5TH

Earth
Science

GRADE
Class
By Teacher Claudia Alves
Did you
know?
Traditional medicine of the nicobarese

Traditional system of medicine

was studied under home remedies,
magico-religion treatment, and
treatment based on plant folk
medicine . The practice
treatment was prevalent there
.They look self treatment for
common cough, cold, fever, cut,
burn, stomachache, boby pain, ad
other simple ailments.
 o f c ar
b a r e se d
y N ic o ) us e
u s e d b r i fo lia
m en t id a cit ve s
tr ea t ( M o r n e r . le a
h e s el f u r o n g n d f e v s
o f t o f L ai n , a le a v e
some le a v es b o b y p
o u n d s .
in c lu d e u nd s , a n d w a .
a r s , w o u t s m a ch
Nicob a c he , c u t
) us ed in c
s e d in s t o
o m a ch hir ta it a ) u
in s t h o rb ia ch a r n
e t ( Ep o r d ic a
u- p M o m
of m g o u r d (
t er
of bit
The Condensation

Water
Cycle
Evaporation Precipitation

Water
collected in
earth
 Natural Dyes
c e in e a r lie r
m m o n p r a c ti
ile s w a s a c o t h e d
g o nt o t e x t o l o r s u n e a r
a l d y e in na t u r a l c
Natur b r ics d y e d w it h
o l d s
n ce o f fa h e w o r ld h
times. Evide o l o g i c a l s ite s a ll o v e r t
a t u r a l
io u s a r c h a e p r o d u c in g n
from va r n o w le d g e o f f
ct h o w t h e k e s e c o n d h a l
t o f t h e f a ri a l . U n t i l t h
accoun in c e t i m e im m e m o
l d y e s w e r e
p r e v a le n t s o r ld , n a t ur a
dyes wa s he r e in t h e w i t h
u r y, e v e r y w . H o w e v e r , w
9 t h c e n t y t e x t il e s
of the 1 lo u r s f o r e v e r y d a
a l d y e in g
s o u r c e of c o it y o f n a t u r
the o n ly t h e p o pu la r
n t h e t ic d y e s b a r u s e d t o
m i n g o f s y a n a n d n ic o
the co d im in is h . in a n d am
w a s
s t a r t e d t o t u r a l d y e in g
gra d u a l ly r a l dy e s . N a n s.
h o d o f n a t u d in t he p la i
c e d t h e m e t t h e h il ls a n
practi t r ib a ls s e t t le d in
e r a ls
t a m o ng t h e a n t s a n d m i n
pre v a le n di v e r si t y , p l tic
n b i o l o g i c a l m i t s a e s t h e
s r ic h n e ss i A p a r t f r o
With it u r a l c o lo u r s. r r ie s a
r a cti n g n a t l s a l wa y s c a
fo r e x t l m in e r a
needed d y e dw it h n a tu r a
n c e , t e x t ile s
sig n if i c a
u n c t i o n a l s o
e r a p e u t ic f
th
 The commonly u
sed source for
are parts of p natural dyes
lants and trees
flowers, barks, such as leaves,
roots, rhizome
etc. s, seeds, fruits

Based on the c
olour to be pro
and technique f duced the meth
or extracting od
producing dyes dyes differs. Fo
from flowers, t r
flowers are so he leaves or th
aked and subme e
and boiled for a rged in water
certain time. O
hand the berrie n the other
s are crushed a
vinegar or lemo nd boiled in
n juice.

 techniques
The technique of dyeing also varies based on the dyes to
be used and the fabric. Some of the techniques commonly
used are:
Direct dyeing, Vat Dyeing and Mordant Dyeing.
in direct dyeing the fabric is dipped in the dye bath till it
retains the color onto it . In vat dyeing, the dye bath are
known as vats, which are buried in the ground to maintain
the temperature. In earlier days wooden vats or earthen
vats were used. In mordant dyeing a substance is added
to the natural dye for strongly binding the color onto
the fabric used for dyeing.

 Coral feet
What are Coral Reefs?
Coral Reefs are massive structures made of limestone deposited by coral polyps
Oceanic coral reefs are made up of communities of tiny living things. They are the sub-
aquatic coral polyp-based structures that calcium carbonate holds together. Just
0.1% of the ocean’s surface is occupied by coral reefs, which are also known as the
tropical rainforest of the sea and constitute the habitat for 25% of marine species.
They are typically located at depths of less than 150 feet in shallow locations.
However, some coral reefs reach depths of as much as 450 feet.
Types of Coral Reefs
Fringing Reef
Fringing coral reefs are coral reefs that are found extremely close to the
surface and form the Boat Channel, a shallow lagoon. The islands and the
borders of the continent are where the Fringing Reefs grow. Their seaward side
slopes sharply into the deep sea when they emerge from the ocean’s deep
bottom. The three coral reefs can all be found, but fringe reefs are the most
frequent. Sakau Island in the New Hebrides, for instance, and South Florida Reef
 Barrier Reef
Among the three coral reefs, barrier reefs are regarded as the biggest,
tallest, and broadest reefs. They form as a broken and uneven ring off the
coast and parallel to the coastline. The longest and widest reef in the entire
system, it extends over 100 km. The 1200-mile-long Great Barrier Reef in
Australia is one example of a barrier reef.
Atolls
A reef that encircles a sizable central lagoon and is generally circular in shape
is known as an atoll. With a depth of 80 to 150 meters, this lagoon is primarily
deep. The atolls are elliptical-shaped islands or platforms on submarines that
are located apart from deep sea platforms. For instance, consider the atolls
of Fiji, Suvadivo in the Maldives, and Funafoothis Atoll in Ellice.
Patch Reef
In between fringing and barrier reefs, on the island platform or continental
shelf, patch reefs generally form. The shallow lagoons of larger group reefs,
or atolls, are where they are most frequently found. Patch reefs are typically
located close to shore and can be found in waters that are between 10 and 20
feet deep. Examples include Bermuda, the Bahamas, the Caribbean, and the
Pacific Islands
How are Coral Reefs made?
Corals are super-organisms that include both plants and animals that
are situated between populations and communities at the ecological
level of organisation. The phylum Cnidaria’s class Anthozoa is
responsible for the animal component, whereas zooxanthellae, an algae
with chlorophyll pigment, makes up the plant component. Because of its
capacity for photosynthesis, this alga can give coral polyps the carbon
molecules they need to produce energy. The polyps defend the
zooxanthellae in return.
Calcareous rocks called corals are formed from the polyps, or embryos,
of microscopic sea organisms. Polyps draw calcium salts from seawater
and use them to fortify their brittle bodies with sturdy skeletons.
Coral reefs are created when freely roaming coral larvae adhere to
hard sedimentary rocks or surfaces close to coastlines. New
generations of polyps are produced from the skeletons of dead ones.
Coral layers are created as a result of the cycle being repeated.
 A reef, which eventually develops into islands, is the shallow rock
that resulted from these depositions. Corals are tubular skeleton-
shaped calcareous stone masses that are glued together and grow
outward and upward. Coral reefs can take on a variety of shapes
and hues based on the type of salts they are made of
 Andaman and Nicobar Islands Coral Reefs

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located between 91°-94° E longitude
and 6°-14° N latitude. They are a group of 350 islands in the southern
section of the Bay of Bengal, just 38 of which are inhabited. From the
Burmese Irrawaddy Delta to the Arakan Yoma Range, these islands are
located to the south. Nearly all of the Andaman and Nicobar group’s islands
are bordering reefs.
Important Coral Reefs in the World
The majority of reefs may be found in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean,
Caribbean Sea, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf, all of which lie between the Tropics
of Cancer and Capricorn. Corals can also be found farther from the equator
in Florida and southern Japan, for example, where warm currents leave the
tropics. Around the world, coral reefs are thought to encompass 110,000
square kilometres (284,300 square kilometres).
 s E c o s y st e m
Coral Reef w a t e r . T h e d is t a nc e
w W a t e r o f sh a llo w c e e d
Shal lo p in a r e a s o u ld n o t e x
u s t d e v e lo s ur f a ce s h
l r e e f s m e w a t e r ’ s th e
Cora s u r f a c e a n d t h
r rie d o u t b y
e n t h e r e e f’ s
a c t iv it ie s c a
betwe p h o t o s y n t h e t ic
e t r e s . T h e h in e.
8 0 m ff ic ie n t s u n s
e r e q u ir e s u
a n t h e lla
Zoox
s ol i d if ie d o n
r d S u rf a c e s e nt ed , a nd
r S e m i - h a c t e d , c em
Hard o le t o n s m u st b e co m p a
a l p o ly p s k e
Th e co r e .
h a r d su r f a c
i- h a r d o r
a sem
ed im e n t , t h e
a t e d w it h s
w a t e r c o n t a m in r e
C le a n h a t a r e h e a v ily
m se a s t h a t a
w it h s e a s t v a n is h f r o
In locat io n s o n a lly , t h ey a n d m u rk y
d ie . A d dit i f s e d im e n ts
o r a l p o ly p s p r e se n c e o a t
lovely c ct t ha t t he he a lg a e t h
u e to t h e f a c a n r e a c h t
. T h is is d li g h t t h a t
murky a m o u n t o f s u n
e s t r ic t s t h e
w a t e r r
e x is t e n c e .
u p p o r t t h e ir
s
 Lukewarm water
The warm ocean waters are intimately related to coral reefs. The water
must be close to 20 degrees in temperature. So, coral reefs typically
predominate on a continent’s eastern shore. This is not the situation with
India, either, as the eastern seas are heavily contaminated with sediment.

Waters splashed with salt

The growth of coral polyps is greatly aided by the little saltiness of
ocean waters. For the purpose of preserving their skeletons, the polyps
draw calcium from the water. Therefore, for coral reefs to thrive, there
must be a low salinity environment.

Rich nutritional supply

Because of the consistent flow of nutrient-rich water supported by
ocean waves, coral reefs thrive in seawater. Coral polyps multiply more
quickly when given nourishment.

 Coral Reef Importance

Corals are essential to the marine ecosystem’s health.
They are referred to as the ocean’s rainforests since
they are home to a variety of habitats. Many
different kinds of fish can dwell in corals. The marine
ecosystem’s main source of food is corals.

Coastal Defense
The coastal regions are shielded by coral reefs from
powerful ocean currents and waves. They offer
defence against cyclones and ocean storms. These
natural barriers have gained extra importance as
storms in India are becoming more frequent as a result
of climate change.

Food supply
Fish that are found in and around coral reefs provide
millions of people, mostly those who live along
coastlines, with a wholesome supply of protein. Some
fishing companies rely only on coral reefs and the
fauna they draw.
 Medicinal attributes
As the sea’s pharmacy, coral reefs are believed to be. The corals draw
certain fish, and some of those fish leave behind chemical residues that
resemble those seen in hospitals.

Meteorology
According to a recent study by the Indian Institute of Meteorology,
corals along the northwestern coast provide information on the
patterns of the arrival and departure of the Indian monsoon.

Tourism
Due to these stunning corals, the tourism industry accounts for the
majority of the gross domestic product (GNP) of nations with coral reef
industries. According to research, coral reefs are worth $10 billion, and
they provide about $360 million in direct economic benefits annually.
 Coral Bleaching
When the waters get warmer, coral bleaching occurs. Due to their limited
temperature tolerance, corals experience stress and emit symbiotic algae as a
result. They lose their source of life when the algae is gone, which results in their
extinction.

Marine debris
Corals are dying because of marine pollution brought on by plastic waste and
other activities. To breathe, coral reefs require both air and space. We might lose
them sooner than we anticipated due to the increasing levels of sea pollution.

Stronger Storms and Acidification of the Ocean

Increased storm intensity has resulted in ocean waves that break and harm coral
reefs. They may even destroy colonies and make them dangerous places to live.
The pH levels rise as more and more CO2 is absorbed by the water. Coral skeletons
weakened by high pH levels are more susceptible to disease and storm damage.
Are there any
questions?