of abutment is a relatively flat junction onto which
the posterior implant crown is fabricated.
• In anterior teeth, a tapered abutment, either with a
standard shape or custom made, is most often used.

Once the final abutments are in place, the prosthesis is constructed

in much the same manner as for natural teeth. The prosthesis may
be cemented permanently or screwed into place with a small screw
that penetrates the top of the crowns and threads into the
abutments.

Osseointegration and Biointegration

- For dental implants made of titanium alloy, the interface

between the alloy and bone must be nearly direct with no
intervening fibrous tissue and as little space as possible.
This special interfacial condition is called osseointegration
and occurs when the bone grows to within 100 Å (1
angstrom = 10−10 meters) of the titanium surface. To
date, only a few materials, including commercially pure
titanium, titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy, tantalum,
and several ceramic materials such as zirconia, are known
to permit osseointegration
- For ceramic implant materials made of zirconia, the
integration of the ceramic with the bone has no
intervening space. Rather, a continuity exists from the
implant to the bone. This interface condition is called
biointegration. Biointegration is thought to require a
chemical degradation of the ceramic implant that favors
bone formation and is able to integrate with the
surrounding bone, which itself has a significant ceramic
component.