Name: GUMALLAOI, JUDELLE V.

Date:
Subject: BU312 – BUILDING UTILITIES 2 Schedule: M:
3-5 PM; F:1-4 PM

TITLE: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Data Gathering on:
- Telephone, Cable TV, Audio/Video Systems, PA Systems
- High Technology (Hi-Tech) Systems
- Building Automation Systems (BAS)
- Robotics
- Intelligent Buildings

BUILDING UTILITIES 2

Instructions:
Do a data gathering on Communication Systems covering the various scope listed
above. Gathered data will be submitted in a computerized output in PDF Format (no
need to print) with a maximum number of 50 pages. Use the attached Word file for all
pages.

The concept in this data gathering is to get basic information on the advances in Building
Technology on Electrical and Mechanical Systems.
SIGNAL SYSTEMS

Under this rather vague title is subsumed all signal. communication, and control
equipment, the function of which is to assist in effecting proper building operation.
Included are surveillance equipment such as fire and interior alarm; audio and visual
communication equipment such as telephone, intercom, and television, both public and
closed circuit; time equipment such as clock and program. These systems are no longer
limited in application. Clock and program equipment, which once were the exclusive-
interest of schools and some industrial facilities. are now incorporated into building
mechanical equipment control systems. Closed circuit TV, which was once limited to
classroom and college use. is common place in mercantile areas as part of surveillance
systems. The hundreds of signals generated throughout a large facility are logged.
channeled, and applied by means of specially programmed computer. All the signal
systems that once were separate and distinct are now frequently combined and serve
multiple purposes.

History of Telephone

HISTORY AND EVOLUTON OF TELEPHONES

During the 1870’s, two well-known inventors both independently designed devices that
could transmit sound along electrical cables. Those inventors were Alexander Graham
Bell and Elisha Gray. Both devices were registered at the patent office within hours of
each other. There followed a bitter legal battle over the invention of the telephone, which
Bell subsequently won.
The telegraph and telephone are very similar in concept, and it was through Bell’s
attempts to improve the telegraph that he found success with the telephone.

The telegraph had been highly successful communication systems for about 30 years
before Bell began experimenting. The main problem with the telegraph was that it used
Morse code, and was limited to sending and receiving one message at a time. Bell had
a good understanding about nature of sound and music. This enabled him to perceive
the possibility of transmitting more than one message along the same wire at one time.
Bell’s idea was not new, others before him had envisaged a multiple telegraph. Bell
offered his own solution, the “Harmonic Telegraph”. This was based on the principal
that musical notes could be sent simultaneously down the same wire, if those notes
differed in pitch.

By the latter part of 1874 Bell’s experiment had progressed enough for him to inform
close family members about the possibility of a multiple telegraph. Bell’s future father-
in-law, Attorney Gardiner Green Hubbard saw the opportunity to break the monopoly
exerted by the Western Union Telegraph Company. He gave Bell the financial backing
required for him to carry on his work developing the multiple telegraph. However, Bell
failed to mention that he and his accomplice, another brilliant young electrician Thomas
Watson, were developing an idea which occurred to him during the summer. This idea
was to create a device that could transmit the human voice electrically.

What Is a Telephone System?

A system where multiple telephones are used by businesses that allows for features like
call handling and transferring, conference calling, call metering and accounting, private
and shared voice message boxes, etc.
A business phone system can range from just a few telephones in a small business up to
a complex private branch exchange (PBX) system utilized by large businesses.
Business telephone systems can function over the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) and/or over the Internet (Internet telephony or VoIP).

What Are Types Of Telephone System ?

• Traditional telephone system.
• IP telephone system.

What Are The Components Of Telephone System ?

•Telephone and its outlet (RJ-11).
•Place of RJ-11 depends on furniture of buildings and owner desire.
•Telephone conductor has a diameter of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mm.
•Each telephone requires 1 pair +ve and –ve.
•Cable can be 1 P, 2 P,…..,100 P, 300 P,…,1000 P, 2000 P.

What Are The Components Of Traditional System ?

Telephone box or IDF (Intermediate distribution frame) or SDF (Sub distribution frame)
•It can be found in each floor or each area.
•It consists of modules each of 10 pairs.
•It is identified by how many pairs as 10,20,30,….. Pairs.

MDF or main distribution frame.

•It collects all cables from SDF or telephone boxes in all floors.
•Put at the entrance or in front of buildings.
•It is identified by number of pairs 10,20,...., 300 pairs or more.

PBX : Private branch exchange or EPBX : Electronic private branch exchange or EPBX
: Electronic private branchy exchange
•Used in internal telephone system.
•Allow communication between telephone lines in the building.
•By programming it, we can identify which telephone lines will have an external line
from telecom company.
•As example PBX 10 out/100, which means have 100 telephone lines for internal
communication, out of these lines10 which are connected to external line.
•Also identified by backup battery for operating it for how many hours.

Most commercial businesses

require more than one phone line,
so that employees can receive
phone calls while other
employees are making phone
calls. This is supported by a phone
switch. Each telephone is
connected to the phone switch
using UTP (Unshielded Twisted
Pair) copper cable. This is shown in the following figure.

Small Business Phone Systems

Small businesses with fewer employees typically use small phone switches called Key
Service Units (KSU). A KSU is designed to support a fixed number of phone lines and
telephone extensions. A typical KSU supports up to eight phone lines coming from the
Local Exchange Carrier (LEC, the phone company), and up to 32 telephone extensions.
A KSU phone system is shown below.
Large Business Phone Systems
Large businesses with hundreds or thousands of employees need a large phone switch
called PBX (Private Branch Exchange). PBX can support hundreds of phone lines from
the LEC (phone company) and thousands of telephone extensions. PBX systems can
cost hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Catv Network Architecture (Cable TV)

The architecture of a CATV network comprises essentially the following three basic
operations in traditional cable networks:

(1) Signal Reception Cable programming is obtained from satellite or terrestrial

broadcasting at places called headends, where signals are also appropriately processed
and combined into an analog stream to be broadcast by cable.

(2) Signal Distribution The stream obtained at the headend is distributed to the
households via coaxial cable and optical fiber. In order to ensure the quality of signal to
households, the signal is amplified (roughly every kilometer) and/or attenuated,
depending on the user’s proximity to the headend and network nodes. Signals must also
be equalized, since higher frequencies undergo higher attenuations.

(3) Signal Delivery Equipment in the home converts cable signals into tunable TV
channels. Descramblers decode encrypted programming, and additional equipment
allows delivery on demand.

CATV network architecture has evolved drastically since its first implementations.
Early CATV networks picked up analog TV signals from satellites or landlines, and
each signal was downstreamed through a tree-and-branch topology and one-way
delivery services (in contrast to the telephone star topology, which maximizes
interconnection). Technical upgrading of CATV networks is infrequent and very
capital-intensive, and consequently some geographical areas will overtake others.
Nevertheless, their chronological evolution from a technical point of view can be
outlined as follows:
• From analog to digital
• From all-coaxial to HFC
• From one-way to two-way
Migration to digital improved the system capacity substantially, since every 6 MHz
analog video channel yields 27 Mbit/s of raw throughput with 64-QAM modulation and
RS FEC. Such a data rate can convey up to six digital video channels through MPEG-2
compression with the same quality as analog channels. Migration to hybrid coaxial has
increased robustness by reducing the number of households in serving areas and
increasing the bandwidth (>750 MHz) by decreasing the coaxial cascade depth (1).

Figure 1(a) shows an early tree-and-branch all-coaxial CATV network architecture.

Figure 1(b) shows the upgrading to an optical trunk ring (HFC). The dowstream traffic
flows from the headend and is directly injected into the trunk fiber (originally coaxial)
ring. The optical section is terminated with a Hub, or node, which converts optical
signals to electrical. Feeder coaxial cable distribution is arranged from the node in a
tree-and-branch topology where traffic is split at branching points to up to 2000 houses.
Propagation through the cable attenuates the signal by an amount proportional to the
square root of frequency, resulting in higher losses for higher frequencies, which is
mitigated with amplifiers and equalizers, especially in the UHF bands.

The HFC access network represents the natural evolution of the existing mature tree-
and-branch CATV networks for introducing the new digital broadcast or interactive
services. An HFC network provides transparent communication channels between the
subscribers and the CATV hubs or headends, since no signal processing occurs between
the subscriber and the hub, besides optical-to-electrical conversion and eventual
frequency translation and amplification. The hub provides the interface between the core
network and the HFC distribution network. At this level, communication equipment is
used to transmit an analog frequency multiplex comprising both the TV broadcast
signals (analog or digital) and the modulated digital interactive ones. Each node
generally supplies up to 1000 subscribers (2,3).

Figure 2 shows a scheme of the headend, comprising a number of possible elements and
functionalities of a two-way digital CATV HFC network. Analog or digital broadcast
TV is not only the content source of the cable system, which can also supply video and
data with local or remote (Internet) servers. Telephone services are also contemplated
through connection to the PSTN.

CABLE TELEVISION, SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY

In its concept, the technology of cable television is relatively simple. It is a system of

wires and amplifiers used to gather television and radio signals from a variety of sources
and deliver them to the homes in a given geographic area. It is sometimes compared
with the water system of a city, which takes water from one or two primary sources and
distributes it to customers throughout the city. Cable television similarly distributes a
roster of television channels to all the residents of an area who connect to its wire. Cable
systems are expanding their services to include high-speed Internet access and
traditional telephone service as well. The fundamental components of a cable system
include the main office of the local system, called a "headend," where the various signals
are gathered, combined, and fed out into the system; fiber-optic lines and coaxial cables,
the wires that carry the information; amplifiers that boost the signal at regular intervals
and maintain signal strength; and often set-top boxes, which translate the cable signals
into electronic information that the home television set can use.

The Headend

The process of getting programming to the home begins far from the headend of the
local system. National and multinational corporations such as AOL-Time Warner and
Disney create the programming and operate familiar channels such as CNN, ESPN,
HBO, Discovery, and MTV. These companies distribute the program signals, usually
by satellite, from a few main origination points, beaming the material to the more than
ten thousand individual cable systems in the United States, as well as to cable systems
around the globe. Large dish antennas at the headend of the local system receive these
signals. The programming companies simultaneously feed their signals to other multi-
channel television providers such as direct broadcast satellite (DBS) companies (e.g.,
Direc TV).

In addition to the basic and premium cable packages, systems carry local and regional
broadcast television stations, radio stations, and national audio services. Often, they also
produce their own programming or carry programs that are produced by others in the
community. Local radio and television stations are picked up by powerful versions of
home television antennas, or they are sometimes sent to the headend via microwave link
(a specialized broadcast technology) or wire. Typically, these local broadcasters will be
affiliated with and carry the major national networks (e.g., NBC, CBS, ABC, PBS, Fox,
WB, and UPN). Broadcast stations that are not affiliated with national programmers,
including religious stations, will also be included in the package. National audio services
that feature scores of digital music channels are fed by satellite in the same manner as
national video programming.

Signals from television and radio stations that are outside of the normal reception range
of the system, such as stations from another part of the state, can be picked up near that
station's transmitting antenna and imported by microwave or landline. Programs that are
created in television studios (usually small ones) at the headend are videotaped for later
playback using professional-grade videotape machines. Those machines can also play
back tapes that are created by others in the community to be carried on the public or
governmental access channels of the system. Sometimes, programming will be fed by
wire to the headend from a local government television facility or a television studio at
an area high school or college. Many modern cable television systems also store and
play back programming, usually commercials, using high-capacity digital servers.
The Wired System

There are three types of wire that are used in modern telecommunications: the so-called
twisted pair, the fiber-optic cable, and the coaxial cable. The twisted pair is the familiar
wire that is used by telephone companies to carry voice and data. Compared to fiber-
optic and coaxial cables, twisted pair, without special conditioning, is quite limited in
the amount of information that it can carry, and it is far too narrow an electronic pipe to
transmit multichannel television programming. Cable operators therefore use coaxial
and fiber-optic cables.

The cable television industry derives its name from the coaxial cable. Prior to the
adoption of fiber optics in the 1980s, a cable system consisted almost entirely of "coax."
The term "coaxial" refers to the two axes of the cable, a solid copper center wire (the
first axis) surrounded by a metal sheath or tube (the second axis). The two axes are
separated with either donut-shaped spacers or a solid, plastic-like material that is
transparent to radio waves. A durable, plastic outer layer covers the cable.

Fiber is basically a thin glass thread that is about the width of a human hair. Instead of
carrying information in the form of radio waves, fiber optics transmits information on
beams of laser-generated light. Because it is made primarily of glass (the raw ingredients
of which are plentiful) instead of copper, fiber is cheaper than coaxial cable. It can also
carry significantly more information than coax and is less prone to signal loss and
interference.

Both fiber and coax can carry a large number of television channels, along with other
information, in part because of the way they harness the electromagnetic spectrum. The
electromagnetic spectrum is the medium through which and within which television and
radio signals are transmitted; it is an invisible part of the natural environment and
includes such things as visible light, x-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays. A large
portion of this natural spectrum can be employed to transmit information, and the U.S.
government has allocated certain parts of it for many different types of wireless
communication. This includes military communications, two-way radios, cellular
telephones, and even garage-door openers. Commercial broadcasters, such as the
hometown television and radio stations, therefore share this limited resource with other
users.

Wired systems such as cable television, on the other hand, replicate the natural spectrum
in an isolated and controlled environment. They can use all the available spectrum space
that is created by that system without having to share it with other services. The amount
of spectrum space that is available in a given system or for a particular application is
called "bandwidth" and is measured in hertz, or more commonly, kilohertz (kHz) and
megahertz (MHz). The phone line into a home is slightly more than 4 kHz, and it is
termed "narrowband." A broadcast television signal requires 6 MHz, and most modern
"broadband" cable systems operate at 750 to 860 MHz, or 110-plus analog television
channels.

Amplifiers

As the television signal passes through the cable lines, both fiber and coaxial, that signal
loses its strength. Resistance in the coaxial cable or impurities in the fiber cause the
signal to deteriorate and fade over distance. The signals, therefore, have to be amplified
at regular intervals. In contemporary cable systems, these amplifiers are placed about
every two thousand feet for coaxial lines; a series of amplifiers is called a "cascade."
The superior carrying power of fiber means that fewer amplifiers are needed to cover
the same distance. The total number of amplifiers that can be used in a cascade or in a
system is limited because every amplifier introduces a small amount of interference into
the line. This interference accumulates and, with too many amplifiers, will reach a point
of unacceptable distortion. The number of amplifiers that are used and the spacing
between them in an actual system is depends on the system bandwidth and the medium
(i.e., coaxial or fiber). A given cable system can have hundreds, even thousands, of miles
of fiber and coax and hundreds of amplifiers.

The sophistication of the amplifier is also chiefly responsible for the exploitable
bandwidth in the system, or the number of channels that a system can carry. The earliest
cable television amplifiers could retransmit only one channel at a time, and a three-
channel cable system had to have a separate set of amplifiers for each channel. Modern
broadband amplifiers carry scores of channels simultaneously.

Network Architectures

The pattern in which a cable system is arranged (i.e., the configuration of wires from
the headend to the subscriber's home) is the system architecture. From the earliest days
of cable in the late 1940s, the classic architecture for a cable system was known as "tree
and branch." Picture a family-tree diagram, with ancestral branches of the family
coming off the trunk, and those large branches dividing and spreading out into finer and
more numerous offshoots. The classic cable system is designed in this fashion. Signals
leave the headend over high-capacity "trunk lines," usually fiber optic, which wind their
way through the main arteries of the community, down city streets toward local
neighborhoods. "Feeder," or distribution, cables branch off from the fiber trunk, or
backbone, and spread down neighborhood streets toward hundreds, sometimes
thousands, of homes. Finally, smaller coaxial "drop lines" sprout off the feeder cables
to link to individual houses. All of the lines are either buried underground or strung on
poles that are usually rented from the local telephone or power company. Because the
trunk and feeder lines cannot support their own weight, they are lashed to heavy steel
wires called "strand," which also carry the weight of the amplifiers.

With the development of cost-effective fiber-optic technology in the 1980s, cable

systems began replacing much of their coaxial line with the new, higher capacity
technology, starting with the trunk lines and moving toward the feeder lines. With the
change in the hardware came a change in the system architecture. Use of fiber meant
reduced costs over the long term, a decrease in the number of amplifiers needed, and an
increase in the overall quality of the signal. Fiber could be run directly from the headend
to hubs, or nodes, serving large clusters of homes. From these fiber hubs, mini tree and
branch coax systems would service area customers. This combination of fiber and
coaxial cable is the hybrid fiber coax (HFC) architecture.

Set-Top Boxes

Many cable subscribers, even those who have contemporary "cable-ready" television
sets, have additional cable set-top boxes, or converters, that are sitting on or next to their
sets. Set-top boxes perform several important tasks for the cable system. For some
television sets, especially older or non-cable-ready sets, they act as the television tuner,
the device that selects the channels to be viewed. Because the wired spectrum is a closed
universe, cable operators can place their channels on almost any frequency that they
want, and they do so to make the most efficient use of the space and technology.
Operators, for example, carry the broadcast VHF channels 2 through 13 in their
"normal" place on the dial, but the UHF channels 14 through 69, which in the open
spectrum are higher than and separate from the VHF channels, have been moved in
"cable space." The full cable spectrum is, in fact, divided into its own bands. Channels
2 through 6 are carried in the low band, channels 7 through 13 in the high band, and
other cable network programming is distributed across the midband, superband, and
hyperband channels. Part of the low band (i.e., 0 to 50 MHz) is often used to carry
signals from the consumer's home "upstream" and back to the cable company headend.
Television sets that are not set up to receive the many special bands of cable require set-
top boxes for the conversion.

While cable-ready television sets have taken over most of the simple functions of signal
reception in modern systems, converters remain a staple in the industry for the provision
of more advanced services such as premium programming and "payper-view" movies.
The boxes help control the distribution of such programming to subscriber homes. Many
cable systems are "addressable," which means that each subscriber has an electronic
address, and operators can turn a signal to that home on or off from the headend. The
technology that helps make addressability possible is often housed in the set-top box.
Finally, as cable moves into the digital era, set-top boxes are being used to convert the
digital channels and services to signals that the standard analog television set can use.
Cable Interactivity and Advanced Services

While most cable systems are addressable, true interactivity remains limited in most
systems. Interactivity has no set definition and can take many forms, including ordering
movies when the customer wants to view them (video on demand) or having the cable
system monitor the home smoke alarm. In all cases, it requires some means of getting a
signal from the home back to the head-end. Cable television systems were originally
configured for the efficient delivery of large amounts of programming from one point
(the headend) to multiple users—a point-to-multipoint distribution scheme. The
arrangement has been very successful for one-way mass distribution of content, but it is
limited in its two-way capacity. As noted, cable television systems designate a small
portion of their spectrum space for upstream communication, but that bandwidth has
been historically underexploited by the cable industry.

In contrast, telephone systems, despite their limited bandwidth, are configured for full
two-way, point-to-point communication. Unlike cable, telephone companies use a
switching system to create a dedicated line between two callers. Traditional cable
systems do not have the architecture or the switch to provide such service. Cable
companies are seeking to overcome this technical handicap by developing techniques,
using both hardware and software, to make their systems more interactive. The
conversion to digital technology is especially seen as a way to provide additional and
enhanced services, including interactive television, telephone service, and Internet
access.

An early example of this effort is the cable modem. By distributing computer data, such
as Internet web-pages, over the cable system, cable operators are able to exploit their
broadband capacity and dramatically increase modem speeds. Customers who hook
their computers to a cable system instead of using a standard telephone modem can
download pages in seconds instead of minutes, and the cable modem is on all of the
time—so there is no waiting for the computer to "dial up" an Internet connection.

Cable operators are also developing techniques that will allow them to offer telephone
service using their cable plant. Ultimately, the broadband capacity of cable will provide
one of the major distribution platforms for the high-speed interactive digital era—the
information highway—and help create a seamless integration of video, voice, and data.
PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS

GENERAL

Modern private residences utilize a variety of signal apparatus that greatly enhance their
functional value. The following figure shows a residence that has been provided with
what would be considered adequate by no means excessive sound and signal equipment
for a house of this size.
1. The fire detection, smoke detection, and intrusion alarm device all operate from a
single control panel, the alarm bell is common. The annunciator indicates the device
operated and its location.

2. The connection between the signal control panel and OLCP Outside Lighting Control
Panel) activates all outside lights when a signal device trips. Selected lights inside the
house can also be connected to go.

3. Two 1/4 in. empty plastic conduits, extending from 2 to 4 in. boxes in living room
wall down to family room and terminating in 4 in. flush boxes. Boxes to be 18 in. AFF
and fitted with blank covers. Extend a 1/4 in. plastic EC from one 4 in. box in living
room to 12 in. speaker back box recessed in dining room ceiling locate in the. field from
the second 4 in. box in living room" extend a l4 in. empty plastic conduit to an empty 4
in. box in the master bedroom. 18 in. AFF finish with blank cover.

4. Provide television antenna amplifir, recessed in wall box with hinged ventilated cover
18 in. AFF. connections to antenna and to all television 9utlets by television and antenna
subcontractor. Provide 1'20 v outlet at the amplifier, with switch to disconnect.

In general, all signal systems require a source of signal. equipment to process the signal
including transmitting it, and finally a means of indicating the signal, either audibly.
visually or on permanent record " hard copy". Circuits vary as to functions. but the basic
line of signal initiation, transmission - and - process, and reception remains unchanged.
The Table below illustrate the three-fold classification of the Lists of equipment and
systems found in the sample of the residence above. Note that the fire alarm, smoke
detection, and intrusion alarm systems have been combined into a single system. This
simplifies operation and avoids unnecessary equipment duplication.
2. RESIDENTIAL FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS

General

If properly designed and functioning normally, the system should provide sufficient
time for the evacuation of the residents and then for appropriate countermeasures to be
initiated. The elements of the system are the various alarm-initiating devices, the wiring
and control panel, and the audible alarm devices. Systems utilizing automatic sensing
equipment are referred to as automatic fire alarm systems. even if manual signal units
are also used.

Alarm devices

The most common residential alarm initiating device is the temperature detector,
sometimes called a thermostat. These detectors are of two types; the fixed temperature
unit and the rate-of-rise unit. The former operates a set of contacts when a present
(nonadjustable) temperature is reached. The latter operates when the rate of ambient
temperature changes exceeds a predetermined amount, indicative of an incipient fire.
The rate-of-rise unit is normally combined with a fixed temperature unit in a single
housing. The fixed temperature unit is available in a onetime nonrenewable design that
utilizes a tow melting point alloy plug and an automatic resetting unit of design ·similar
to a thermostat. For most applications. the resettable unit is prefe
rred. Two typical units are herein illustrated.
Illustrated below are two types of residential Alarm Units -both completely self-
contained.

contains a photocell detector control

equipment, and an audible alarm. It operates
from house current.

contains an ionization detector controls,

audible device. and batteries making it
independent of wiring systems.

Control Unit

The function of the central panel is to energize the audible devices (bells, buzzers, and
gongs) upon receipt of a signal from the detector, which will continue to sound until the
emergency condition is cleared or until they are manually silenced at the control panel.
Other functions that the panel may be designed to serve are shut-off of oil and gas lines,
shut-off of attic fan to prevent fire spread, and turnout of lights, both inside and outside.
In order to assure system operation even in the event of a power interruption, most
systems are provided with a standby battery.

A single control panel can serve a multiplicity of residential systems. Typical units of
this type are shown in the following illustrations.

typical residential control panel for fire and intrusion alarm

systems. The illustrated unit is 15 inch wide, 14 inch high. and
mounts semi-flush.

A modern control panel and annunciator unit shows

the -zone and actual device which operated. On a
plan of the house, a light indicates the location of
the tripped device. (use
 d) Audible Alarm Devices

The audible devices comprise

conventional belts, gongs, buzzers,
and horns, some of which are
illustrated below. Most commonly
used is the a-c vibrating bell, since
gongs are normally only used in coded
non-residential systems. A weatherproof external bell, to alert neighbors and passersby,
is also desirable.

System Design

Detectors are rated by temperature and coverage; for example, 135 °F and 200 sq. ft.
and are normally located on the ceiling in all rooms and stairwells, including the attic
and the basement. Because of high ambient temperatures, the units installed in the
kitchen, attic and the basement. Because of high ambient temperatures, the units
installed in the kitchen, attic, and basement-near the heating unit are normally rated at
190 to 200 °f, whereas the units in the other rooms are usually set at 135 °f. Smoke
detectors are normally placed adjacent to the house heating unit in the bedroom area, in
the kitchen, and occasionally in the garage and in unoccupied areas such as the attic.

Circuit Design

A system which is normally deenergized and carries no current except when functioning
is called an open circuit system, such a system is the simplest and most economical type
but has the disadvantage of not indicating a broken wire or other malfunction that will
render the system inoperative.
 a) Wiring of an Open-circuit fire-alarm system.

The figure below shows a closed circuit system. This arrangement will set off the alarm
bells in the event of trouble in the equipment, but since this type of "False Alarm" is to
an extent undesirable, a further refinement in the form of a trouble bell and (or) light
can be added (at approximately 50% cost increase} that will then indicate to the
occupants. an equipment failure without singing the fire alarm bells. This feature is
known as supervision, and such a system is known as supervised system. This system
can utilize open or closed circuit devices. depending upon circuit arrangement.
Furthermore, by special wiring and circuit design, the system can be arranged so that a
single break or ground in the wiring to the devices will not prevent the operation of the
system.

RESIDENTIAL INTRUSION ALARM SYSTEMS

An increasing number of private residences are utilizing intrusion (burglar) alarm

systems, often in conjunction with fire alarm equipment. Basically, an intrusion alarm
system is similar to a fire detection system except that instead of thermal detection,
devices such as metallic tape and micro-and magnetic switches are used to detect door
and window motion, glass breakage, and so on. More sophisticated devices such as
motion detectors are also used occasionally. A manual switch at the end of a long cord
is also often provided so that the resident may at will set off the alarm in the event an
intruder is heard. The system may employ the same audible signals as the fire system or
its own components. Although done infrequently, intrusion alarm systems can be
continuously supervised by connection with central stations of companies whose
business such supervision is, and who will either respond directly to an alarm call or
notify local police authorities of any illegal entry.

4. RESIDENTIAL TELEVISION ANTENNA SYSTEMS

The central television antenna system is desirable feature of the modern residence.
Systems with more than two outlets generally require a booster amplifier (except in
strong signal areas). and are known as amplified systems. The function of the system is
to supply a television signal at each wall outlet, so that a receiver may be operated at
any location and so that two or more receivers may operate simultaneously. The
functioning of the system is simply to amplify the signal received by the antenna and by
means of special cable to distribute these amplified signals in a concealed cable to the
various wall outlets. The type and location of antenna, gain (simplification) of the
amplifier, and type of cable are variables that, being dependent on the specific
installation, are best left to a competent and reliable local television company or design
engineer.

5. RESIDENTIAL INTERCOM AND SOUND SYSTEMS

The public demand for step-saving conveniences has resulted in the wide acceptance of
the home
"intercom" see
Figure.

Although available with various features, the basic system comprises one or more
masters and several remote stations, one of which monitors the front door allowing it to
be answered from various points within the home. In general, master stations allow
selective calling, whereas remote stations operating through the master are nonselective.
The systems are particularly useful when left in the open (monitor} position for remote
"baby sitting". The applicability of such systems to residences without buildings should
be immediately apparent. Since wiring is low voltage and low power, multiconductor
color-coded intercom cable is generally used, run concealed within walls, attics and
basements. Systems are also available that impose the signals onto the house power
wiring. This has the advantage of eliminating separate wiring and making remote
stations portable. They are connected simply by plugging into a power outlet. Many
manufacturers have incorporated a tuner (AM, FM, or both) into the home intercom
systems so that music can be "piped" to each of the stations within the home. Since these
stations generally utilize inexpensive 5 to 1· in. speakers, the results can only be
construed as high-fidelity by an unknowledgeable home as a separate entity.
6. RESIDENTIAL TELEPHONE SYSTEMS

In residential work, the telephone company normally follows the route of the electric
service, entering the building overhead or underground as desired. In both cases a
separate service entrance means must be provided; if aerial, a sleeve through the wall;
if underground, a separate entrance conduit. Wiring of telephone instruments when
installed after completion of the residence consists of a single surface mounted 1/8inch
diameter, 4-conductor cable that, even if skillfully installed, is unsightly at best and
completely objectionable at worst. Prewiring consists of running the cables on the wall
framing and into empty device boxes. This results in a completely concealed installation
that is desirable from the owner's viewpoint and, depending upon the number of outlets,
cheaper for the phone company to install. Instruments can be wall or desk type, the latter
also being available for jacking in· to outlets around the house.

PA Systems

What is a public address system and why should install it?

A PA System is a system made up of an input source like a microphone, amplifiers,
speakers and a controller. It allows you to communicate from a central panel to multiple
or single areas in a building. You can assign zones which enables the ability to specify
areas that will receive the broadcast announcement, alarm or page.
Connect individual rooms in larger buildings with locally-controlled microphones to
facilitate lectures or announcements.
You can include a Conference Room System for formal meetings which can be recorded
in the central system.
Built-in mixers and FM tuners allow background music.
PA can be connected to the Fire Detection System to automate fire announcements and
evacuation requests.

Efficient Communication.

Communicate quickly and effectively to a large public in various and/or specific zones
of a building such as in supermarkets, malls, hospitals, schools, municipal halls and
churches; and in large open areas like parking garages, stadiums and industrial zones
Broadcast music to all areas of your restaurant, hotel, commercial centers and offices

Security and Ease.

Quickly broadcast announcements and mobilize evacuations rapidly saving precious

time during emergencies
Integrate with your fire detection system and automatically broadcast an evacuation
notice and an alarm throughout the building
Easy to operate, low maintenance, minimal space, economical cabling and
the flexibility for expansion

HIGH TECH SYSTEMS

Specializes in electronic equipment and solutions as well as cash processing since 1993,
and provides all the commercial activities and services of delivery, installation,
commissioning, assistance, training and maintenance of this equipment throughout the
national territory.

High tech strategies

High tech proposal used an intelligent façade with smart and active materials and
systems . The intelligent skins can be changed so dynamically that the fabric of the
building may not be inert, in order to reduce the energy requirements of the building
and improve the indoor environment. As Walter Kroner has said, “intelligent design
means striving to have outbuildings in harmony with nature, to protect its qualities, and
to recognize its dynamic (and unpredictable) qualities, whether assets or liabilities” .
In this proposal, a double skin façade is used as a type of intelligent skin. It is a system
involving an addition of a second glazed envelope which can create opportunities for
maximizing daylight and improving energy performance. In the summer, the double
façade reduces solar gains. A natural stack effect helps air to move and decreases heat.
In addition, the structure
of DSF with the glass and
blinds re-radiate the solar
emissions. In the winter,
the double façade acts as
a buffer zone between the
building and the outer
environment, minimizing
heat loss, and improving
U-values. It also works as
a heat absorber.

High Tech Architecture exhibits a preference for technology and tectonics, usually
applied to the structure of the building. Steel and glass are the preferred materials
and sometimes in wood.

Structural expressionism is the root of High Tech Architecture.

High Tech Architecture is the contemporary equivalent for bridges and train
stations of the past. Also known as Late Modernism or Structural Expressionism,
is an architectural style that emerged in the 1970s, incorporating elements of high
tech industry and technology into building design. High Tech architecture served
as a bridge between modernism and post modernism.

Hi Tech structures reveal their structure on the outside as well as the inside, but
with visual emphasis placed on the internal steel skeletal structure. The styles
premier practitioners include the British Architects Lord Norman Foster, Sir
Richard Rogers, Sir Michel Hopkins and the Italian Architect Renzo Piano.

Early High Tech buildings were referred as “SHEDS” due to their exposure of
mechanical services ducts, in addition to their using of exposed structural steel
hollow tubes and sections.
Characteristics of High Tech

1. The emphasis on exposed colored technical elements.

2. The prominent display of the building’s technical and functional componets on
the external façade.
3. The use of pre-fabricated elements, glass walls and steel frames.
4. Technology being the main feature of the building.
5. Architecture design is very much functionally oriented.
6. The large interior open space and the easy access to all floors.
7. Neatness in architectural design.
8. The high tech buildings make persistent use of glass curtain walls and steel
structure.
9. It is greatly indebted to modern architecture and influenced by Mies van der
Rohe’s high rise buildings.
It’s a British Oriented Architecture style that started its imprint by the seventies of
the last century.

Automation Systems (BAS)

A Building Automation System (BAS), (also referred to as a Building Management

System or a Building Control System), is a system that controls various electric,
electronic and mechanical systems throughout a building.
It is a distributed control system that integrates different types of building systems
together into one centralized location. Building automation systems are primarily
utilized to control the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) in a building,
but are also used to control lighting, security and other building systems.
BAS works as a computer networking system that monitors and controls a range of other
electronic and mechanical systems. It provides a means for these disparate systems to
communicate across platforms, software and languages.

BAS is an intelligent system of both hardware and software, connecting heating, venting
and air conditioning system (HVAC), lighting, security, and other systems to
communicate on a single platform. This way the automation system is delivering you
crucial information on the operational performance of a building as well as enhancing
the safety and comfort of the occupants.
Usually, these types of automation systems are installed in brand new buildings or as
part of a retrofitting process of an old building. The main purposes of building
automation systems are reducing energy consumption, reducing maintenance costs,
improving occupants’ comfort and productivity, and extending the life cycle of the
utilities.

How are building automation systems beneficial?

A well-running Building Automation System has many benefits. Some of these benefits
are as follows:
An extensive BAS can control many systems (such as fire and flood safety, ventilation
and security) at one time, which diminishes the opportunity for human error.
A BAS system can monitor the performance of various systems.
A building automation system can provide fail-safe mechanisms to come online when
electronic or mechanical failures occur. This is especially important in dangerous, high-
risk work environments.
It can improve the efficiency of the other systems within a building.
An energy management system can reduce energy consumption and subsequently the
operating expenses of the various systems involved.
It can extend the life cycle of various utilities so that you get more bang for your buck
and less frequent repairs.
A BAS can provide a consistent level of comfort for occupants.
A building automation system can run lockouts, which ensure that machinery doesn’t
turn on unless it’s supposed to.
It can run diagnostics to monitor temperature, pressures, flows, etc. over various
systems.
A well-integrated BAS eliminates the redundancy that can occur when too much of the
automation in a building overlap.

Modern BAS is equipped with many sensors and meters that provide many benefits not
just for the building owners in terms of higher energy efficiency and maintenance costs,
but for all employees and occupants of the building in terms of increased productivity
and comfort. We divided the benefits into 3 major categories:

Financial aspect
Even though implementing a BAS is a very expensive project, properly used one pays
for itself over time by lowering the maintenance costs and utility bills. There are many
studies that show by allowing BAS to monitor and adjust the HVAC system according
to the occupancy, there can be cost savings from 10-30 percent.

When the use of every piece of equipment is optimized, it’s lifespan increases, which
result in more indirect savings.
Another important financial aspect is increasing the building’s overall value. Firstly,
implementing a BAS is adding to the property’s value. Secondly, by offering better
comfort as well as being more environmentally friendly, smart buildings are more
attractive to tenants. This may result in higher rents.

Occupants’ comfort
Even though the occupant’s comfort can’t be presented in numbers, that doesn’t mean
that should not be taken into account.

The biggest benefit of having an automated HVAC system is having proper temperature
in winter and summer by regulating the temperature before anyone arrives in the
building and after everyone leaves. Properly configured BAS can help to build operators
to avoid unpleasant calls of employees feeling too hot or too cold,

Another benefit that contributes to the occupants’ comfort is the ability to maximize the
use of natural light, then to regulate the amount of fresh air in the building and more.
Usually, when people start feeling sleepy and lethargic it’s because of the lack of fresh
air and oxygen.

Environmental aspect
Smart buildings tend to have fewer carbon footprints making them more sustainable and
energy-efficient, which opens the door for receiving certifications, such as LEED,
Energy Star, or Tenant Star. Many building owners are particularly interested in having
a portfolio of energy-efficient buildings.

What are some systems controlled by BAS?

You may not even have realized just how many systems are controlled by BAS. The
following are some systems that are controlled by BAS:
HVAC. Most energy-efficient HVAC is run by BAS. This is the most common avenue
through which BAS is integrated into the electronic and mechanical systems of a
building.
Lighting. BAS can manage the lighting in a room based on actual occupancy. It can also
manage lighting based on daylight versus nighttime hours.
Security System. BAS can control when security systems are engaged and when they’re
not. They can manage video surveillance, keyless entries, passcodes and remote access.
Ventilation/Air Purification Systems. BAS controls ventilation and air purification,
particularly in buildings where ventilation and the purification of the air is an absolutely
necessary component and, as such, should not be reliant upon human judgment and
control.
Air Handlers. BAS is necessary for maintaining the air handlers in particular industries,
for example in oil refineries, chemical plants or nuclear power plants. Mechanized air
handlers have necessary safeguards and double reinforcement to ensure the safety of
workers and the population in the area.
Sterilizing/Sanitizing Systems. Building automation systems are necessary in the proper
functioning of sterilizing units. Much of what is done is such systems require
automation.
Sustained Environments. BAS in necessary for the consistent functioning of sustained
environments. The conditions necessary often revolve around the constant monitoring
of human or animal vitals. In such cases, it is best to have a fully automated process
managing the environment.

What is the function of the building automation system (BAS)?

Buildings controlled by BAS often times are called smart or intelligent buildings. Why
is that? Because the building is a more user-friendly, greener option, and less expensive
to operate. Most of the processes are handled on a centralized control unit. More
advanced systems can also be controlled remotely on different mobile devices using
specific apps or platforms which contributes to the “smart building” term.
Even though building managers have almost no direct input in the system, except when
they need to make certain adjustments or optimizations, they usually don’t have time to
be trained on how to use the system.
They want to start working on the system from day one, to be able to find the relevant
information right away so they can take the needed actions as soon as possible. With
that being said, a well-designed building system should be easily accessible, intuitive,
and remote.
In simple terms the building automation system is just like the human brain, it tells the
building equipment what to do, just like your brain tells your hands and legs to move.
The core functionalities of BAS are keeping the heating, cooling, and ventilation within
a certain range, humidity control, lighting based on an occupancy schedule, proper
functioning of the elevators, fire prevention, security and other critical systems in the
building.
It should also monitor the performance and potential failures of each utility and alert the
managers of the buildings of detected malfunctions.
For example, based on the data provided, BAS will regulate the temperature in the
building according to the occupants’ needs, or through its sensors uncover that there is
a need for improving the indoor air quality.
Many people think of commercial buildings as static objects. However, there are so
many processes in everyday life that make these buildings very vibrant. In only one day,
the lights go on and off numerous times, vents letting air according to the needs of the
employees, cooling and heating systems adjust the temperature and many more
processes that have to be controlled properly.
In practice, many offices incorporate motion sensors in their BAS to turn off lights when
a room is not used. Or incorporate light sensors that detect the level of sunlight in the
room, making sure that the BAS will adjust the indoor lights accordingly.

Which systems can be part of the BAS?

Some of the systems that can be incorporated in the BAS are as follows:
– HVAC systems
– Rooftop units
– Electrical systems, including lighting
– Security systems, including surveillance cameras and alarms
– Plumbing systems
– Fire alarms, and other emergency systems
– Elevators, and more.

Components of BAS

Building automation systems usually have 5 components. We will describe how these
components interact and communicate with each other.

1. Sensors
Sensors are devices that keep track of the humidity, temperature, lighting levels, how
many people are in the room, if there is smoke in the rooms, and other parameters. After
gathering this information, sensors transmit them to the controllers.

2. Controllers
Controllers are the brain of the building’s automation system. They collect all of the
information from the sensors and according to that information, send commands to all
connected systems, like HVAC systems, lighting systems, and more.

3. Output devices
When the controller sends out a command, relays and actuators of the specific systems
follow the new instructions or requirements. For example, turn on the heating or air
conditioning at 6 am so when people come to work at 8 am, it’s properly heated or air-
conditioned.

4. Communication protocols
Every building automation system uses specific language to connect each individual
component. Protocols such as BACnet and Modus help each component to send and
receive information in order to adjust its settings and execute commands.

5. Terminal interface
Every BAS has a user interface or terminal from which building and facility operators
can access it. This terminal helps users to understand the information transferred
between each component and gives the opportunity for making adjustments manually.
The displays are visual with photo-realistic graphics. These graphics usually show each
floor plan with each piece of equipment.

Adopting the right building automation system

While implementing a BAS, building managers need to make sure that it will not
become obsolete in a few years. The ever-changing technology poses a big challenge
for these systems.
Building managers need to be up to date with all technology changes and how these
changes can be implemented in the existing system. Building automation systems are
not something that you will set and forget. It needs a proper strategy so it’s functional
for many years.
Many buildings have simple automation systems that provide limited information for its
users, so the managers can’t easily optimize the systems due to lack of information.
However, the full upgrade requires big investments, so many owners or managers decide
to reduce these spendings by using the retrofitted system.
Another challenge is using closed BAS. Closed BAS allows adding new features to the
existing system only if those features are coming from the same company that created
the BAS. This way, system upgrades will have limited features and limited flexibility.

Robotics

History of Robotics
The word "robot" was created in 1920 in connection with a play that featured human-
like machines that took over the society they had been serving. In 1932, the first simple
robot was born in Japan. Isaac Asimov wrote a short story in 1941 that included "Three
Laws of Robotics." The laws stipulate that a robot cannot harm a human or allow a
human to come to harm, a robot has to obey all humans, and a robot has to protect its
existence. The first robotic arm came to be in 1954, and General Motors began using
this technology for dangerous assembly line work in 1962. The 1969 moon landing
utilized robotic technology also, to assist the astronauts with their mission.

It was first used in a play back in the 1920s by the Czech writer Karel Capek. Came
from the word Czech word "Robota" meaning forced labour.
The study and application of robot technology.
Robotics, design, construction, and use of machines (robots) to perform tasks done
traditionally by human beings. Robots are widely used in such industries as automobile
manufacture to perform simple repetitive tasks, and in industries where work must be
performed in environments hazardous to humans. Many aspects of robotics
involve artificial intelligence; robots may be equipped with the equivalent of human
senses such as vision, touch, and the ability to sense temperature. Some are even capable
of simple decision making, and current robotics research is geared toward devising
robots with a degree of self-sufficiency that will permit mobility and decision-making
in an unstructured environment. Today’s industrial robots do not resemble human
beings; a robot in human form is called an android.

Robotics is an interdisciplinary sector of science and engineering dedicated to the

design, construction and use of mechanical robots. Our guide will give you a concrete
grasp of robotics, including different types of robots and how they're being applied
across industries.

Intelligent Buildings

Intelligent Building a building that integrates technology and process to create a

facility that is safer, more comfortable and productive for its occupants, and more
operationally efficient for its owners.

The term “intelligent building” has been in use since the early 1980s and you would
think that a globally accepted definition of the attributes of an intelligent building would
have been established by now. Well, think again. Although several organizations have
attempted to establish a universal definition, there are a multitude of definitions with
different levels of detail and varying degrees of emphasis on various aspects of building
intelligence.

The first definition, coined by the Intelligent Buildings Institute, defines an intelligent
building as “one which provides a productive and cost-effective environment through
optimization of four basic elements: structure, systems, services and management, and
the interrelationship between them.” According to this initial definition, an intelligent
building is one that optimally matches its four elements to the users’ needs with an
emphasis on the technology that makes the interrelationship between the elements
possible.

As intelligent buildings began to take hold around the world in the late 1980s and 1990s,
many competing definitions were put forward. In Europe, the European Intelligent
Buildings Group coined a new definition stating that an intelligent building “creates an
environment which maximizes the effectiveness of the building’s occupants while at the
same time enabling efficient management of resources with minimum life-time costs of
hardware and facilities,” tilting the spotlight towards the occupant’s needs to be served
by technology. In Asia, the definitions focused on the role of technology for automation
and control of building functions.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the intelligent building spotlight tilted towards energy
efficiency and sustainability with the introduction of the BREEAM code (1990) and
the LEED program (2000). In the late 2000s, given the increasing convergence of
intelligence and sustainability, a Frost and Sullivan research paper commissioned by
the Continental Automated Buildings Association, coined the term “Bright Green
Buildings” for buildings that are both intelligent and green.

More recently, definitions are starting to take into account the emergence of Internet of
Things technologies, applications and their impact on intelligent buildings. A recent
research report by Memoori highlighted the emergence of a new Building Internet of
Things (BIoT) defined as “the overlaying of an IP network, connecting all the building
services monitoring, analyzing and controlling [the building] without the intervention
of humans.” Memoori predicts that the traditional Building Automation Systems
(BAS) will evolve into a BIoT over the next five years. BIoT technologies and
applications are poised to deliver increased efficiencies in all aspects of building
intelligence.

Today, major shifts are occurring in the way buildings are designed, operated and used.
Corporate real estate, facilities and IT departments stand to benefit greatly from the use
of building intelligence in order to meet space optimization, energy
efficiency and connectivity challenges at a time when changing workplace
demographics come with increasing occupant expectations of modern and flexible space
design, improved comfort, productivity, and pervasive connectivity.

Although there are multiple and evolving perspectives on the subject, it is becoming
increasingly clear that an intelligent building is a connected and efficient building.

A connected building boasts an integrated communications infrastructure that supports

wired and
wireless networks and applications. It also facilitates person-to-person, person-to-
machine and machine-to-machine communications within the building and with the
outside world using a state of the art intelligent, flexible, wired and wireless platform.
The platform supports wired LAN, Wi-Fi, in-building wireless, audio/visual, sensors,
lighting and building management applications. Buildings are also becoming cloud
connected as an essential part of smart grids and smart cities.

An efficient building leverages a state-of-the-art connectivity platform to address key

corporate real estate, facilities and IT challenges to improve energy efficiency, space
utilization and occupant satisfaction. In an efficient building, the intelligent connectivity
platform is easily adaptable to changes in space design or communications technologies.
A high-density sensor network integrates with other building systems to provide fine-
grained occupancy-based control of building systems for optimal energy use and
occupant comfort while providing a real-time and historical view of occupancy patterns.

At a time when the design and utilization patterns of a building’s individual and
common spaces are
undergoing significant changes, efficiency expectations continue to increase. This is
fueled by the increase in connected devices, sensors and BIoT applications. As the
definition of intelligent buildings continues to evolve, buildings are becoming
increasingly connected and efficient.