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Contents

03 12 27
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3
Naxalism North East India Jammu and Kash-
mir

38 51 59
Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6
Police Border Various Security
Management Forces, Agencies
and Their Mandate

1
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71 81 101
Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Previous Year
Terrorism, Linkages Cyber Security Questions
between Terrorism,
and Organized
Crime

2
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CHAPTER - 1
NAXALISM
Naxalism
• The term Naxalism arises from the
name of the village Naxalbari in West
Bengal, where the movement had its
origin.
• Peasant uprising led by Charu
Majumdar started in Darjeeling district
of West Bengal, after a tribal boy
named Bimal Kissan who ploughed
the land with judicial order without
the consent of Zamindar was attacked
by the Landlords goons and killed on
March 2, 1967.
• In response to this incident, the tribals
retaliated and started capturing their
lands forcefully.
• The Naxalite movement spread rapidly
in the West Bengal State attracting
particularly the urban elite youth and
the bhadralok class.
• Several splinter groups of Naxalites
initiated resurfacing in various parts
of India and the influence of Naxalism
started spreading in other states such
as Bihar, Odisha andhra Pradesh, West
Bengal, Odisha and Karnataka.
• In 1969, All India Coordination
Committee of Communist
Revolutionaries (AICCCR) formed
a new party CPI (ML) on the birth
anniversary of Lenin.
• Charu Mazumdar was selected as
the Secretary of Central Organizing
Committee.
• During the Indo-Pak war of 1971, Indira
Gandhi suppressed the ultra-leftist
movement and arrested its leaders
including Charu Mazumdar on 16th July
1972. Later on, he was reported to be
dead in custody by July 28th, 1972 itself.
3
• Similarly, during the emergency period
(1975), Indira Gandhi banned the
Naxalite organizations across India
and arrested Naxal cadres. It was
a great setback to the movement.
However, after the emergency, the
release of Naxalite leaders helped them
to organize different groups.
• In the subsequent years, Naxalite
activity was dormant due to
fragmentation among different groups.
However, Naxalite ideology revived
with the formation of two main groups:
» Naxalite of Andhra Pradesh - CPI-ML
(People War Group/PWG).
» Naxalite of Bihar - Maoist Communist
Centre (MCC).
• CPI-ML (PWG) became very active in
the following years not only in Andhra
Pradesh but also in Odisha, tribal belt
of Madhya Pradesh.
• In 2004 CPI-ML (PWG) merged with
MCC to form CPI (Maoist).
• The CPI (Maoist) Party is the main Left
Wing Extremist unit responsible for a
majority of incidents of violence and
killing of security forces and civilians.
• It has been incorporated in the
Schedule of Terrorist Organizations
accompanied by all its formations and
front organizations under the provision
of Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act,
1967.
• The Government of India has given a
call to the Left Wing Extremists to avoid
violence and come for discussions. This
request has been denied by them, since
they believe in various violent activities
as the means to seize State power. It has
resulted in a spiraling cycle of violence
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in some regions of India. • This region has significant natural

• In a nutshell, the CPI (Maoist), the
central LWE outfit in India, aims to
overthrow the existing democratic
state structure with violence as their
primary weapon and mass mobilization
and strategic united fronts as
complementary components. It plans
to usher in so-called ‘New Democratic
Revolution’ in India.
Red Corridor
• The Red Corridor is the area in the
eastern, central and the southern parts
of India that experience considerable
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency.
• The districts that consist of the Red
Corridor are among the poorest
in the country; these areas suffer
because of high illiteracy, poverty and
overpopulation.
• These areas span across parts of
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana
resources, including forestry, minerals
and potential hydroelectric generation
capacity etc.
• A key characteristic of this region is
primary sector-based economies that
solely depend on agriculture, mining
and forestry.
Current Status of
LWE
• Steadfast implementation of the Action
Plan-2015 has resulted in consistent
decline in LWE related violence and
considerable shrinkage in geographical
spread.
• In 2018, LWE related violence was
reported in 60 districts with 10 districts
accounting for 2/3rd violence.
• However, to assist the States to
combat LWE, support is being given
to 90 districts under Security Related
Expenditure (SRE) scheme.
1250
Incidents

and West Bengal and eastern Uttar

Pradesh states. 1000

750

500

250

0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

I m a g e 1.2: N a x a l I n c i d e n t s

Causes of Naxalism/
Maoism
• Naxalism in India is an outcome of
failure of democratic India to win
the hearts of the deprived people by
sharing development progress which
they are badly in need of.
I m a g e 1.1: N a x a l A f f e c t e d A r e a s in India

4
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Socio-economic
• Tribal belt in India is one of the most
underdeveloped regions of the country.
The States fails to deliver them with
adequate healthcare, sanitation or
education which has strengthened the
distrust against the Indian Government.
• The initial struggle was against land
ownership and feudal landlords, but the
new struggle is against state domination,
modernization and development which
has increased inequality in rural India.
Administrative and Judicial
System
• Administrative and Judicial delay in
dealing with cases. Of these pending
cases, majority litigants are from villagers.
The longer the case takes, the more
expensive it becomes to get justice.
• Naxalites are running a parallel
government and they have their quick
judicial mechanism.
• They settle their disputes instantly
based on their rational perspective.
Consequently the poor local people
are approaching their Naxalite leaders
for solving their problems instead of
approaching the complicated court or
harassing police stations.
Exploitation of Natural
Resources
• At times it appears that for policy
makers the Tribal regions simply
mineral rich areas.
• Mining is encouraged by the government
but the way mineral extraction industry
operates socially or environmentally
does not lead to prosperity of the local
people. But it certainly leads to the
prosperity of outsiders.
• This can be understood from the fact
5
that the Scheduled Tribes constituted
about 8.2 percent of the total population
but it constitutes around 55.16 per cent
of the total displaced population.
• Hence, mining has contributed to the
misery of Tribal people. As mining led
to displacement of tribal people and
they were devoid of major benefits.
Denial of Land Rights
• Land is not only a source of ownership
but also identity and strength.
• Tribal people in the name of
development have been displaced from
the area without proper rehabilitation
facilities.
• Even with adoption of a large number
of laws, land reforms have never been
adequately implemented in many
Indian states particularly the states
bearing the brunt of Naxalism. E.g.
Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms (Ceiling
and Agricultural Holdings) Act was
passed in 1973. But it took nearly
around 10 years to acquire the surplus
land from land owning farmers, due to
prolonged litigation. Still, in the year
1995, the non-tribal were in possession
of around 7,51,435.66 acres of lands in
Scheduled Areas of Andhra Pradesh.
• The Government policy for protecting
tribal or rehabilitation has never fully
benefited the tribal.
• Poor implementation of Forest Rights
Act (FRA), 2006 or apathy on part of
forest bureaucracy has also denied
land rights to them.
Lack of democratic
decentralization
• Poor representation of tribal aspiration
and needs in the democratic and
political space like other communities
like SC/OBC.
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Role of China
• These insurgents not only were
supported by the people from nearby
villages but also from the neighboring
country China. Initially, the movement
took motivation from China’s founding
father, Mao Zedong. The media of
China had called this movement the
“Spring Thunder”.
• Various reports indicated that Chinese
intelligence units have been training,
arming and funding the Naxalite
activities to assist them wage a violent
and seemingly inexorable battle
against India.
Urban Naxalism
• The term Urban Naxals is not clearly well-
defined and the source of the word can be
traced to the book and a few essays by film-
maker and social media opinion-maker
Vivek Agnihotri’s book, Urban Naxals: The
Making of Buddha in a Traffic Jam.
• In 2004, a CPI (Maoist) document titled
‘Urban Perspective: Our Work in Urban
Areas’ explained on Urban Naxalism
strategy: with a main emphasis on gaining
leadership and expertise from urban regions,
it highlighted on mobilizing urban poor
people and industrial workers, establishing
front organizations, building ‘tactical
united fronts’ of like minded organizations
including the students, middle class
employees, intellectuals, women, Dalits
and religious minorities and engaging in
military tasks such as providing personnel,
technologies, material and infrastructure
along with infiltration of police.
• Urban Naxalism is also posing threat. It is
an old Maoists strategy to focus on urban
centres for leadership organise masses,
build a united front and engage in military
tasks such as providing personnel, material
and infrastructure.
• Active front organizations in many Indian
cities: Intelligence report reveals that front
organizations supporting 'Urban Naxalism'
are active in a number of cities including
Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chandigarh, Ranchi,
Hyderabad, Visakhapatanam, Madurai,
Thiruvananthpuram, Nagpur and Pune.
6
The Government of
India’s Approach
• The approach of Government is to deal
with Left Wing Extremism in a holistic
manner, in the areas of development,
security, improvement in governance
and public perception management
and ensuring rights and entitlements
of local communities.
• The Central Government thoroughly
monitors the situation and supplements
and coordinates their efforts in several
ways.
» These include providing Commando
Battalions for Resolute Action (CoBRA)
and Central Armed Police Forces
(CAPFs) and sanctioning India Reserve
(IR) battalions for reinforcing the
policing efforts by the affected state
governments.
» The setting up of sundry Counter-
insurgency and Anti-terrorism (CIAT)
schools along with upgradation and
capacity building of the state police
and their intelligence apparatus under
the scheme for ‘Modernization of State
Police Forces’ (MPF) have yielded rich
dividends.
» Initiatives like re-imbursement of
security related expenditure under the
‘Security Related Expenditure’ (SRE)
Scheme,
» Filling up critical infrastructure
gaps under the ‘Scheme for Special
Infrastructure in Left Wing Extremism
(LWE) affected states’,
» Besides, the sharing of intelligence,
facilitating inter-state coordination;
assistance in community policing and
civic action programmes.
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Steps taken by
Government
Social Economic Development
• The Central Government has granted
Finances for developmental activities
that would help tackle Naxalism at the
social and economic levels.
• In 2003-2004 the government started
the Backward Districts initiative and
the Backward Regions Grant Fund
(BRGF). 250 districts have been included
in the BRGF scheme to accelerate
socio-economic development in these
districts which is to be governed by the
Ministry of Panchayati Raj.
Infrastructure Development
• Government have launched several
schemes such as the Pradhan Mantri
Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) which
offers tremendous opportunities for
rural road connectivity.
• The National Rural Employment
Guarantee Programme (NREGP) is
being implemented in 330 districts
affected by Naxalism to provide wage-
employment and improve infrastructure.
• Other schemes like National Rural
Health mission (NRHM), Integrated
Child Development Services (ICDS) etc.
• Road Requirement Plan-I (RRP-I) for
LWE affected areas: This project is
being implemented by Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways for improving
road connectivity in 34 LWE affected
districts of 8 States i.e. Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Odisha andhra Pradesh,
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. This scheme
envisages construction of 5,422 km
roads lengths in LWE affected regions, of
which around 4,868 km roads have been
completed by 30th November 2019.
7
• Road Connectivity Project for LWE
affected areas (RRP-II): This project
further improving connectivity of road
in 44 districts of 9 LWE disturbed States.
Ministry of Rural Development is the
nodal Ministry for this project. The
roads included under this project have
been identified by the Home Ministry
in consultation with the different State
Governments and the security agencies.
Around 1373 km. roads have been built
so far till 31st December 2019.
Law and Order Strategy
• The government has initiated a Police
Modernization Scheme in regions
affected by Naxal movements.
• Central Para Military Forces have
been deployed on a long-term basis
by the government to help the state
governments to fight against the Naxals.
• States have also established their
own special security force like Andhra
Pradesh like Greyhounds to deal with
Naxal problem.
Security Related Expenditure
(SRE) Scheme
• In the Security Related Expenditure
(SRE) Scheme, the Union Government
reimburses to the State Governments of
11 Left Wing Extremism (LWE) affected
States Security Related Expenditure of
90 districts relating to:
» Operational and training needs of
security forces,
» Ex-gratia payment to the families of
security forces or civilians killed or
injured in LWE violence,
» Compensation to Left Wing Extremist
factions who surrendered according to
the surrender and rehabilitation policy
of the concerned State Government,
» Security related infrastructure for
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village defence committees, publicity
materials and Community policing.
• This Scheme was extended by the
Indian Government on 27 September,
2017 as a sub-scheme of the Umbrella
Scheme Modernization of Police Forces
for a period of 03 years till 2020.
Surrender Cum Rehabilitation Scheme:
The major objectives of surrender-cum-
rehabilitation scheme in the Naxal
affected States are:
• To wean away the misguided youth
population and hardcore Naxalites
who have strayed into the fold of
Naxal organization and now find
themselves trapped into that net.
• The scheme also ensures that the
Naxalites who surrender do not find it
attractive to join the Naxal movement
or organizations again.
Media Plan
• This Scheme has been approved by the
Indian Government on 27 September,
2017 as a sub scheme of the Umbrella
Scheme Modernization of Police
Forces for a period of three years.
• The Naxalites have been misguiding
and attracting the innocent tribal/
local people in Left Wing Extremism
affected regions by their so-called
poor-friendly revolution with the help
of petty incentives or by following their
coercive strategy.
• Their misleading propaganda is directed
against the democratic set up and
security forces. Hence, the Government
is implementing this Scheme in LWE
affected areas.
• Under this program activities such as
Tribal Youth Exchange Programmes
organised by NYKS, radio jingles,
documentaries, pamphlets etc. are
being conducted.
8
Operation Green Hunt
• Operation Green Hunt is the name
given by the Indian media to describe
the government offensive against the
Naxalites.
• The operation is believed to have
started in November 2009 along five
states in the "Red Corridor".
• The Indian Covernment does not utilize
the term "Operation Green Hunt" to
describe its anti-Naxalite offensive.
• Chhattisgarh police and the Central
Reserve Police Force (CRPF) started an
offensive against the Maoists in 2009.
• From 223 districts that were affected
because of Naxalite activities in the
year 2010, the number has reduced to
90 in nine years.
The Scheduled Tribes and
Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of Forest
Rights) Act, 2006
• The Act was enacted with the aim
of protecting the claims of tribal
communities over tracts of land or forests
they have inhabited and cultivated for
generations.
• It tries to protect the marginalised
socio-economic classes and balance
the right to environment with their right
to life and livelihood.
• The FRA has two distinct features.
» First, it seeks to restore individual as
well as the community rights of forest
dwellers over land and forest resources.
These rights include rights such as title
rights, user rights, forest management
rights and relief and development rights.
» Second, it devolves power to village-
level Gram Sabhas to contest and
exclude the alienation of land in the
Scheduled areas.
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• The Act expands the ambit of the
Fifth and the Sixth Schedules of the
Constitution which protect the claims of
indigenous communities over tracts of
land or forests they inhabit.
• Use of FRA has enabled village and
tribal communities in states of Odisha,
Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tripura to
veto the land-acquisitions claims
of corporations as well as State
Governments.
• In 2013, all the 10 selected Gram Sabhas
vetoed the Vedanta bauxite mining
project in and around the Niyamgiri
mountains.
• Thus, the Act has been an important
step in the direction of the 'Rights Based
regime'.
Operation 'SAMADHAN'
• SAMADHAN stands for:
• Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal
agency for Operation SAMADHAN.
• It will include the following measures:
» The Home Ministry has recommended
the use of trackers for weapons and
biometrics in smart guns.
» At least single UAV or Mini UAV for every
Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF)
battalions positioned in the Maoist
hotbed.
» More helicopter assistance for
operations. Helicopters to be utilized to
9
rush in supplies and reinforcement.
» Joint Task Forces for operations along
inter-State frontiers to be established.
Better inter-state cooperation and
intelligence sharing.
» Four hundred fortified police stations to
be set up in the Naxal belt.
» Resumption of Left-Wing Extremism
(LWE) specific schemes.
» Prevention of Money Laundering
Act (2002) to be examined to ensure
effective choking of fund flow to LWE
organizations.
» Fast tracking building infrastructure,
with a emphasis on mobile towers with
3G connectivity, road-rail connectivity
and solar lights.
» Specialized forces or Indian Army - such
as Greyhounds – to instruct and train
forces to take on Naxals.
Some of the other important
initiatives are:
• Choo Lo Aasman: Under his
education initiative, students from
different parts of Dantewada were
brought to district headquarters and
given post classroom special tutorials
for entrance examinations by teachers
from reputed private institutions from
Kota, the mecca of coaching classes.
• Nanhe Parinde: Under this
residential facilities were created at
district headquarter and 105 children
from interior villages belonging to
marginalized background were provided
special coaching for Navodaya and
Sainik School entrance examination
with 5th class regular schooling.
• Police Uncle Tutorial: Launched in
2019, Police Uncle Tutorial is a one-of-a-
kind initiative by the Police Department
in the Aspirational District of Simdega
in Jharkhand. This unique concept
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targets dropouts and academically
weak students of Grade X, in the left-
wing extremism affected areas of
the district, where children are more
susceptible to crime.
Initiatives by NITI
Aayog
• NITI Aayog has introduced a program
for rapid transformation of relatively
backward 115 districts involving 10
districts of Chhattisgarh.
• A large number of Left Wing Extremism
affected districts are also involved in
these 115 aspirational districts.
• One officer for every district has been
selected as “Prabhari (in-charge), who
are working in collaborative manner
with the district and state teams to
reach effective convergence amongst
various state and Central programmes.
• Every State has also appointed a Nodal
Officer of Secretary rank for regular
interaction.
• Approach of this initiative incorporates
leadership of states, setting up of real
time monitoring mechanisms and
convergence of existing schemes and
programmes of Central and State
Governments.
• Focus of this initiative is empowerment
in health and nutrition, education,
infrastructure, water resources and
financial inclusion etc.
Monitoring
Mechanisms
• Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), the
Home Secretary and the Special
Secretary/Additional Secretary and a
10
Review Group presided by the Cabinet
Secretary review the LWE situation on a
frequent basis.
• The Progress of the numerous schemes
is regularly monitored by the Ministry
of Home Affairs(MHA) with the help of
meeting and Video Conferencing with
the Central Ministries/Departments
concerned and State Governments.
Ministry of Home
Affairs (MHA)
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
monitors the internal security situation
of the Left Wing Extremist insurgency.
• Left Wing Extremist (LWE) Division:
» It was formed with effect from October
19, 2006 in the MHA, to effectively
tackle the LWE insurgency in a holistic
manner.
» The Left Wing Extremist Division
executes security related schemes
targeted at capacity building in the
LWE affected States of India.
» It also monitors the LWE situation and
counter-measures being taken by the
concerned States.
» It coordinates the implementation of
several development schemes of the
Ministries/Departments of Government
of India in LWE affected States.
» Bihar, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Odisha andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Kerala
are considered to be LWE affected
states, although to varying degrees.
Conclusion
• It is the belief of the Indian government
that with a holistic approach
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emphasizing on development and
security-related interventions, the LWE
challenge can be effectively tackled.
• Though, it is clear that the Left Wing
Extremist organizations do not want
root causes such as underdevelopment
to be addressed in a meaningful way
since they resort to targeting various
public properties like railways, bridges,
health infrastructure,school buildings,
roads and communication facilities etc.
in a major way.
• They want to keep the population in
their regions of influence marginalized
to perpetuate their outdated ideology.
Therefore, the development process
has been set back by decades in
several parts of the country under the
influence of Left Wing Extremists.
• This needs to be recognized by the
media and the civil society to create
pressure on the Left Wing Extremist
groups to eschew violence, join the
mainstream and recognise the fact
that the political and socio-economic
dynamics and aspirations of 21st Century
India are far removed from the Maoist
world-view.
11
• To portray peaceful political rebellions
as Naxalism is a bad tactic, which
the government or the political
parties should avoid and instead of it
government should take up genuine
counter campaigns and outreach
programs which are the best way to
ideologically defeat the idea of Urban
Naxals and associated insurgency.
• States perform a significant role in
maintaining law and order. Therefore,
attention should be laid on the
modernization and capacity-building
of the local police forces. Regional
forces can effectively and efficiently
neutralize the LWE organizations.
• Government need to take much better
steps to enhance sharing of intelligence
and improving coordination between
the various agencies concerned. Along
with that government also needs to
gain the trust of people and aware the
locals about the individuals who have
surrendered and done well.
• Further, an ideology on basis of violence
and annihilation is doomed to collapse
in a democracy which offers legitimate
forums of grievance redressal.
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CHAPTER - 2
NORTH EAST INDIA
North East India
• The North Eastern Region of India
comprises eight States viz., Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland,
Sikkim, Tripura Arunachal Pradesh and
Assam.
• The Region covers 8% of the country’s
geographical area and about 4% of
the national population.
• Almost all of its borders of about 5,484
Kilometers is international border along
Bangladesh (1880 km.), Myanmar (1,643
km.), China (1,346 km.), Bhutan (516 km.)
and Nepal (99 km.).
• The northeastern region is also an
ethnic minefield, as it comprises around
160 Scheduled Tribes, besides an
estimated 400 other tribal or sub-tribal
communities and groups.
• Contrasting to the other parts of the
country, the North East holds an crucial
position from a strategic point of view
as these north eastern states share
their borders with other neighbouring
countries like China, Bangladesh,
Bhutan and Myanmar.
• The state of Socio-economic
development and various historical
factors like language/ethnicity, tribal
rivalry, migration, control over local
resources, a widespread feeling of
exploitation and alienation and the
terrain have resulted in a fragile security
condition in the North Eastern States of
India.
• This has resulted in violence and
different demands by various Indian
Insurgent Groups (IIGs).
12
Causes of
Insurgency in North
East India
• The root causes of the present situation
are to be found in many areas of
political, social and economic realm.
Geographical Isolation
• Entire North-East Indian region
is situated around and within the
Brahmaputra river valley and a number
of mountains.
• Naturally, this region was nearly cut
from the rest of India. As this region
could be accessed only through narrow
Chicken Neck/Siliguri corridor.
• Geographical atmosphere was the
greatest obstacle in the process of
development.
• That is the reason why there were less
than limited means of conveyance up
to 1970.
Historical Causes
• The British colonization, which for
the first time in history integrated the
Northeast in a single political system
in the subcontinent, promoted and
legitimized the isolation within the
region by its segregating policies that
created hills-plains divide.
Political Causes
• Politics in this area is also one of the
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important reasons of insurgency and
separatism.
• All the political parties, small or big,
with an object of winning elections,
have always encouraged and fuelled
regionalism and encashed this feeling
at the time of elections.
Agriculture
• Agriculture, which is the mainstay
and on which 70-80 percent of the
population depends is still traditional
and rice output is only one-third that of
Punjab.
• The region is rich in horticultural
products but again the productivity
is low. Due to lack of market access,
farmers do not get remunerative prices
and get discouraged.
Cross Border Factor
• Illegal migration from neighboring
countries which created fears among
locals being reduced to a minority in
their own territory.
• Support received by our tribal insurgent
groups from their co-tribes in Myanmar
territory.
Role of External State Sectors
• Countries adjoining India have been
very actively involved in exploiting the
volatile condition presented by the
turmoil in the northeastern states of
India. Countries like China, Myanmar
and Pakistan, through their logistic
support, military training, political
backing, economic assistance or arms
supplies, have varyingly supported to the
ongoing violence in the Northeastern
states.
• The Chinese assistance to various
insurgent groups in the northeast region
13
came early in the 1960s and maintained
through the 1970s. China has provided
some assistance to organizations
like the National Socialist Council of
Nagaland (N.S.C.N.) in the 1980s.
• Pakistan, with the help of its
intelligence agency (I.S.I.), is believed
to have supported various militant
organizations in terms of finance and
training. And from the 1980s onwards,
there has been a significant jump in
the covert operations by the Pakistani
intelligence bureau.
• East Pakistan, Bangladesh since
1971, was host to numerous insurgent
events unleashed against India in the
northeastern states. The various anti-
India campaigns have been mostly
possible due to the existence of an
huge illegal immigrant Bangladeshi
population in the northeastern states
of India.
• Currently, population along the India-
Myanmar frontier has a strong socio-
cultural affinity, which is the outcome
of a prolonged historical process of
intermingling amongst the people of
the area. Militant camps in Manipur
and Nagaland, exist in the bordering
regions of Myanmar. Outfits like ULFA
and the NDFB have reportedly used
the facilities. The migration of refugees
from Myanmar have also disturbed the
security condition in this area.
Feeling of Alienation
• The conflicts and disorder in North
Eastern states of India is also associated
with the feeling of alienation amongst
communities in the region because of
poor access to resources, power and
opportunities.
• Other developments at the State level
like the nomination of non-tribal in
1952 by the Assam government to the
District Councils, led to alienation of
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tribal groups in Assam. It has been
responsible for the establishment of
various organizations. E.g. Eastern India
Tribal Union (EITU) mobilized assistance
for the formation of a separate hill state
for tribal, carved out of Assam region.
the State in the areas bordering Assam
and Myanmar for shelter and transit.
• Security situation in Arunachal Pradesh
improved substantially with decline in
insurgency incidents.

Identity Crisis:
Assam
• Assamese insurgency can be traced
• The north-eastern region of India is back to the influx of illegal migrants
often described as the cultural mosaic from East Pakistan after Partition and
of India consisting of diverse tribal after 1971 onwards which led to the
communities, linguistic and ethnic formation of Bangladesh.
identities. Social exclusion, in many
cases, leads to identity assertion which • Large scale Bengali migrant influx
in turn causes conflict, sometimes created tension among the Assamese
violent. people who resented the rapidly
changing demographic profile of the
• Identity crisis, in turn, problematizes state.
the political boundary and national
imagination of the nation state. Ex:
Assam Movement of 1979-84 was
against illegal migration and protection
ULFA
of Assamese identity. • On 7 April 1979, ULFA was formed,
• The assertion of ethnic identity and the vowing to fight against the Indian
accompanying extremist tendencies Government with the final intention to
are related to the feeling of losing achieve a sovereign, socialist Assam.
one’s own identity, marginalization and • The late 80s witnessed ULFA‘s influence
exploitation by others. in Assam reaching new heights.
• In 2011, to facilitate the peace talk, a
tripartite accord for Suspension of
Arunachal Pradesh Operations (SoO) against ULFA was
signed between Indian Government,
• It does not have any active indigenous Assam state government and ULFA.
insurgent group.
• The State is affected by spill-over
militant activities of Naga insurgents
from Nagaland based underground
factions of National Socialist Council of
Nagaland [NSCN] (NSCN/Isak-Muivah,
NSCN/Khaplang, NSCN/Reformation
and NSCN/Neopao Konyak- Kitovi)
in Tirap, Changlang and Longding
districts, as also activities of Assam-
based ULFA/ Independent and NDFB/
Saoraigwra.
• Cadres of NDFB(S) and ULFA (I) frequent I m a g e 2.1: A s s a m

14
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Bodos
• The ULFA insurgency paved the way to
formation of other insurgent outfits in
Assam.
• The Bodos, the largest plains tribes of
Assam initiated a violent movement in
the 1980s.
• In 1986, the National Democratic Front
of Bodoland (NDFB) was formed to
attain their dream of an independent
Bodo country.
• Formally, the Bodoland Movement
for an independent state of Bodoland
began on 2nd March 1987, under the
leadership of All Bodo Students' Union
(ABSU) leader Upendrenath Brahma.
• Bodo demand for Bodoland was backed
by Bodo armed groups leading to the
emergence of a security situation.
• Gradually, after a series of rounds of
deliberate and meaningful talks, the
militant cadres laid down their arms and
signed a treaty with the government,
known as the Bodo Accord 2003.
• According to the provisions of this
Accord, a Bodo Territorial Council
(BTC) was formed and a Bodo Territorial
Areas Districts (BTAD) was established
under the 6th Schedule of the Indian
Constitution.
• The objective of creating BTAD was to
protect the interests of Bodo people
and ensure their proper representation
in socio-political decision making
processes in the region.
• National Democratic Front of
Bodoland (Progressive) [NDFB (P)]
signed the Suspension of Operations
(SoO) agreement on 24.5.2005 and is
presently valid up to 31.12.2019.
• On January 27 2020, the 3rd Bodo
Peace Accord in the form of Bodoland
Territorial Region was signed, effectively
ending insurgency that has lasted years.
15
Karbi and Dimasa tribes
• Assam state has also been affected by
insurgent movements initiated by Karbi
and Dimasa tribes and the Adivasis.
Karbi and Dimasa have claimed
autonomy for their homelands whereas
the Adivasis have demanded greater
recognition of their rights.
• United People‘s Democratic Solidarity
(UPDS) was established in March 1999
with the merger of two insurgent groups
Karbi People‘s Front (KPF) and Karbi
National Volunteers (KNV).
• UPDS entered into a cease-fire
agreement with the government on
May 23, 2002.
• Another Karbi insurgent group, Karbi
Longri North Cachar Hills Liberation
Front (KLNLF), was formed in 2004 as
a breakaway faction of the UPDS.
• The KLNLF also laid down their arms
on February 11, 2010 and the outfit is
presently engaged in talks with the
government.
• Meanwhile, another insurgent group
Karbi People‘s Liberation Tigers
(KPLT) was formed in 2011, by the anti-
talk faction of KLNLF with the goal of
carving out an Autonomous Karbi state
out of Assam.
• The KPLT continues to remain a major
agent of violence in the Karbi Anglong
district of Assam.
But, the government has been able to bring
most of these groups to the negotiation
table.
Manipur
• Manipur, one of the important North-
Eastern states of India has been affected
by insurgency since the Independence
of India. Manipur state acceded to
Indian Union on 15 October, 1949.
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• It has a various ethnic population

with Nagas on the surrounding hills,
Meitis controlling the Valley and Kukis
interspersed in between. The state has
number of other smaller tribal groups
as well.
• The State of Manipur is an insurgency
ridden State affected by activities of
Meitei, Naga, Kuki, Zomi, Hmar and
Muslim underground outfits.
• The first insurgent group to emerge
in the State is the United National
Liberation Front (UNLF), which was
formed in 1964 which has support of
Meitis.
• Since then numerous other outfits, like
I m a g e 2.2: M a ni p u r
the People's Liberation Army (PLA),
founded in 1978, People's Revolutionary • The movement is presently headed by
Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) set up in National Socialist Council of Nagalim-
1977 and the Kangleipak Communist Isak-Muivah (NSCN-IM).
Party (KCP) that came into being in
1980 have emerged in the Manipur
State. Kukiland
• Unlike other insurgent groups like the
UNLF or KYKL, the People's Liberation • The Kukis have also been demanding
Army (PLA), has remained united and the formation of a state to be known
committed to the cause of Manipur’s as Kukil and that will include more
secession since its inception therefore than half of Manipur’s land, viz. part
is the most lethal group. of Senapati, Tamenglong and Ukhrul
districts, Churachandpur and Chandel
• All these insurgent factions have been districts.
demanding a separate state.
• Their demand has been opposed by
Nagas.
Nagalim or Greater Nagaland
• The demand for Nagalim or Greater • The State of Manipur remained the
Nagaland includes the part of Naga most violent State accounting for
inhabited areas Manipur, Assam and about 50% of the total incidents in the
Arunachal Pradesh and integrated to region in 2018.
the adjacent state of Nagaland. • Meitei insurgency accounted for about
57% of insurgency incidents in the
State.
• A total of 23 underground outfits under
two conglomerates (United Progressive
Front [UPF]- 8 and Kuki National
Organization [KNO]- 15) are currently
under Suspension of Operation with
the Government since August, 2008.

16
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Meghalaya
• The insurgency in Meghalaya started
in the latter part of the 1980s,
wherein it began as a movement
against the political and socio-
economic domination of the outsiders,
exploitation of natural resources, border
disputes with Assam.
• Many militant organizations were then
formed by the locals to seek greater
autonomy or a separate/sovereign
state.
• The main militant groups presently
active in the State are:
I m a g e 2.3: M e g h a l aya
» Garo National Liberation Army (GNLA)
is fighting for a sovereign Goroland in
the three districts of Garo Hills.
» Hynniewtrep National Liberation
Council (HNLC), a Khasi rebel group
which is fighting for state exclusively for
the Khasi tribe free from domination of
Garo tribe.
• There was substantial improvement
in the security situation in the State
and security forces have been able to
contain violent activities of the militant
groups to a great extent.
Nagaland
• The British annexed Assam in 1826 and
in 1881, the Naga Hills too became part
of British India.
• The first sign of Naga resistance was
17
seen in the formation of the Naga
Club in 1918, which rejected the Simon
Commission in 1929.
Naga National Council (NNC)
• In 1946 Naga National Council (NNC)
was formed, under the leadership of
Angami Zapu Phizo, declared Nagaland
an independent state on August 14,
1947.
• The NNC resolved to establish a
“sovereign Naga state” and conducted
a “referendum” in 1951, in which 99 %
supported an “independent” Nagaland.
• In 1952, Phizo formed the underground
Naga Federal Government (NFG) and
the Naga Federal Army (NFA).
• The Government of India sent in the
Army to crush the insurgency and,
in 1958, enacted the Armed Forces
(Special Powers) Act.
• Time period between the 1950s to the
mid-1990s was a turbulent phase with
insurgency and counter-insurgency
resulting in number of civilian deaths.
• In 1960, a treaty known as Sixteen
Point Agreement was signed amongst
the Government of India and members
of the Naga People’s Congress and as
part of which a new state of Nagaland
was created in 1963. However, even
this failed to quell the movement as a
majority of Naga inhabited areas were
left outside the new state.
• In 1975, the Shillong Accord was signed
in which the NNC agreed to give up arms
and accept the Indian Constitution.
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I m a g e 2.4: N a g a l a n d
• Muivah and Swu, who were then NNC
members, revolted and formed the
National Socialist Council of Nagaland
(NSCN) in 1980.
• In 1988, the NSCN split due to leadership
differences, into the NSCN (IM) and the
NSCN (K).
• The Government of India signed a
ceasefire agreement with NSCN (IM)
on July 25, 1997, which came into effect
on August 1, 1997.
• The split faction of NSCN/K (i.e., NSCN/
K-Khango faction) joined peace talks
with the Government in February 2019.
• Though number of steps have been
taken by the Government from time
to time to control insurgency, the
NSCN factions continue to indulge in
factional violence and other violent/
illegal activities affecting normal life in
the State.
Tripura
• Security situation in Tripura has shown
marked improvement in recent years
with a steady decline in violence since
2013.
18
I m a g e 2.5: T r i p u r a
• The activities of main underground
outfits viz. The National Liberation
Front of Twipra/Biswamohan (NLFT/B)
and All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) have
been contained.
• The NLFT has been banned under the
provision of the Unlawful Activities
(Prevention) Act since 1997 and has been
engaged in violence, operating from
their camps across the international
border. The group has been engaged
in violent activities between 2005 and
2015.
• Peace talks with NLFT were commenced
in 2015 and there has been no violence
by NLFT since 2016.
• No event of violence has been reported
since 2016.
• A tripartite Memorandum of Settlement
(MoS) was signed here between the
governments of India and Tripura and
the National Liberation Front of Twipra
headed by Sabir Kumar Debbarma
(NLFT-SD).
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Mizoram
I m a g e 2.6: M i z o r a m
• Insurgency began in Mizoram in 1966
when a demand was made by Mizo
National Front (MNF) for creating a
sovereign Greater Mizoram state, which
would be independent from India.
• The MNF wanted that Greater Mizoram
should include the borderline territories
of Tripura, Manipur and Cachar district
of Assam.
• However, after some years, negotiations
for restoration of peace were initiated
and ultimately a Peace Accord
between Indian government and the
Mizo National Front was signed on 30th
June 1986.
• The election of the first Mizoram
Legislative Assembly was held on 16th
February 1987 and Mizoram became a
full-fledged State from 20th February,
1987.
• Insurgency related incidents
19
security situation in Mizoram, by and
large, remained peaceful, barring a few
incidents of violence.
Resettlement of Bru Migrants
• Reang tribe is also called as the Bru
tribe. They are spread across Tripura,
Mizoram and parts of southern Assam.
Ethnically, they are different from the
Mizos. They have their own distinct
language and dialect and form one of
the 21 scheduled tribes of Tripura.
• Due to ethnic violence in the western
part of Mizoram in October 1997, a huge
number of minority Bru (Reang) families
travelled to North Tripura in 1997-1998.
• These Bru families were given shelter in
six relief camps in Kanchanpur District
of North Tripura.
• Considering the demand of the Bru
families and in order to arrive at
a permanent solution to the long
standing issue of rehabilitation of the
Bru families, an agreement was signed
between the Government of India,
Mizoram Government and Government
of Tripura and representatives of Bru
Migrants on 16th Jan 2020.
• As per the new agreement:
» Bru migrants will be settled in Tripura
and would be given financial assistance
by the Government of India for their
resettlement in Tripura and all-round
development through a package of
around Rs 6000cr.
» Also each resettled family will be
given 30*40 sq. ft. piece of land for
construction of house in Tripura.
» In addition, assistance of fixed deposit
of Rs 4 lakh, Rs 5000/- cash assistance
per month for 2 years.
» Free ration for 2 years.
» Rs 1.5 lakh housing assistance to each
and family.
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Sikkim
I m a g e 2.7: S i k k i m
• On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the
22nd Indian state and the monarchy
was abolished.
• A referendum was conducted in which
97.5% of voters supported abolishing
the monarchy, effectively approving
union with India.
• The State of Sikkim is free from
insurgency related incidents and
security situation in Mizoram, by and
large, remained peaceful in 2018,
barring a few incidents of violence.
Impact of the
Insurgency
• The impact of the insurgency activities
on security, society, development and
politics has been devastating.
• Some of the serious impacts are as
follows:
» Internal displacement of the population
20
from within the states.
» Education of children is frequently
disrupted.
» People ‘s sense of alienation due to
deprivation in the economic and social
fields.
» Support from the neighbouring
countries to the insurgent groups is a
serious security threat to the region.
» System of administration has been
derailed due to frequent clashes
between security forces and insurgent.
Government’s
Approach and
Action Plan to deal
with North East
Insurgency
The Government of India has adopted
an integrated and holistic approach to
deal with the Left Wing Extremist (LWE)
insurgency by addressing the areas of
security, development and promoting
good governance simultaneously.
Scheme for Surrender-cum-
Rehabilitation of Militants in
North Eastern India
• The MHA (Ministry of Home Affairs)
has been implementing a scheme
for Surrender-cum-Rehabilitation of
militants in North East from 1st January,
1998 to wean away the misguided youth
and hardcore militants who stray into
the fold of militancy.
• The Program also seeks to ensure that
the militants, who have surrendered, do
not find it attractive to join militancy
again.
• This scheme has been revised with
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effect from 1st April, 2018 for six NE
States (except Sikkim and Mizoram).
• Under the revised policy, following
benefits will be extended to
surrenderees:
» Vocational training to the surrenderees
for self-employment.
» Funds for construction of rehabilitation
camps.
» Incentives for weapons/ammunitions
surrendered by the militants.
Security Related Measure
• The Central Government has been
executing a scheme for reimbursement
of Security Related Expenditure (SRE)
for the States seriously affected by
militancy/insurgency since 1995.
• The scheme is being implemented in all
NE States except Mizoram and Sikkim.
• Under the scheme, fund will be shared
between Centre and State in the ratio
of 90:10 and expenditure incurred by
NE States on various security related
items, including raising of India Reserve
Battalions, logistics provided to the
CAPFs/Army deployed in the State etc.
Civic Action Programme in the
N-E States of India
• In order to take the local population
in confidence and boost the image
of armed forces among the common
people, Army and Central Paramilitary
Forces conduct Civic Action Programme.
• Under this Programme, numerous
welfare/developmental activities are
undertaken such as holding of medical
camps, sanitation drives, sports meets,
distribution of study material to children,
minor repairs of school buildings,
roads, bridges, etc. and running adult
education centers etc.
21
Advertisement and Publicity
• The Ministry of Home Affairs
implements a scheme of Advertisement
and Publicity in North Eastern regions
with a view to highlight the different
activities being undertaken by the
Government for peace in the region.
• Under this scheme, various initiatives
are undertaken including the visits of
youths of NE States to rest of India and
vice-versa under the aegis of Nehru
Yuvak Kendra Sangathan (NYKS),
telecasting of various programmes
on Doordarshan and AIR, financial
assistance to various organizations for
organizing functions on NE themes etc.
Agriculture
• The region has vast potential for
horticulture, medicinal plant and
organic farming.
• Horticulture: Mission for Horticulture
Mission for North-East and Himalayan
State (HMNEH) promotes horticulture
sector in the North-East.
• Organic Farming: Organic Farming is
promoted through various programmes
like Organic Value Chain development
for the Northeast region. Sikkim was
the first organic state in the country.
Infrastructure
• The North East Region due to its
geographical location remains isolated
from the rest of the country which has
not facilitated the low industrialization
in the region.
• Special Emphasis on connectivity
by upgrading the road, airways and
railway infrastructure.
• In 2014 Arunachal Pradesh and
Meghalaya were put on the rail map.
Agartala and Tripura have being
connected to broad gauge lines.
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Some of the important International Cooperation

Kaladan project • Project started by India and Myanmar to establish a multi-
modal platform for cargo shipments from the eastern ports
to Myanmar and to the North-eastern parts of the country
through Myanmar.
• It is projected to open sea routes and boost various economic
development in the North-eastern region of India and also add
up value to the commercial, economic, strategic ties between
Myanmar and India.
Operation Sunrise • Coordinated operations between the armies of Myanmar and
India.
• Armies of both the countries are cooperating with each other
to bust various camps of militant outfits, comprising the United
Liberation Front of Assam (I), the National Socialist Council
of Nagaland (Khaplang), the National Democratic Front of
Boroland and the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.
Exercise • Military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
SAMPRITI-IX • Aim of the operation is to deliver basic counter-terrorism
training for mountainous and jungle locations.

Current Status of
Incidents
1000

North-East India 750

Insurgency 500

• The overall situation in the North

Eastern States improved substantially 250

since 2014.
• Last six years have seen a decline in 0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

insurgency incidents by 70%, casualties I m a g e 2.8: N o r t h -E a s t I n s u r g e n c y I n c i d e n t s

of security forces by 78% and civilian
deaths by 80% in the region.
• The year 2019 recorded the lowest
insurgency incidents and casualties
among the civilians and security forces
during the last two decades since 1997.
Armed Forces
(Special Powers)
Act-1958
• AFSPA, 1958 was preceded by the Armed
Forces (Assam and Manipur) Special
Powers Ordinance promulgated in
1958. The Ordinance provided the
armed forces some special powers in
the 'disturbed areas' of Assam and

22
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Manipur. It was substituted by AFSPA
on September 11, 1958.
• At present, AFSPA is operational in entire
States of Nagaland, Assam, Manipur
(except Imphal Municipal area), three
districts namely Changlang, Tirap and
Longding of Arunachal Pradesh and the
areas falling within the jurisdiction of
the eight police stations in the districts
of Arunachal Pradesh, bordering the
State of Assam.
• Provision of AFSPA empowers the state
Governor or the Central Government
to announce any area of the particular
state as a 'disturbed area', if in its view
there exists a threatening situation in the
said region which makes it necessary to
deploy armed forces in the region.
• Special powers provided to army
officials.
» Under Section 4 of Armed Forces
Special Powers Act, an authorised
officer in a disturbed area has some
specific powers. The officer has the
authority to open fire at any person
even if it results in death if the individual
disobeys laws which prohibit:
− The assembly of five or more
individuals; or
− Carrying of weapons. But, the
officer has to give a warning before
opening fire.
» The authorised officer has also been
granted the power to:
− Arrest without a warrant; and
− Search and seize without any
warrant any premise in order to
make an arrest or recovery of
hostages, arms and ammunition.
» Persons who have been taken into
custody have to be handed over to
the nearby police station as soon as
possible.
» Prosecution of an authorised officer
23
requires prior permission of the Central
Government.
Controversy related to AFSPA
Act
• The AFSPA Act fails to protect and
defend various human rights and many
human rights organizations opposing it
as being very aggressive.
• The supreme power vested in the armed
forces to shoot on sight based on mere
suspicion violates the fundamental
right to life (Article 21).
• The authority of arbitrary arrest and
detention provided to the armed forces
goes against the Fundamental Rights
vested in Article 22 of the Constitution,
which gives protections on the
preventive and punitive detentions.
• Many critics say the provision of
AFSPA act has unsuccessful to contain
terrorism and restore normalcy in
disturbed regions, as the total number
of armed/militant organization has
gone up after the Act was created.
• Jeevan Reddy Committee: In November
2004, the Union Government selected a
five-member committee led by Justice
B. P. Jeevan Reddy to review the various
provisions of AFSPA and the same
committee recommended repealing of
the AFSPA. Committee suggested that
the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act,
1967, should be amended to specify the
powers of the central forces and armed
forces.
• Varma Committee report on women
safety and empowerment: The report
suggested that the Sexual violence
against women by representatives
of the armed forces or uniformed
personnel must be brought under the
purview of ordinary criminal law. Report
further added that there is an imminent
requirement to review the continuance
of AFSPA.
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• The 2nd Administrative Reforms
Commission (ARC) also suggested that
AFSPA should be repealed.
The deployment of various armed forces
is expected to reestablish normalcy and it
would be very strange if normalcy were not
restored within some reasonable time period,
certainly not an indefinite time period. The
practical issues confronted in ensuring
transparency in different counter-insurgency
processes must be overcome by modern and
innovative methods. The actions of army
must be entirely transparent in investigating
various allegations of violations of Human
Rights (HRs) and bringing the violators to
speedy justice.
Assam Accord
• Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) i.e.
the Assam Accord, was signed between
representatives of the leaders of the
Assam Movement and the Government
of India in New Delhi on 15 August 1985.
• Accord deals with the:
» Foreigners Issue (Clause 5) and
» Safeguards Economic Development
(Clauses 6 and 7),
» Other Issues (Clauses 8-12),
» Restoration of Normalcy (Clauses 13
and 14).
• The Ministry of home affairs (MHA)
was the nodal Ministry for the
implementation of the Accord.
• Clause 5 of Assam Accord: Foreigners
Issue:
» It decided 1st January 1966 as the cut-off
date for the purpose of detection and
deletion of foreigner individuals and
allowed for citizenship for all persons
coming to Assam from “Specified
Territory” before the cut-off date.
» It further identifies that all people
who came to Assam state prior to 1st
24
January 1966 (inclusive) and till 24th
March 1971 (midnight) shall be detected
according to the provisions of the
Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1939 and
the Foreigners Act, 1946.
» Name of foreigner individuals so
detected will be removed from the
Electoral Rolls in force. Such individuals
will be required to register themselves
before the Registration Officers of
the respective districts according
to the provisions of the Registration
of Foreigners Rules, 1939 and the
Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939.
» Foreigners who came to Assam state on
or after 25th March 1971 shall continue
to be detected, deleted and expelled in
accordance with law.
• Clause 7: Economic Development:
» The Government takes this opportunity
to refresh their commitment for the
fast all-round economic development
of Assam state, so as to improve the
standard of living of the people.
» Special focus will be placed on science
and technology and education through
establishment of national institutions.
• Clause 9: Security of International
Border:
» The international border shall be
secured against future infiltration by
erection of physical barriers such as
barbed wire fencing, walls and other
obstacles at appropriate places.
» All effective methods would be
adopted to prevent infiltrators crossing
or attempting to crass the international
border.
National Register of
Citizens (NRC)
• It is the register comprising names of
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Indian Citizens.
• The only time that a NRC was
composed was in 1951 after the conduct
of the 1951 census. It was made by
recording particulars of all the persons
enumerated during 1951 Census.
• Now NRC will be updated to include
the names of those individuals (or
their descendants) who appear in the
National Register of Citizens, 1951 or
in any Electoral Rolls till the midnight
of 24th March, 1971 or in any one of the
Other admissible documents or papers
issued up to midnight of 24th March,
1971, which would verify their presence
in Assam state or in any part of India on
or before 24th March, 1971.
• All the names mentioned in the NRC,
1951 or any of the other Electoral Rolls
up to the midnight of 24th March 1971
together are called Legacy Data.
• Thus, there will be two requirements for
inclusion in updated NRC:
» Existence of an individual's name in the
pre-1971 period and
» Proving relationship with that person.
• Various provisions governing NRC
update in Assam state are The
Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and
Issue of National Identity cards) Rules,
2003 and The Citizenship Act, 1955.
• The modalities for NRC updating have
been created jointly by the Government
of India and the Government of Assam
in adherence to these statutes.
• The procedure of updating Assam's
part of NRC initiated in 2013 when the
Indian Apex court passed an order for it
to be revised.
• After that, the Supreme Court (bench
of Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi
and Rohinton Fali Nariman) monitored
it continuously.
• The entire procedure was operated by
Prateek Hajela, an IAS, who has been
25
appointed as the State Coordinator of
National Registration, Assam.
• The last updated National Register of
Citizens (NRC) for Assam, published
31 August 2019, contained 31 million
names out of 33 million populations.
• It left out nearly around 1.9 million
applicants, who seem to be divided
approximately equally amongst Bengali
Hindus, Bengali Muslims and other
Hindus from several parts of India.
Inner Line Permit
(ILP)
• It is a formal travel document issued by
the concerned government of state to
permit inward travel of an Indian citizen
into a protected zone for a limited
period.
• It is compulsory for citizens of India
from outside those states to obtain a
permit for entering into the protected
state.
• ILP document is issued to control
movement to certain regions located
near the international border of India.
• The Inner Line Permit was established
by the British government under the
Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation,
1873 to safeguard the tribal of eastern
part of Bengal. This 1873 Regulation is
additionally referred to as ILR or ILP.
• At present, this rule is applicable for
some states located in the northeast
of the country, Mizoram, Arunachal
Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland.
Sixth Schedule
• The 6th Schedule to the Indian
Constitution was formed to provide
limited autonomy to tribal areas of
north-east India on basis of the report
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of the Bardoloi Committee created by
the Constituent Assembly.
• It declared that because of the
administrative system followed by the
colonial British government, the tribal
zones of Assam were isolated from
other parts of the country.
• Hence, most of these regions remained
severely under-developed. There
was a requirement for a system of
administration that would allow the
tribal zones to become developed
while protecting them from various
exploitation by the people in the plain
regions and protecting their distinct
social customs.
• A schedule was drafted by the Bardoloi
Committee to the Constitution
describing the administrative
mechanism for these regions.
• The 6th Schedule of the Constitution
designates ten tribal areas in
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Assam and
Tripura as autonomous districts.
• It specifies that these regions should be
governed through a system of District
and Regional Councils, which have
legislative powers on a range of subjects
like inheritance of property allotment
of land, marriage and divorce.
• The Constitution (One Hundred and
Seventh Amendment) Bill, 2007 and
the 6th Schedule to the Constitution
(Amendment) Bill, 2007 seek to modify
the Constitution to include Gorkha
Hill Council, Darjeeling in the Sixth
Schedule.
Ministry of Home
Affairs (MHA)
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
monitors the internal security situation
of the Left-Wing Extremist insurgency.
26
• North East Division:
» The North East Division was created
for focusing on the developmental and
security issues relating to the North
Eastern Region.
» The North East Division deals with the law
and order and internal security situation
in the North-Eastern States of India,
involving matters relating to insurgency
and talks with several extremist groups
operating in that region.
Conclusion and way forward
• Northeastern states of India are very
rich in culture and there is fantastic
talent among the youth of the region in
dancing, sports, painting and music etc.
If enough schools are set up in this part
of the country for teaching, dancing,
singing, coaching for sports and
playing several musical instruments,
then a huge youngster are likely to get
employment in these spheres.
• There also very urgent requirement for
improving tele connectivity in the N-E
states for bringing about complete
digital and financial inclusion of the
people of these regions.
• Empowering people of this region
by participatory development and
increasing self-governance with
the help of grass-root planning to
encourage inclusive development.
• The North Eastern states of India must
gain the benefit of close proximity to its
East Asian neighbouring countries and
obtain economic success through the
same.
• Act East Policy of Indian government
has a huge capability to change the
development landscape of north east
by giving the growth engine and not
merely contribute as a channel for flow
of trade from other parts of the country.
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JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Jammu and Kashmir
Issue
• Conflict situation in Jammu and
Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir) has a
long historical background.
• When the British left India in August
1947, by creating two separate states -
India and Pakistan.
• The princely states that were not the
part of British India were given the
choice of resuming their independent
status or joining either India or Pakistan.
• Kashmir, the Muslim majority state
was at that time ruled by Hindu ruler
Maharaja Hari Singh. However, the
tribal attack on Kashmir sponsored by
Pakistan Maharaja Hari Singh finally
decided to accede to India.
I m a g e 3.1: M a p o f UT o f J a m m u a n d
a n d UT o f L a d a k h
• On 25th October 1947, the Instrument
of Accession was duly signed by the
Maharaja and it was accepted by the
Indian Government on 27th October
1947.
27
CHAPTER - 3
• India refers the Kashmir problem to the
United Nations (UN) Security Council
and offers to hold a plebiscite under
UN supervision, after tribal invaders are
moved back.
• The UN Security Council (UNSC) adopt
a resolution setting up United Nations
Commission for India and Pakistan
(UNCIP) on 21 April 1948
» The resolution ordered the Government
of Pakistan to withdraw its troops
fighting in Jammu and Kashmir and
also asked the Government of India
to reduce its forces to the minimum
strength.
» It was proposed that after both the
parties would withdraw their troops,
a plebiscite would be held on the
question of accession of the Jammu
and Kashmir State to either India or
Pakistan.
• In November 1948, the Governments
of India and Pakistan agreed to hold
the plebiscite. However, Pakistan did
not withdraw its troops from Kashmir
region, thus violating the conditions for
holding the plebiscite.
• Post-partition, India started controlling
two-thirds of the State of Jammu and
Kashmir, which includes Jammu, the
Kashmir Valley and Ladakh.
• India's claims have been time and again
Kashmir
contested by Pakistan, which controls
some one-third region of Kashmir,
which they call Azad Kashmir and the
northern areas of Gilgit Baltistan.
• Since then, India and Pakistan have
broadly fought three wars over Kashmir;
the one in 1947, the other two in 1965
and 1999 respectively.
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• However, the external dimension of the

Population(2011 Kashmir question has been intricately
Region
Census) linked with the internal developments
within the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Kashmir Valley 68,88,475

Jammu Region 53,78,538

Ladakh Region 2,74,289

Total 1,25,41,302

Timeline of Event
• Timeline of Events in Jammu and Kashmir:

Year Events

• On 17 October, Constituent Assembly of India adopts Article

1949 370 of the Constitution that ensures special status for Jammu
and Kashmir
• In 1951 the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly was
1951 elected and an interim Constitution for the State came into
force in November.
• A Delhi Agreement was arrived at on 24 July between the
Government of India and Sheikh Abdullah.
1952
• Delhi Agreement provided for the State's autonomy within the
Indian Union.
• The State Constituent Assembly adopted the State's
Constitution and came into force on 26th January 1957.
1957
• One of the important provisions of the Constitution made
Jammu and Kashmir an integral part of the Indian Union.
• India and Pakistan go to war.
• Tashkent Agreement signed by the Prime Minister of India
and the President of Pakistan on ending the battle.
1965
• The Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) is established
in Pakistan held Kashmir with the objective of combating for
the secession of Jammu and Kashmir from India.
• 1971 Indo-Pak war and consequent creation of Bangladesh,
1971 there was an apparent change in the political equation in
Kashmir.

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• Shimla Agreement was signed on July 2 between Prime

Minister of India (Indira Gandhi) and President of Pakistan
(Zulfikar Ali Bhutto).
1972 • The motto of the agreement was to put an end to the conflict
and confrontation, to normalize relations ahead, establish
friendly relationship and promote peace between the two
nations.
• Kashmir Accord or Indira-Sheikh accord signed on November
3 which state that the State of Jammu and Kashmir which is
a constituent unit of the Union of India, will continue to be
administered by Article 370 of the Indian Constitution.
1975
• Indian Parliament will continue to have power to make
laws relating to the prevention of actions directed towards
disclaiming, questioning or disrupting the sovereignty and
territorial integrity of India.
• The decade of 1980s witnessed one
• Since the outbreak of insurgency in
of the most aggressive phases in the
Jammu and Kashmir, the conflict
history of Kashmir conflict. Limited
situation has passed through many
democratic development in Kashmir
phases.
brought the growing discontent and
resentment of Kashmiri natives towards
the Indian Government.
First Phase
• By 1989, armed insurgency sparked off
in Kashmir, wherein a large number of • The first phase of the movement
youths aggressively protested against was characterized by large-scale
the Indian Government and started demonstrations and mass pro-
demanding autonomy for Kashmir. independence demonstrations.
• The insurgency began in the late 1980s • It is important to mention here that
and lasted till mid-1990s; it fanned when the insurgency broke out in
counter-insurgency and resultantly Kashmir, it was spearheaded by Jammu
caused great havoc and devastation in Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) the
Kashmir. most active militant organization at
• The Government of India also conferred that time. It initiated an underground
the Indian Army with special powers, movement with the objectives of
through Armed Forces Special Powers liberating Jammu and Kashmir from
Act (AFSPA), with the apparent India and its reunification with Pak
intention of maintaining law order and occupied Kashmir (PoK).
peace in Kashmir. • During this period minority, especially
Kashmiri Pandits, feeling threatened
by the ongoing violence left the valley
Different Phases of enmasse. Their mass exodus had the
impact of homogenizing the Kashmiri
Conflict Situation in society.
• Though small in numbers, the Kashmiri
Jammu and Kashmir Pandits provided a very influential and
visible face of religious diversity.

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Second Phase
• The second phase of conflict saw
a marked change in the militant
movement of Jammu and Kashmir.
• There was a gradual decline of JKLF
during this phase.
• Since the mid 1990‘s, the rise of radical
Islamic groups which added a new
dimension to the militant movement.
Third Phase
• The third phase was the phase of state
consolidation.
• Aggressive counter-terrorist operations
inflicted heavy losses on militants and
security forces registered significant
strategic gains.
• New forms of protest started like
stone pelting, killing of political
representatives etc.
Reason for insurgency in
Kashmir:
• Vested interest in Kashmir
supporting complete
independence: The idea of complete
independence has been made popular
in Kashmir through different vested
interests, extremist outfits like Lashkar-
e-Taiba (LeT) have used younger
Kashmiri for their own benefits and
propaganda has also been spread by
vested interest sitting across borders.
• Emergence of Militant group
having radical Islamic views: After
the end of Soviet Afghan war in 80s,
large number of "Jihadi" fighter(almost
50000 veterans left with no war to fight)
entered the Kashmir valley, it made
the situation critical. The last stage of
Afghan war brought about a sudden
surge in armaments and manpower
30
readily available for Kashmir struggle.
• Porous borders: India has 198 km
long International Border with Jammu
region and 744 km long LOC in Jammu
and Kashmir, BSF guards the IB, while
army protects LOC, during winters
terrorist shift their focus from LOC to
IB, terrorists also makes infiltration
attempts through cross border tunnels,
demarcation of border at the mountain
areas is not very clear and fence
become ineffective because of hilly
terrain, topography, dense jungle and
heavy snowfall during winters.
• Conflict with armed forces: The
frequent imposition of armed forces
special power act to control unrest
in valley have also led to animosity in
the local population, therefore, they
increasingly support non-state actors
and vested interests in Kashmir.
• Presence of sleeper cells: They
remain with general population and
deliberately try to gain good reputation,
at the same time they adopt and preach
extreme hatred in local Kashmiri’s mind,
which ultimately provides unhindered
support to the insurgents, thus leading
to the dangerous form of insurgency
that we see there, many of them
preached for all Kashmiri to send their
sons to fight for Islam.
• Role of Pakistan's ISI: The Pakistan
Inter-Services Intelligence has
encouraged and aided the Kashmir
independence movement through
operations which supports insurgents
and keep Indian troops distracted, in
1990 a report showed that thousands
of elite Kashmiri Muslims were on a
payroll of ISI. ISI has also provided the
terrorists who are ready to infiltrate
with details of overground workers
and their contacts, these terrorists are
further helped by local guides and these
guides have different links to regional
terrorists’ outfits.

Current Status of
Jammu and Kashmir
• Jammu and Kashmir (Jammu and
Kashmir) has been disturbed by terrorist
and secessionist violence, supported
and sponsored from across the border,
for more than two and half decades.
• The trends of terrorist violence in
Jammu and Kashmir throughout the
last few years and current year are
shown in the table given below:
600
400
200
0
2014 2015 2016 2017
I m a g e 3.2: J and K Incidents
Article 370
• Article 370 of the India constitution
provided special status to Jammu and
Kashmir, from 1954 to 31 October 2019.
• This article was drafted in Part XXI of the
Indian Constitution titled "Temporary,
Transitional and Special Provisions".
• All the provisions of the Constitution
of India applicable to other states are
not applicable to Jammu and Kashmir
except for defence, foreign affairs,
finance and communications.
• This Article conferred power on Jammu
and Kashmir to have a separate
constitution, a state flag and autonomy
over the internal management of the
state.
• Article 370, together with Article 35A,
defined that the residents of Jammu
and Kashmir state live under a separate
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set of laws, including those related to
ownership of property, fundamental
rights and citizenship as compared to
residents of other Indian states.
• On 5th August, 2019, the Indian
Government published a Constitutional
Order superseding the 1954 order and
making all the provisions of the Indian
Constitution applicable to Jammu and
Kashmir based on the resolution passed
in both houses of India's parliament
with 2/3 majority.
• The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization
Act, 2019 was approved by the
parliament, enacting the division of the
state of Jammu and Kashmir into two
different union territories to be known
as Union Territory of Ladakh and Union
Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
• The reorganization of erstwhile Jammu
and Kashmir state took place on 31
October 2019.
2018 March2019
Article 35A
• Article 35A of the Constitution of India
authorized the Jammu and Kashmir
state's legislature to define and identify
"permanent residents" of the state and
give privileges and special rights to
those permanent residents.
• It was included in the Constitution
through a Presidential Order, i.e., The
Constitution (Application to Jammu
and Kashmir) Order, 1954 – published
by the President of India on 14 May
1954.
• Non-permanent residents of the
Jammu and Kashmir state, even if
Indian citizens, were not entitled to
these 'privileges' and Special rights.
• On 5th August 2019, the Presidential
Order was issued, whereby every
provision of the Constitution of India
are to apply to the State without any
special provisions.
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• This would imply that the State's
separate Constitution stands
inoperative, including the privileges
sanctioned by the Article 35A.
Government’s
Approach and Action
Plan to deal with
Jammu and Kashmir
Approach to Prevent the
Cross-border Infiltration
Indian Government in tandem with the
State Government, has adopted a multi-
pronged approach to contain cross border
infiltration, which, comprises.
• Multi-tiered and multi-modal
deployment near Line of Control/
International Border,
• Strengthening of the border
infrastructure,
• Construction of border fencing,
• Better intelligence and operational
coordination; synergized intelligence
flow and proactive action against
terrorists within the State.
• Advanced technological surveillance,
equipment’s and weapons for Security
Forces.
32
Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
monitors the internal security situation
of the UTs of Jammu and Kashmir and
Ladakh.
• The Ministry of Home Affairs
reimburses the expenditure incurred
by the State Government on a variety
of security related measures.
• Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Division:
» Department of Jammu, Kashmir
and Ladakh Affairs deals with the
UTs of Jammu and Kashmir and
Ladakh, administration of the Armed
Forces(Jammu and Kashmir) Special
Powers Act,1990 (21 of 1990) and all
matters relating to the UTs of Jammu
and Kashmir and Ladakh, including
Counter-terrorism within Jammu and
Kashmir.
» Coordination in respect of subjects/
matters specifically allotted to any
other Ministry/Department like
coordination with Ministry of Defence
as regards manning and managing
the line of control between India and
Pakistan but excluding those with
which the Ministry of External Affairs
is concerned.
» The Department also coordinates
with various Ministries/Departments,
primarily concerned with development
and welfare activities in Jammu,
Kashmirand Ladakh.
The Armed Forces (Jammu and
Kashmir) Special Powers Act,
1990
• Due to the growing Incident of
insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, the
Central Government enactment the
Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir)
Special Powers Act, 1990.
• This Act empowers the Central
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Government and the Governor to
declare any area of the state as a
'disturbed area' if in its opinion special
powers are required to prevent.
» Terrorist activities aimed at overthrowing
the government, striking terror in the
people or affecting the harmony of
different sections of the people.
» Actions which disturb the Indian
sovereignty or cause insult to the
national flag, anthem or India's
Constitution.
Development Approach
Prime Minister Development
Package for Jammu and Kashmir-
2015
• PM of India announced a package
of ₹80,068 crore towards Special
Assistance to Jammu and Kashmir on
7.11.2015.
• For development and improvement of
63 Infrastructure Projects concerning
numerous sectors like Tourism, Health,
Education, Water Resources, Sports,
Road, Power, New and Renewable
Energy, Defence, Textile and Urban
Development, etc. relating to 15
Ministries/Departments of Government
of India.
• Further, out of these 63 projects, 18 have
been finalized/substantially finalized
and other are ongoing/ at various
stages of implementation.
UDAAN
• On basis of the suggestions of the
Expert Group established under the
chairmanship of Dr. C. Rangarajan,
Indian government launched the
Scheme Special Industry Initiative for
Jammu and Kashmir named ‘UDAAN’ in
the nature of Public Private Partnership
(PPP) with the corporates of India.
33
• This Scheme has been executed
and monitored by National Skill
Development Corporation (NSDC) in
PPP mode.
• The Scheme targeted at enhancing
the skill sets and employability
of unemployed youths of Jammu
and Kashmir who are graduate,
postgraduates or three-year
engineering diploma holders.
Cross LoC Trade between Jammu
and Kashmir
• Cross LoC Trade between Jammu
and Kashmir and PoK in respect of
21 agreed items on zero duty basis
started on Srinagar-Muzaffarabad and
Poonch-Rawalakot routes with effect
from 20.10.2008.
• Consequent upon the increase in
volume of trade, the number of trading
days was increased from 2 to 4 days per
week (with effect from 15.11.2011).
• Trade Facilitation Centres (TFC) have
been established in two checkpoints i.e.,
Salamabad, Uri and Chakan-da-Bagh,
Poonch for safe and smooth Cross LoC
Trade.
• Cross LOC trade between India and PoK
has been suspended from 19.04.2019
till a stricter regime is put in place to
ensure that only bona fide trade takes
place for the benefit of the people of
Jammu and Kashmir.
• Recently, Indian Government approved
the Central Sector Scheme for Industrial
Development of Jammu and Kashmir.
The scheme aims to bring about
essential revolution in the existing
industrial ecosystem of Jammu and
Kashmir with major emphasis on skill
development, sustainable development
and job creation by attracting additional
investment and nurturing the existing
ones, by this means enabling Jammu
and Kashmir to compete nationally with
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other leading industrially developed youth of Jammu and Kashmir with the
States/UTs of the nation. help of CAPFs, JKP and Government of
Jammu and Kashmir.
• The major purpose of this program is to
Other important initiatives give exposure to the youth of Jammu
related to perception and Kashmir about the social and
cultural diversity of India so that they
management, Relief and feel socially, culturally and emotionally
Rehabilitation integrated with the rest of the country
Relief and Rehabilitation of and also to show them socioeconomic
and cultural development taking place
Kashmiri Migrants in other parts of the nation.
• Because of onset of militant activities • Nearly 5000 Children/Youth have
in the State of Jammu and Kashmir in participated in the programme in the
the early 1990s, most of the families of year 2018-19.
Kashmiri Pandit families accompanied
by some Sikh and Muslim families • Delegation of UN visits: Delegation
migrated from the region Kashmir of different countries and UN was
Valley to Jammu, Delhi and other parts allowed to visit the Kashmir valley to
of the nation. assess the situation.
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) • Government Outreach to
is running several schemes related to Kashmiri: The grievances received
relief and rehabilitation of Kashmiri from the people of Jammu and Kashmir
Migrants. from the people across union territory
• These schemes are being implemented of Jammu and Kashmir are attended
by the government of Jammu and and redressed in a time bound manner
Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir) and which are rigorously monitored by
expenditure incurred by the Jammu and the Lieutenant Governor's Grievances
Kashmir is being reimbursed by MHA Redressal Cell.
under the Security Related Expenditure • Special Package by the Central
(Relief and Rehabilitation). Government: Central Government
has granted special package to resident
Bharat Darshan/Watan Ko Jano of Jammu and Kashmir so that their
stressful conditions can be alleviated
Programme
they were promised time bound
• Government of India is providing funds normalcy and the Central Government
for organizing Bharat Darshan Tour/ in addressing their concerns and solving
Watan Ko Jano Programme for children/ them with each passing day.
Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill)
• It is a unique humane initiative undertaken by Indian Army in the State of Jammu
and Kashmir to address aspirations of people affected by terrorism, sponsored and
abetted by Pakistan.
• It is aimed at “Winning the Hearts and Minds” (WHAM) of the people in the region.
• Focus Areas
» Infrastructure Development- There was extensive damage inflicted by terrorists in
the region during the 1990’s. Indian Army is undertaking the number of small and

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large infrastructure projects to make better conditions for the local population.
» Health and Sanitation- Medical aid/health centres have been constructed for the
medical needs of the population living in remote and inaccessible areas.
» Women and Youth Empowerment- Special emphasis is being laid to empower
women by opening Vocational Training Centres and providing skill development
training.
» Community Development projects- National Integration Tours (Educational and
Motivational Initiative) are being organized for students to integrate with opinion
makers from all regions.
» Education – Indian Army has established Army Goodwill Schools and assistance
has also been provided to state-run Government schools by carrying out renovation,
infrastructure augmentation and modification.
• The focus is all-around development of the state by involving the local people,
Army and Civil administration.

Back to Village Programme

• The ‘Back to Village’ programme is aimed to involve the people of the Jammu
and Kashmir and government officials in a joint effort to deliver the mission of
equitable development. The programme is aimed toward energizing Panchayats
and directing development effort in rural areas through community participation.
• Under the programme, civil servants will visit each Panchayat of the State, where
they will stay for a specific period to get the grassroots level feedback from the
general public so that to tailor government efforts in improving delivery of village
specific services.
• The essence of the ‘Back to Village’ programme is to stress the importance of
ensuring, right from the start, people’s participation, not merely as an agent in the
execution of the development works but as owners of the whole programme.

The Jammu • Reorganization

Kashmir:
of Jammu and

and Kashmir » The Bill reorganizes the state of Jammu

Reorganization Bill, and Kashmir into:

2019 − The Union Territory of Ladakh

• On August 5, 2019, The Jammu and
Kashmir Reorganization Bill, 2019 was
introduced in Rajya Sabha (RS)by the
» The Union Territory of Ladakh will
MHA.
• The provisions of the Bill provide for
reorganization of the state of Jammu
and Kashmir into the Union Territory
of Ladakh and the Union Territory of
Jammu and Kashmir.
devoid of a legislature.
− The Union Territory of Jammu and
Kashmir with a legislature.
consist of Leh and Kargil districts and
the Union Territory of Jammu and
Kashmir will include the remaining
regions of the existing state of Jammu
and Kashmir.

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• Provision related to Lieutenant
Governor:
» The Union Territory of Jammu and
Kashmir will be governed by the
President, through an administrator
appointed by him called as the
Lieutenant Governor.
» The Union Territory of Ladakh will
be controlled by the President, with
the help of a Lieutenant Governor
appointed by him.
• Jammu and Kashmirs Legislature
Assembly
» The provision of act provides for a
Legislative Assembly for the Union
Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
» The total number of seats in the
Legislative Assembly will be 107 and
out of these, 24 seats will remain
vacant on account of certain regions of
Jammu and Kashmir being under the
occupation of Pakistan government.
» Further, certain number of seats will be
reserved in the Assembly for Scheduled
Tribes and Scheduled Castes in
proportion to their population in the
Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
» In addition, the Lt. Governor may
nominate two women members to
the Assembly to give representation
to women, if they are not adequately
represented in the assembly.
• The Legislative Assembly will have
a duration of five years and the Lt.
Governor must summon the Assembly
at least once in 6 months.
• The Legislative Assembly of Jammu
and Kashmir may make laws for any
part of the Union Territory of Jammu
and Kashmir related to:
» Any matters listed in the State List of
the Indian Constitution, except“Public
Order” and “Police”.
» Any matter specified in the Concurrent
36
List applicable to Union Territories of
India.
» Further, Parliament will have the
authority to make laws in relation to
any matter for the Union Territory of
Jammu and Kashmir.
• Provision related to Council of Ministers
(COMs):
» The Union Territory of Jammu and
Kashmir will have a COMs of not
more than 10%of the total number of
members in the Assembly.
» The Council will aid and advise the Lt.
Governor on matters that the Assembly
has powers to make laws. The Chief
Minister (CM) will communicate all
major decisions of the Council to the Lt.
Governor.
• High Court:
» The High Court of Jammu and Kashmir
will be the common High Court for the
Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir
and Ladakh.
» Further, the Union Territory of Jammu
and Kashmir will have an Advocate
General to give legal assistance to the
government of the Union Territory.
• Legislative Council:
» The Legislative Council of the Jammu
and Kashmir will be abolished. Upon
dissolution, all types of bills pending in
the Legislative Council will lapse.
• Advisory Committees:
» The Union Government will select
Advisory Committees, for a variety of
purposes, comprising:
− Distribution of assets and liabilities
of corporations of the state of
Jammu and Kashmir between the
two Union Territories,
− Concerns related to the generation
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and supply of electricity and water
and
− Issues with respect to the Jammu
and Kashmir State Financial
Corporation. These Committees
must submit their reports and details
within six months to the Lt. Governor
of Jammu and Kashmir, who must
act on these recommendations
within 30 days.
• Provision related to Extent of laws:
» The Schedule lists 106 Union laws
that will be made applicable to Union
Territories of Ladakh and Jammu and
Kashmir on a date notified by the Union
Government.
» These consist of the Right to Education
Act, 2009, Aadhaar Act, 2016 and the
Indian Penal Code, 1860.
» Further, it also repeals 153 state laws
of Jammu and Kashmir. In addition,
166 state laws will remain in force and
seven laws will be applicable with
amendments.
» These amendments include lifting
of prohibitions on lease of land to
individuals who are not permanent
residents of Jammu and Kashmir.
Conclusion and Way
Forward
• Integrate Kashmir into mainstream
India through socio-economic
process: Establishing a people to
people connect and bringing Kashmiri
into mainstream is the need of the
hour, they can be encouraged in large
number to take education at different
states of India where they get to see
the rich diversity and heritage of this
country, also mindful representation
of Kashmiris in India is necessary,
people need to get educated about the
37
correct picture and get to know their
grievances and suffering so everyone of
this country comes together to alleviate
their sufferings.
• Building infrastructure: Decades of
disturbances in Kashmir have somehow
led to development being sidelined,
Infrastructure need to be created in the
valley at fast pace, where people can
get employments, bridges will provide
connectivity across valley, schools and
colleges will connect the youth with
education. Building infrastructure will
lead to addressing the trust deficit gap.
• People centric Government: A Bottom-
up approach while formulating policies
for Kashmiri is necessary before taking
any decision, extensive and detailed
discussion is required, firstly locals
should be recruited for government
positions so that employments avenues
are created in the valley and Kashmiris
play prominent role in the development
of the valley.
• Strengthen democracy: all level of
democracy should be strengthened
in the valley, the election for local
body should be held according to the
scheduled, funds should be granted
and development plans should be
sanctioned in a time bound manner,
Government needs to deliver what it
promised to them, promoting trade and
commerce and encouraging mutual
dependence.
Government in august 2019 has abrogated
the special status of Jammu and Kashmir
under article 370, as per Home Ministry
report terror activities has reduced by
36%, at the same time there has been
262% increase in the minority scholarships,
Kashmir is an integral part of union of India
and Kashmiri are important constituents
of our rich diversity, encouraging
Kashmiri in every way possible will just
not strengthen the fraternity as enshrined
in our constitution but will also provide
developmental avenues to them.

Police
• The Constitution of India provides for
a legislative and executive division of
powers between centre and states.
• As per this division, police is a subject
governed by states.
• With respect to police, Centre and
states have their following roles:
State
Maintenance
Criminal law
of public
order, Police, Criminal
Prisons Procedure
I m a g e 4.1 C e n t r e and S tat e R e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s
w i t h r e g a r d to p o l i c e
• Therefore, each of the 28 states in India
have established its own police force.
• The Centre also maintains seven
central police forces and some other
police organisations to assist the states
with ensuring law and order. They are
established with specialised tasks such
as intelligence gathering, investigation,
research and record-keeping and
training etc.
Role of Police
• State and central police forces have
different responsibilities.
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CHAPTER - 4
POLICE
Centre
Protection of states
from internal and
external threats
Deployment of central
police forces during
crisis situation.
Maintaining of Institutes
for investigation,
intelligence, and
police training.
State Government
• In States police forces are primarily in
charge of local issues. For example:
crime prevention and investigation and
maintaining law and order.
• In case of more fierce internal security
challenges like terrorist incident or
insurgency-related violence they also
provide the first response. Ex: Response
of Mumbai police during Taj Attack.
Based on the Code of Criminal Procedure
and the different Police Acts the
functions of the police can be classified
into the following categories:
• Prevention of crime including
intelligence gathering.
• Investigation of crimes.
• Maintenance of public order.
• Assistance in criminal trial.
• Providing security to vital installations
and important persons.
Service oriented functions:
• Emergency duties during natural
calamities.
• Providing assistance to other
agencies.
• Assisting in conducting elections.
• Traffic control.
• Verification of antecedents.
• Helping the enforcement of laws.
Central Government
• The central police forces are more
specialised in dealing with intense
challenges which creates large scale
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instability. For example, the Central
Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is better
equipped and trained to neutralize
large-scale riots with least damage to
life.
• The central forces also assist the
defence forces especially with border
protection. As the Union Territories
are directly governed by the Central
Government, police functions are also
carried out by Centre.
• Central Government also support
States in intelligence gathering and
financial resources to modernize the
police forces.
Police Organisation
and Functioning
• Responsibilities of the State Police
Forces:
» States are free to govern their Police
forces by their own state laws and
regulations. While some of the state
governments have legislated their own
laws based on the Police Act, 1861.
» States have also prepared their
police manuals detailing how state
police is organised, their roles and
Assam Rifles (AR)
Border Security Force (BSF)
Indo Tibetan Border Police Force (ITBP)
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
39
responsibilities, records that must be
maintained, etc.
» State police forces generally have two
arms:
− Civil Police.
− Armed Police.
» The civil police are responsible for day-
to-day maintenance of law and public
order and crime control.
» Armed police are kept in reserve,
till additional support is required
in situations like riots. The
Commissionerate system in some
metropolitan cities and urban areas
are institutionalized to speed up the
decision-making process in response
to complex law and order situations
arising due to changing dynamics of
crimes. As of January 2020, 71 cities
had this system such as Mumbai, Delhi,
Ahmedabad and Kochi.
Central Armed Police Forces
• There are various central armed police
forces and paramilitary forces are
maintained by the centre. Out of them,
four forces guard India’s borders and
three forces perform specialised tasks.
Guards Indian border with Myanmar.
Guards Indian borders with Pakistan and
Bangladesh.
Guards the Indian border with China.
Guards Indian borders with Nepal and
Bhutan
Providing security cover to space
establishments, nuclear installations,
airports, seaports, power plants, sensitive
Government buildings and ever heritage
monuments.
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Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
Crowd control.
Riot control.
Counter-insurgency/ Militancy operations.
Dealing with Left Wing Extremism (LWE).
Effective co-ordination of large-scale
security arrangement especially with
respect to elections in disturbed areas.
Fighting enemy in the event of War.
Participating in UN Peace Keeping Mission
as per Government policy.
Rescue and Relief operations during the
time of Natural Calamities and disasters.

Highly specialized force in carrying

National Security Guards (NSG)
out counter-terrorism, bomb disposals,
counter-hijacking, hostage-rescue
operations and post blast investigation.
Along with these, NSG also provides
security to VIP personalities and important
events.

Central Government Organisation deals with internal security.

Central Government
Objective
Organisation

• Central intelligence agency for collecting intelligence and

Intelligence Bureau
various leads related to internal security, including terrorism,
(IB)
insurgency and espionage.

• Set up under the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946.

Central Bureau of • It is responsible for investigating serious offences and crimes

Investigation (CBI) having all India or inter-state ramifications, such as those
related to organised crime, financial scams, corruption and
serious fraud.

• It is responsible for investigating crimes against the

sovereignty, integrity and security of the country punishable
National
under eight specified laws which are mentioned in the
Investigation
Schedule of the Act. E.g., The Atomic Energy Act, 1962, The
Agency (NIA)
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, The Anti-Hijacking
Act, 1982 etc.

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• To function as a clearing house of information on crime

and criminals including those operating at National and
International levels so as to assists the investigators and
National Crime others in linking crimes to their perpetrators.
Records Bureau
(NCRB) • To store, coordinate and disseminate information on inter-
state and international criminals from and to respective States,
national investigating agencies, courts and prosecutors in
India without having to refer to the Police Station records.

• Promoting applications of science and technology in police

functions.
Bureau of Police • Monitoring and assisting the training needs of police forces.
Research and
Development (BPRD) • Assisting state police forces with modernization.
• Assist the Centre in developing quality standards with respect
to police equipment and infrastructure.

Indian Police Service (IPS)

• The Indian Police Service (IPS) is constituted under Article 312 of the Constitution of
India and it is one of the All-India Service along with Indian Administrative Service
and Indian Forest Service.
• The IPS officers provide senior level leadership to Police Forces both at the Centre
and in the States.
• The All-India character gives its members a unique advantage of handling specific
issues of the States so that national unity and integrity can be maintained.
• Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is the nodal authority in respect of IPS officers
and is responsible for all policy decisions related to the Service, including cadre
structure, training, cadre allocation, confirmation, empanelment, deputation, pay
and allowances, disciplinary matters, etc.

Training Academies
There two key national training academies established by the Central Government:
• The Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, Hyderabad: It is entrusted
with conducting training courses for IPS officers whether new recruits or in-service
officers and for those who are trainers in various police training institutions.
• The North Eastern Police Academy: It is situated in Meghalaya and is responsible
for training police officers of the north eastern states.

Issues
• Various expert bodies, committees and commissions have examined issues with state
police organisation and functioning over the last few decades.

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National Police 1977 - 1981 • The 2nd ARC has noted that this control
Commission has been abused in the past by the
political executive to unduly influence
police personnel and have them serve
Ribeiro Committee 1998 personal or political interests.

Padmanabhaiah 2000
Vacancies and Overburdened
Committee
Force
• Currently there are significant number
Malimath 2002 - 2003 of vacancies in the state police and the
Committee central police forces.
• As of 2016, the total sanctioned strength
of state police forces across India was
Police Act Drafting 2005 22,80,691, but there is 24% vacancy in
Committee state police forces and 7% vacancy in
central police forces.

25,00,000 22,80,691
Supreme Court 2006
directions in Prakash 20,00,000 17,31,666
Singh vs Union of India
15,00,000
9,68,233
9,04,677
10,00,000
Second Administrative 2007
Reforms Commission 5,00,000

0
Central police State police
Police Act Drafting 2015 Sanctioned strength Actual strength
Committee II I m a g e 4.3: V a c a n c i e s in Police Forces

• In India, the sanctioned strength

I m a g e 4.2: T i m e - l in e of Police
• These bodies have highlighted various
issue:
Police Accountability
• The state police forces are responsible
for the enforcement of laws and
maintaining of law and order in the
respective states. But, incidences of
misuse of power have been observed
from every quarter. Ex: Complaints like
unwarranted arrests, unlawful searches,
torture and custodial rapes are made
against the police.
reforms
is 181 police per lakh persons, but
after adjusting for vacancies actual
police strength is only 137 police per
lakh persons. The UN recommended
standard is 222 police per lakh persons.
• Therefore, there is leading to high
workload and long working hours,
which negatively affects his efficiency
and performance.
Crime Investigation
• The investigation of crime requires
the special skills, training along with
the special resources like forensic
capabilities and infrastructure.

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• The 2nd ARC and Law Commission have
observed that state police officers often
neglect this responsibility as they are
understaffed and overburdened with
various kinds of works.
• Further, lack of training and expertise
knowledge hinders the professional
investigations.
Underutilisation of Funds for
Modernisation
• Both centre and states are contributing
towards police force modernisation.
• But there is persistent trend of
underutilization of these funds. Ex: In
2015-16, centre and states allocated Rs
9,203 crore for modernization but only
14% of it was actually spent.
Lack of Resources/Assets
• As per the CAG audits there is shortages
in weaponry with state police forces.
Ex: The state police in West Bengal and
Rajasthan had weaponry shortages of
71% and 75% respectively.
• The Bureau of Police Research and
Development has also noted a 30.5%
deficiency in stock of required vehicles
with the state forces.
Important
Government
Initiative and
Approach
Model Police Act, 2006
• In 2005 the Union Government
constituted the Police Act Drafting
Committee under the Chairmanship
of Soli Sorabjee to draft a new model
43
police law that could replace the age-
old Police Act, 1861.
• The committee came with the Model
Police Act in 2006, 17 states passed new
laws or amended their existing laws in
light of this new model law.
• Key features of the Model Police Act,
2006 are:
• Organisation and recruitment:
» Every state will have one police service
to be led by the DGP.
» Direct recruitments to subordinate
ranks (i.e. below Deputy SP) will be
made with the help of a state level
Police Recruitment Board.
» Recruitment to officers’ ranks will
be through the Union Public Service
Commission (UPSC) or State Public
Service Commission (SPSC).
• Responsibilities:
» The responsibilities of the police serve
will include:
− Enforcing the law impartially and
protecting human rights, life and
liberty,
− Preserving the public order and
preventing terrorist, militant and
other such activities affecting
internal security,
− Protecting public properties,
− Preventing and investigating crimes,
− Providing help in natural or man-
made disasters,
− Collecting intelligence, etc.
• Accountability:
» The state government will be
accountable for superintendence over
the police service.
» State government will lay down policies
and guidelines, standards for quality
policing and ensuring professionalism
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in police duties.
» State Police Boards will be established
in every state to form the guidelines,
select police officers to be promoted
to the rank of DGP and evaluation of
police performance.
» Police Accountability Commissions will
also be constituted by states to address
complaints of police misconduct.
» A minimum tenure of two years for key
police functionaries like DGP, SP of
district unless they have been convicted
by a court or suspended from service.
• Service Conditions:
» It is the responsibility of state
governments to ensure that the average
hours of duty of a police officer do not
exceed 8 hours and it can be extended
up to 12 hours in exceptional situations.
» Adequate insurance cover to police
officers against any injury, disability or
death caused while performing duty.
» A Police Welfare Board must also be
constituted to administer and monitor
welfare measures for police, including
medical help, group housing and legal
aid for officers facing court proceedings.
SMART Policing
• During the 49th DGs/IGs Annual
Conference in 2014, the Prime Minister
introduced the concept of S.M.A.R.T
Police.
• It implies:
• S - Sensitive and Strict;
• M - Modern and Mobile;
• A - Alert and Accountable;
• R - Reliable and Responsive;
• T - Trained and Techno Savvy.
44
• The best practices have been shortlisted
in accordance with the ten attributes
of ‘SMART’ policing. A compilation of
best practices and SMART policing
initiatives has been released.
• The positive stories/good work being
done at the Police Station level are
highlighted on the website of the office
of District SSP/SP and Commissioner of
Police.
Ranking of Police Stations
• In 2015, Prime Minister directed during
his address to the DsGP Conference in
Kutch, Gujarat, to lay down parameters
for grading of Police Stations on their
performance as well as citizen feedback.
• Consequently, the Annual Assessment
of the Best Police Stations Scheme was
launched to identify and recognize the
ten best police stations in the country
and also the best police station in a
particular State or Union Territory.
• The criteria for choosing the best police
stations in the country was primarily on
the basis of their performance in crime
prevention, investigation and disposal
of cases, crime detection, community
policing and maintenance of law and
order.
• Citizens' feedback was also obtained.
• The best police station for 2019:Aberdeen
Police Station andaman and Nicobar
Islands
Umbrella Scheme of
Modernization of Police Forces
(MPF)
• Police’ and ‘law and order’ fall under the
category of subjects within the domain
of the State. However, the States have
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not been able to fully modernize and
equip their police forces upto the desired
level due to financial constraints.
• It is in this context that the Ministry
of Home Affairs (MHA) has been
supplementing the efforts and
resources of the States, from time to
time, by implementing the Scheme for
Modernisation of State Police Forces
(MPF Scheme) since 1969-70.
• Objectives:
» To gradually reduce the dependence
of the State Governments on the Army
and the Central Armed Police Forces
to control internal security and law
and order situations by equipping
the State Police Forces adequately
and strengthening their training
infrastructure.
» To strengthen police infrastructure
at cutting edge level by construction
of secure police stations, training
centres, police housing (residential),
equipping the police stations with the
required mobility, modern weaponry,
communication equipment and forensic
set-up etc.
• This umbrella scheme comprises of two
schemes, namely,
» Scheme for Modernization of Police
Forces of States and Union Territories.
» Scheme of Security Related
Expenditure (SRE) for Jammu and
Kashmir, North-Eastern States and
Left-Wing Extremism affected Areas.
• The Government of India has included
the umbrella scheme of “Modernization
45
of Police Forces (MPF)” as a ‘core’
scheme.
• The progress of implementation of the
scheme is regularly reviewed by the
Union Home Minister and the Union
Home Secretary.
Mega City Policing
• The Mega City Policing (MCP) is a
subset of the MPF Scheme.
• MCP Plans for the cities of
Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Chennai,
Hyderabad, Kolkata and Bengaluru
had been approved by the Ministry
of Home Affairs during the 12th Plan
period.
• These Plans include setting up of
CCTV Cameras Network, Command
and Control Centre, dial 100 facilities,
patrolling of Highways, Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles and other technology
components to make these cities
safer.
Suggested Reform
• Supreme Court Directives in Prakash
Singh vs Union of India Case
» In 1996, a petition was filed in the
Supreme Court which stated that the
police abuse and misuse their powers.
» The petition specifically asked the
Supreme Court to issue directives for
implementation of expert committees’
recommendations.
» Directions: In September 2006, the
court issued number of directives to the
centre and states:
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Seven Directives given by the Supreme Court

• Constitute a State Security Commission (SSC) to evaluate the performance of the

state police so that unwarranted influence or pressure on the police from state
governments can be minimized.

• Fixed two-year tenure of DGP.

• Two-year term for SP’s and SHO’s.

• Separate the law and order from investigation functions.

• Establish Police Establishment Board (PEB) to decide postings,transfers, promotions

and other service-related matters of police officers of and below the rank of Deputy
Superintendent of Police.

• Establish National Security Commission (NSC) at the union level to prepare a panel
for selection and placement of Chiefs of the Central Police Organisations (CPO)

• Establish Police Complaints Authority (PCA) at state level to inquire into public
complaints against police officers of and above the rank of Deputy Superintendent
of Police in cases of serious misconduct.

Implementation: » Transparent Recruitment Process.

According to the NITI Aayog Report
(2016), of the 35 states and UTs
(excluding Telangana), State Security
Commissions had been set up in all
states except Jammu and Kashmir
and Odisha and Police Establishments
Boards have been set up in all states.
Incentivizing Police Reforms
• To incentivize the implementation of
Police Reforms as recommended by
various committees, up to 10% of the
total annual allocation of the scheme of
Assistance to States for Modernisation
of Police, has been kept aside this year
for States who have done exemplary
work for the same.
• States’ performance in implementation
of the following police reforms has been
evaluated for award of incentive:
» Training of policemen at all levels for
upgrading professional skills and for
inculcating the right attitude towards
the public.
» Improvement of Forensic Science
Infrastructure.
» Replacement of orderly system by
system of attachment of one constable/
helper.
» Promotional prospects for Constables.
» Computerization of Police Stations.
• For the year 2018-19, after following an
objective and transparent procedure,
10 States have been released grants of
₹7.69 crore each.
• (1) Andhra Pradesh (2) Gujarat (3)
Madhya Pradesh (4) Odisha (5)Punjab (6)
Rajasthan (7) Tamil Nadu (8) Telangana
(9) Uttar Pradesh (10) Uttarakhand
• Some of the other important suggestions

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are:
» The representation of women in
police force is around 8.98 percent.
Therefore the 2nd Administrative Reform
Commission (ARC) suggested that the
overall representation of women in
police should be improved so that they
comprise around 33% of the police.
» Modernization of arms and weapons.
» Overall Infrastructure improvement.
» Increase fund allocation and rational
use of allocated fund.
» Police sensitisation about their
responsibility towards the society.
» De-politicisation of the police and
custodian of maintenance of law and
order, must stay away from agenda-
driven politics. (Politicisation as one of
the major issue of Police Force pointed
out by Padmanabhaiah committee).
» Improvement in Intelligence gathering.
• There is a need of hour to carry out
Police reforms and incentivize police
department to adopt best practices
and it is time that citizen should put
pressure on government to liberate the
police from the clutches of political
masters.
Prison
• 'Prisons'/'persons detained therein' is
a State Subject under Entry 4 of List II
(State List) of the 7th Schedule to the
Indian Constitution.
• Administration and management of
prisons is the duty of respective State
Governments.
• However, the Ministry of Home Affairs
provides regular guidance and advice
to States and UTs on various issues
concerning prisons and prison inmates.
47
Major Issue
• Supreme Court identified nine major
problems afflicted upon the prison
system such as overcrowding, delay of
trials etc. in Ramamurthy vs. State of
Karnataka case.
» Overcrowding: The 1412 jails of this
country are crowded with more than
100% of their capacity. Overcrowding
affects the limited prison resources.
It also renders separation between
different class of prisoners difficult.
For example, 4.33 lakh prisoners were
there against capacity of 3.81 until
December 2016.
» Under-trials: Indian share of prison
population waiting for sentence is
extremely high more the 67% of the
prisoners are under trails this generates
sheer peculiarities and sometime
undertrials spend more time in prison
then the sentence that they would
have got if trial had taken place. For
ex:Worldwide 11% in U.K, 20% in US
are undertrials criminals while in India
it is 67%.
» Shortage of staff: There is a genuine
shortage of prions staff which leads to
violence and other criminal activities
inside jails in lack of proper monitoring.
For Ex: Prison population and staff
ratio in India is approximately 1:7 while
in UK, 2 prison officer are there for
every 3 prisoners.
» Condition of women prisoners:
Women prisoners face number of
challenges including poor nutritional
intake, poor sanitation and hygiene,
some instances of custodial rape have
also been reported where victims are
threatened to keep their mouths shut.
In 2018 there were 19,242 women
prisoners in Indian jails.
» Instances of torture and sexual
abuse: Sometimes prisoners are
subjected to inhuman psychological
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and physical torture National Human
Rights Commission has classified
custodial violence as "worst form of
excesses by public servant entrusted
with duty of law enforcement". In 2018
6,623 persons suffering from mental
illness were already there in prisons.
» Prison inmates living with
communicable diseases: Case
studies held at different prisons in India
have found that inmates in prison were
living with communicable diseases
like HIV and Tb which put the major
population at risk.
Committee and suggestions on » The Government should make an
Jail Reforms
Report of All India Committee on
Jail Reforms (Mulla Committee)
• In light of the opinion made by the
Supreme Court, it was imperative for
the rights and duties of prisoners to be
clearly spelt out.
• In this respect, All India Committee on
Jail Reforms 1980-83 chaired by Mr.
Justice A. N. Mulla.
• Some of the prominent suggestions of
the Mulla committee are:
» The condition of prisons across the
country should be improved by making
adequate arrangements for clothing,
sanitation, food and ventilation etc.
» Staff of the prison should be
appropriately trained and organized
into different cadres. It would be
advisable to create an All-India
Service called the Indian Prisons and
Correctional Service for recruitment of
Prison officials across the nation.
» After-care, rehabilitation and probation
should constitute an essential part of
prison service. Regrettably, probation
law is not being properly implemented
in the country.
48
» The media and public men should be
permitted to visit prisons and allied
correctional institutions periodically
so that public may have first-hand
information about conditions inside
prisons and be willing to cooperate with
prison officials in rehabilitation related
work.
» Lodging of under trials in prison should
be lowered to bare minimum and
they should be kept separate from the
other convicted prisoners. Since under
trials represent a sizable portion of
prison population, their number can
be decreased by speedy trials and
liberalization of bail provisions.
Endeavour to provide adequate
resources and funds for prison reforms.
KrishnaIyer Committee on Jail
Reform
• In 1987, the Government of India
appointed the Justice Krishna Iyer
Committee to undertake a study on the
situation of women prisoners in India.
• It has recommended induction of more
women in the police force in view of
their special role in tackling women and
child offenders.
• The National Expert Committee on
Women Prisoners headed by Justice
V. R. Krishna Iyer report submitted its
report to the Government in February
1988.
Steps Taken by Government of
India for Administration of Prison
Reforms in India
• The Government of India requested
the State Government and different
Union Territories to bring out changes
so as to make proper administration of
changes.
• Various states from time to time had
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adopted such recommendations in
their prison manuals.
• These suggestions can be summed up
as follows:
» To appoint Review Committees for the
under-trial prisoner population at the
district and state levels.
» To provide legal assistance to indigent
prisoners and to appoint whole-time or
part-time law officers in prisons.
» To strictly follow to the provisions of the
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, with
regard to the limitations on time for
investigation and inquiry.
» To formulate a time bound programme
for improvement in the living conditions
of prisoners with priority attention
to water supply, sanitary facilities,
electrification and to send it to the
Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) for
approval.
» To develop systematically the
programmes of training, education and
work in prisons;
» To establish a State Board of Visitors to
visit prisons at regular periodicity and
to report on circumstances prevailing
in the prisons for consideration of the
State Government.
E-prisons Project
• The Ministry of Home Affairs has
introduced the Eprisons project.
• The Eprisons project aims at
computerization of the functioning
of all prisons in the country including
digitisation and availability of prisoner
data (convicts, under-trial prisoners,
detenues etc.) in an electronic platform
which is accessible to designated
authorities of Central and State
Governments.
• The purpose of this project is to
create an end-to-end IT solution for
automation of prison operations.
49
• Eprisons suite is useful in creating a
centralized standard information
database of prison inmates with their
identification, activity and other critical
details.
• This is a cloud based National platform
which acts as an interactive portal to
provide information and services for
prison inmates.
Open jail Sanganer, Jaipur
• It is an open Prison, in Jaipur which
has no bars or walls, no security
guards at the entrance and prisoners
are permitted - even encouraged - to
move out into the city and work every
day.
• It is operational in the state since 1955.
• It is a trust-based approach
constructed on the principle of self-
governance and self-discipline, which
is rehabilitative in nature.
• Study suggested that open prisons
proved around 78 times cheaper than
closed prisons in the country. Whereas
the cost per prisoner in central prison
of Jaipur was close to Rs 7,094/ month
and on the other hand the cost at
open jail (Sanganer) was just around
Rs 500/month.
• According to the Prison Statistics
India 2015:
» State of Rajasthan and Maharashtra
had 42 open prisons (more than half
of the total open Prisons)
» 15 other states have twenty-one open
prisons.
Way forward:
• Prisoners languishing in jails should
be given free legal aid, transparency
in prisons administration should
be increased so that the leaking of
resources can be stopped, government
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should also focus on United Nations
Standard Minimum Rules for the
Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela
Rules) 2015.
• Government should rehabilitate
prisoners by giving a chance to them to
reform and re-assimilate in the society,
policy of persuasion rather than
50
coercion should be adopted to engage
under trials prisoners in work that helps
in bringing change.
• There is the immediate need of research
to evaluate the method of treatments
that are being used now and suggest
new approaches to the prevention of
crime.
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CHAPTER - 5

BORDER MANAGEMENT

Internal Security I m a g e 5.1: I n t e r n at i o n a l

• India has around 15,106.7 km of land

land border of India

• Issues related to internal security in the border and a coastline of 7,516.6 km

country can broadly be categorized as
follows:
» Problem associated with terrorism in
the hinterland of the country.
» Left Wing Extremism in certain regions.
» Security situation in Jammu and
Kashmir.
» Insurgency in the North Eastern States.
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
discharges various responsibilities,
the important among them being -
border management, internal security,
Centre-State relations, administration
of Union Territories, management of
Central Armed Police Forces, disaster
management etc.
including island territories.
• The Department of Border Management
was formed in the Ministry of Home
Affairs (MHA) in January, 2004 to
devote focussed attention to the issues
relating to the management of the
international land and coastal borders,
strengthening of border policing and
guarding, creation of infrastructure such
as roads, flood lighting and fencing of
the borders and implementation of the
Border Area Development Programme
(BADP).
Objective of Border
Management

Border Management • Securing the country’s frontiers

against interests hostile to the nation
Indo-Afghanistan
(106 km) and putting in place systems that
Indo-China
(3488 km) are able to interdict such elements
while facilitating legitimate trade and
Indo-Pak commerce are among the principal
Indo-Bhutan
(3323 km)
(699km) objectives of border management.
Indo-Nepal
(1751 km)

Management
of International
Indo-Myanmar
(1643 km)

Indo-Bangladesh

Borders
(4096.7 km)

Coastline
(7516.6 km)
• As part of strategy to secure the borders
as also to create infrastructure in the
border areas of the country, several
initiatives have been undertaken by the

51
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Department of Border Management.
• These include construction of the fence,
floodlighting, Border Out Posts and
building roads along Indo-Pakistan,
Indo-Bangladesh, Indo-China and
Indo-Nepal borders, development of
Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) at various
locations on the international borders
of the country.
• In addition, many developmental
works in the border regions have
been undertaken by the Department
under the Border Area Development
Programme (BADP) as component of a
comprehensive approach to the border
management.
• Deployment of various forces along
the borders is based on the principle of
‘One border, One Border – Guarding
Force’ (BGF).
• Accordingly, domination of each border
has been entrusted to a particular
border guarding force as given below:
Border Security Bangladesh and
Force (BSF) Pakistan borders
Indo-Tibetan
Border Police China border
(ITBP)
Sashastra Seema Nepal and Bhutan
Bal (SSB) borders
Assam Rifles Myanmar border
• Indian army is guarding land boundaries
along the Line of Control (LOC) on
Pakistan border along with BSF and
Line of Actual Control (LAC) on China
border along with ITBP.
• Navy of India is responsible for overall
maritime security which includes
coastal and offshore security.
• Indian Coast Guard has been
52
additionally authorized and given the
responsibilty for coastal security in
India’s territorial waters including areas
to be patrolled by the Coastal Police.
• Methods and practices of border
management vary from one border
to another, on basis of the security
perceptions and relationship with the
neighboring country.
Indo-Bangladesh
Border (IBB)
• The Indian side of the Indo-Bangladesh
Frontier passes through West Bengal,
Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and
Mizoram.
• The entire stretch comprises of riverine
belts, plains, hills and jungles. The region
is heavily populated and is cultivated
right up to the border.
• Issues:
» Random boundary at some places:
Undemarcated stretches, existences of
enclaves and adverse possessions have
been causing constant friction between
border guarding force of India and
Bangladesh.
» Illegal cattle trade: Illegal cattle trade
at India Bangladesh border threatens
the security of India Bangladesh border
as well as jeopardies India’s internal
security.
» Illegal immigration: Religious persecution
and environmental concerns have led to
mass scale migration in India sometime
illegal. This border is marked by a high
degree of porosity and illegal migration
from Bangladesh into India have been
major challenges.
• Initiatives to tackle the challenges and
way forward:
» In order to prevent stop illegal migration
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and illegal activities including anti-
national activities actions from across
the border, the Government of India
had sanctioned the construction of
border fencing with floodlight
» The Government of India (GOI) has
taken an initiative to cover the area
where physical fence is not feasible
with non-physical barriers in the form
of Comprehensive Integrated Border
Management System (CIBMS).
» CIBMS includes integration of manpower,
sensors, networks, intelligence and
Command and Control Solutions to
improve situational awareness at
different levels of hierarchy to facilitate
prompt and informed decision making
and quick response to emerging
situations.
» Transfer of enclaves: With land
boundary agreements between India
and Bangladesh the problem of
enclaves has somewhat got simplified.
But, there still remain issues on
undemarcated stretches which need to
be resolved.
» Exercise SAMPRITI-IX: Military exercise
between Bangladesh and India in
which troops of both armies will jointly
exercise a Counter-terrorist Operation.
» Integrated check posts: More no of
integrated check posts have to be set
up. Their functions will include security,
immigration, customs, human, plant
and animal quarantine, along with
support facilities in a single complex
equipped with all modern amenities.
Indo-Pakistan
Border (IPB)
• India shares around 3323 km of its land
boundary with Pakistan.
• Indo-Pak border runs along the States
of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and
53
the Union Territories of Jammu and
Kashmir and Ladakh.
• This border has varied terrain and
distinct geographical characteristics.
• Issues:
» Cross border terrorism: Militant and
separatist from other side try to enter
India and disrupt situation in Kashmir
valley and other part of India, occasional
indiscriminate firing from Pakistani side
gets soldier and citizens killed.
» Smuggling: Despite fences, heroine
trade is rampant at borders with Punjab.
Involvement of local politicians is also
visible. This border is characterized by
various attempts of infiltration by the
terrorists and smuggling of the arms,
ammunition and contraband. And the
LoC is the most active and live portion
of the border.
» Cross border tunnels: Terrorist try to
enter India via cross border tunnels too
which poses a great security threat to
India’s internal security.
» Unsettled borders: Various portions
of the border are still unsettled, like
Saltoro Ridge, Sir Creek and Pakistan-
occupied Kashmir etc.
• Important initiatives and way forward
» The Government has sanctioned fences
and floodlights around the border.
Border Security Force (BSF) have
implemented smart fencing mechanism
which contains laser walls and heat
sensor system.
» Comprehensive Integrated Border
Management System (CIBMS) in
Phase-I, a Pilot project along two
stretches of five km each has been
implemented in Jammu on Indo-
Pakistan Border. In Phase-II and Phase-
III, CIBMS will be implemented in
Gujarat and Punjab.
» Trilateral solution to the problem: A
trilateral solution is needed with India,
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China and Pakistan being integral
part of the settlement. These border
disputes are taking the shapes of
regional disputes with smaller nations
getting dragged in.
Indo-Myanmar
Border (IMB)
• The States of Arunachal Pradesh,
Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram have
a common border with Myanmar.
• There is a Joint Boundary Working Group
(JBWG) between India and Myanmar to
examine/discuss all boundary related
issues in a comprehensive manner.
• A Free Movement Regime (FMR) exists
between India and Myanmar.
» Under the FMR, every member of the
hill tribes, who is either a citizen of
India or a citizen of Myanmar and who
is resident of any area within 16 km on
either side of Indo-Myanmar Border
(IMB) can cross the IMB on production
of a border pass with one year validity,
issued by a Competent Authority.
» Citizens of Myanmar can move into the
area in India which is within 16 km from
India-Myanmar Border and can stay up
to two weeks per visit.
• Issues:
» Insurgency in the north east: No proper
barrier or border outposts are there,
insurgents make use of poorly guarded
borders and flee across when pursued
by Indian security force.
» Location of boundary near the Golden
Triangle: The drugs Golden Triangle
facilitates the unrestricted illegal flow of
drugs into Indian territory. (The Golden
Triangle is the area where the borders
of Thailand, Laos and Myanmar meet.
It is a region that is notorious for hosting
a global hub of narcotics production.)
54
» Illegal migration.
• Important initiatives
» Fence erection and road building: work
for fence erection and road building
has been going on.
» Government Initiative: Cabinet has
recently proposed to set up 13 new
Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) to
encourage India's engagement with
SAARC countries along with Thailand
and Myanmar.
» India’s support in the construction
of Integrated Check Point at Tamu,
Myanmar, bordering Manipur state.
» Opening of coordinated bus service
between Mandalay and Imphal.
Indo-China Border
• India shares a 3,488-km border with
China. This border runs along the
states, (from west to east), of Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and
Arunachal Pradesh and the Union
Territory of Ladakh.
• Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) is the
border guarding force at this border.
• To redress the condition arising out
of lack of infrastructure along the
Indo-China border and for effective
movement of Indo-Tibetan Border
Police (ITBP), the Ministry of Home
Affairs has undertaken the construction
of roads along the Indo-China border
in the States of Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim
and Arunachal Pradesh.
• Issues:
» Lack of synchronization in border
management: The western sector
of the LAC in Ladakh and Himachal
Pradesh and the central sector along
the Uttarakhand border are staffed
by special frontier fore which report to
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cabinet secretariat and Indo-Tibetan
border force reports to ministry of
home affairs, all this often creates lack
of synchronization
» Undefined Border: China claims part
of Arunachal Pradesh as Xinjiang
Uygur autonomous region and Tibet
autonomous region. On the contrary, it
is claimed by India as part of Ladakh.
This type of anonymity in the border
areas lead to the tension.
• Solution:
» Physical demarcation of border:
The borders should be physically
demarcated and both party agrees to
some sort of negotiation.
» Opening of old silk trade route: India
and China can open the old silk route
trade which existed between them as
well as modern rail-road connectivity.
» Cooperation in other forums:
Enhancement of border understanding
will lead to better understanding and
cooperation on issues where they differ
like admission in UNSC, NSG, terrorism,
South China Sea issue etc.
Indo-Nepal Border
• They share an open border of around
1,751 km.
• The major challenges are to check
misuse of open border by the terrorists
and criminals for illegal and anti-
national activities and to improve the
security along this border
• To accelerate bilateral dialogue on
matters of mutual concern regarding
border management, Governments
of India and Nepal have decided
to constitute an institutionalised
mechanism in the form of Home
Secretary-level talks and Joint Working
Group at the level of Joint Secretaries.
• These mechanisms serve as important
55
platform for discussing the issues of
mutual concern such as containing cross
border crimes, smuggling, situations
arising out of terrorist activities, at the
national and regional/local levels.
Indo-Bhutan Border
• To improve the security environment
along the Indo-Bhutan border
measuring 699 km, Sashatra Seema
Bal (SSB) has been deployed as the
Border Guarding Force.
• A bilateral mechanism in the form of a
Secretary level India-Bhutan Group on
Border Management and Security exists.
• This mechanism has proved to be very
effective in assessing threat perceptions
of the two countries from elements
attempting to take advantage of this
open border and in discussing ways
of improving the security environment
along the border areas.
Border Area
Development
Programme (BADP)
• The Department of Border
Management under Ministry of Home
Affairs is implementing the Border
Area Development Programme (BADP)
through the State Governments as a
part of a comprehensive approach to
border management.
• The aim of BADP is to meet special
developmental needs and well being
of the people living in the remote
and inaccessible areas situated
near the international borders and
to provide essential infrastructure
through convergence of the Central/
State/BADP/Local schemes through
participatory approach.
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• Funds are provided to the States
for execution of projects relating to
infrastructure, livelihood, education,
health, agriculture and allied sectors
etc
• The programme covers all the villages
which are located within 0-10 km
distance of the International Border.
• Funding pattern under BADP:
» As per the BADP guidelines (June, 2015),
annual budgetary allocation is divided
into two components-
− 40% of total allocation is for the
eight North-Eastern (NE) States
(including Sikkim); Remaining
− 60% of total allocation is distributed
among the 9 States having
international land borders.
Coastal Security
• India has around 7516.6 km coastline,
bordering the mainland and the islands
in Bay of Bengal in the East, the Indian
Ocean on the South and the Arabian
Sea on the West.
• There are nine States viz. Goa,
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha
and West Bengal and Four Union
Territories (UTs) viz. Daman and
Diu, Puducherry, Lakshadweep and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands located
on the coast.
Maritime and Coastal Security
Set-up
• Indian Navy has been selected as
the authority responsible for whole
maritime security, which includes
offshore and coastal security.
• Indian Navy is supported by Coastal
56
Police, Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and
other Central and State agencies.
• Indian Coast Guard is also authorized
and given the responisiblity of coastal
security in Territorial Waters including
areas to be patrolled by Coastal Police.
• The Director General of Indian Coast
Guard has been designated as
Commander Coastal Command and
is responsible for overall coordination
between Central and State agencies in
all matters relating to coastal security.
Coastal Security
Scheme (CSS)
• The Department of Border Management
is implementing CSS in phases
with the objective of strengthening
infrastructure of the Police Force
of Coastal States/UTs for patrolling
and surveillance of coastal areas,
particularly shallow waters close to the
coast.
• The CSS (Phase-I) was implemented
from 2005-06 with an outlay of ₹ 646
crore over a period of 6 years.
• The CSS (Phase-II) has been formulated
in the context of the fast changing
coastal security scenario subsequent
to the Mumbai incidents on 26/11/2008
and followed by a vulnerability/ gap
analysis carried out by coastal States
and UTs which projected additional
requirements for strengthening the
coastal security infrastructure.
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Important initiatives after 2008 Mumbai
Attacks:
• National Committee on Strengthening
Maritime and Coastal Security
(NCSMCS) under Cabinet Security
• NC3I (National Command, Control
and Communication Intelligence
Network) to share intelligence
between NAVY, MARINE POLICE AND
ICG
• Joint Operation Centres by Navy at
Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, Kochi and
Port Blair
• The CSS (Phase-II) has been approved
with an outlay of ₹ 1579.91 crore and is
under implementation upto 31.03.2020.
Other Coastal
Security Initiatives
Community Interaction
Programmes (CIP)
• ICG has been undertaking CIPs for the
fishermen to bring in awareness about
safety issues at sea.
• The CIPs are also conducted to sensitize
the fishing community on the prevailing
security situation and develop them to
be the “Eyes and Ears” for intelligence
gathering.
Fishermen Biometric ID Cards
• Fisherman Biometric ID Cards are issued
to the Fishermen by the Department
of Animal Husbandry Dairying and
Fisheries.
• DAHDandF have informed that out
of 19,90,521 fishermen identified for
issuance of biometric ID cards by
the Coastal States/UTs, Biometric
57
enrollment in respect of 19,74,098 (99%)
fishermen have been completed.
Tracking of Vessels/Boats
• All vessels above 20 metres length are
mandatorily required to be fitted with
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
equipment.
• As per the directions of National
Committee on Strengthening Maritime
and Coastal Security (NCSMCS), Indian
Space Research Organization (ISRO)
has been requested to provide 500
transponders each to the sensitive
coastal States of Gujarat and Tamil
Nadu.
• In accordance with the decisions of
NCSMCS, ISRO is in process of delivery
and integration of 500 transponders
each for Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.
Coastal Mapping
• Coastal mapping is an important step
towards strengthening coastal security.
• Coastal mapping is a process of putting
information on the map which includes
vital details and location of Coastal
Police Stations, local Police Stations,
intelligence set up, fish landing points,
fishing villages, Ports, Customs Check
Posts, Hospitals, Railway Stations, Bus
Stations, Bomb disposal facilities etc.
• The Coastal States/UTs of Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka,
Kerala, Tamil Nadu andhra Pradesh,
Odisha, West Bengal, Daman and Diu,
Puducherry and AandN Islands have
completed the process of Coastal
Mapping.
• Lakshadweep is in process of
completing the exercise.
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National Academy of Coastal Policing (NACP) in Mojap

Village, District, Devbhoomi, Dwarka,

of Coastal Policing in the State of Gujarat, for which 100

hectares of land has been identified by
(NACP) MHA.
• The temporary campus of the NACP
• The Government of India has approved is functional with effect from October,
the setting up of National Academy 2018.

58
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CHAPTER - 6

VARIOUS SECURITY FORCES AND

AGENCIES AND THEIR MANDATE
Introduction in the Jammu and Kashmir and the
Northeast.

• Various security forces and agencies

play a significant role in dealing with
insurgencies/disturbance disaster Central Armed
management
operations.
and peacekeeping
Police Forces
• External threat is associated with • A paramilitary force is organized like
borders whereas internal threat is from an army and performs either civil or
the people of the country because of military functions. The Central Armed
political, ideological reasons like Left Police Forces (commonly referred to
Wing Extremism (LWE) etc. as Paramilitary forces) play a vital role
• Internal security problems in the in border security as well as internal
country can broadly be categorized as security.
follows: • Their responsibility is to defend the
national interest mainly against the
» Terrorism in the hinterland of the internal threats.
country.
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
» Left Wing Extremism in certain areas. manages seven central police forces
» Security situation in Jammu and which help in internal security and law
Kashmir. and order.
» Insurgency in the North Eastern States.
• Maintenance of internal security is the
responsibility of the Ministry of Home
Affairs (MHA).
• Our different security forces are
performing a very important role in
the fight against the terrorists and
insurgents operating in the region
and protecting India's citizens and its
integrity.
• But the dynamics of the various forces
involvement in these operations are
significantly different because the I m a g e 6.1: S e v e n C e n t r a l A r m e d P o l i c e
nature of the basis of the insurgency Forces
in these specific areas is different.
Example: the nature of the security • Amongst these forces, BSF, ITBP, AR and
threat in Central Indian region posed SSB are the ‘Border Guarding Forces’
by the Naxalite insurgent groups is whereas CRPF is deployed to support
very different from that of the situation the Civil Administration under the State

59
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Governments / UT Administrations
in matters relating to maintenance
of Public Order, internal security and
counter-insurgency.
• CISF provides security and protection
to important installations of national
/ strategic importance including
Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs),
airports, atomic power plants, space
organizations, industrial units, important
national museums, Government
buildings in Delhi and other important
sensitive organizations.
• In addition, National Security Guard
(NSG) is a specialized strike Force
particularly trained in the counter-
terrorism and anti-hijacking operations.
Assam Rifles (AR)
• Assam Rifles is the specialised force that
carries out anti- insurgency operations
in difficult terrain region of the North
Eastern States.
• The Assam Rifles raised as Cachar Levy
in 1835 and it is the oldest Central Para
Military Force in India.
• The Force was raised primarily to guard
the alluvial plains of Assam from the
wild and unruly tribes inhabiting the
surrounding hill tracts.
• It is responsible for the maintenance
of law and order in the North Eastern
region along with the Indian Army and
also guards the Indo-Myanmar border
in this area.
I m a g e 6.2: A s s a m R i f l e s
60
• During peace and 'proxy war', it ensures
security of the Indo-China and Indo-
Myanmar borders.
• The Force is powerful organization
with 46 battalions and its associated
command and administrative back up.
• It also manages many programmes
for the upliftment of the people of the
NE through numerous Civic Action
Programme (CAPs).
• The important plans / activities include
construction of Community Halls,
Provision of Water Supply Schemes,
establishment of Vocational Training
Centres, upliftment of Rural Schools,
National Integration Tours for students,
Free Medical Camps, Awareness
Programmes, Sports Activities for the
youth etc.
Flood Relief Operations by AR
• Because of heavy rains, flood like
situation developed in the Imphal West,
Bishnupur and Churachandpur districts
of Manipur as also in North and West
Tripura. Therefore, Assam Rifles also
perform flood relief operations in this
region.
• Example- During 2018 flood, 15 Columns
of Assam Rifles were deployed for
search and rescue operations in which
588 locals were rescued, 455 persons
provided with medical assistance, 15
temporary shelters constructed and
985 Kgs of ration was distributed. AR
also carried out repair of breached river
embankments.
United Nations Peace Keeping
Operations (UNPKO) by AR
• AR is also contributing to the
International peace and harmony
by performing well in the UNPKO in
Haiti as part of Formed Police Unit–2
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(since 2010) and presently the ninth
Contingent consisting of 10 Officers,
15 Junior Commissioned Officers and
115 Other Ranks is deployed with effect
from 3rd August, 2018.
• AR has earned an magnificent name
for the country by their correct and
prompt feedback to all emergencies,
outstanding working relation with all
UN staff and local police/Government
officials and their respectful and the
gentlemanly behavior with the local
people.
Border security
Force (BSF)
Overview:
• BSF is India’s premier border guarding
force tasked with responsibility of
guarding international borders with
Pakistan and Bangladesh.
• Till 1965 India’s borders with Pakistan
were managed by police forces of the
Indian states which were located on the
Indian borders.
• The incompetence of the State Armed
Police to cope with armed aggression
was felt when Pakistan attacked Beria
Bet, Sardar Post and Chhar Bet on 9th
April, 1965 in Kutch
I m a g e 6.3: B o r d e r security F o r c e (BSF)
61
• A dedicated centrally controlled Border
Security Force, which would be armed
and trained to man the International
Border with Pakistan, was recommended
by the committee of secretaries set up
at the end of 1965 Indo-Pak War. As a
result, the Border Security Force (BSF)
came into existence on 01 Dec 1965.
Role of the BSF:
• The role of the BSF is distinct during
times of peace and war.
• During peacetime, its duties
include:
» Preventing cross-border crimes,
unlawful entry into or exit from the
territory of India.
» Preventing any illegal activities like
smuggling across the borders.
» Encourage a feeling of security among
the people residing in the border areas.
» To help state and union territory
administration in the maintenance of
law and order and with anti-insurgency
operations
• During wartime, its duties include:
» Holding ground in less-threatened
sectors, as long as the situation is within
the capability of the BSF.
» Protection of vital installations of the
country, particularly air-fields, against
enemy commandoes, Para troopers or
raids.
» Guarding of prisoners of war.
» Preservation of law and order in enemy
territory managed under the control of
Army.
» Limited Aggressive action against
irregular forces or Para military of the
enemy country in case of need.
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BSF role beyond protecting
India’s borders:
» BSF and internal security duties:
− While Border protection has been
the primary duty of BSF, it has also
been deployed for counter-terrorism
and counter-insurgency operations
in troubled areas of the country like
Jammu and Kashmir, NE states and
Naxal-hit areas.
− The force has also been utilized
for tasks like conducting elections
peacefully, VIP security, riot and
crowd control
» BSF and Disaster Management:
− BSF also plays an important role in
disaster management. Some of the
battalions of BSF trained in disaster
management activities were part
of National Disaster Response
force. For example, during Gujarat
earthquake in 2001, BSF was the first
to reach out to help the distressed
people.
» BSF and UN Peace keeping missions:
− As a member of UN, India regularly
sends its troops to UN peace keeping
missions.
− Every year BSF personnel also
participates in UN peace keeping
missions.
Central Reserve
Police Force (CRPF)
Overview:
• CRPF is one of the important Central
Armed Police Force functioning under
the authority of Ministry of home affairs.
• Its primary role is to help states and
Union Territories in maintaining law
62
and order and in containing insurgency.
Over the previous few years, it has been
deployed in anti-Naxal operations.
• It came into existence in 1939 as the
Crown Representative's Police. Post
Independence, with the enactment of
the CRPF Act 1949 its name had been
changed to Central Reserve Police
Force.
I m a g e 6.4: C e n t r a l R e s e r v e P o l i c e F o r c e
Role of CRPF:
CRPF and internal security:
• CRPF engaged in Counter-terrorism,
counter-militancy and counter-
insurgency operations in troubled areas
of Jammu and Kashmir, the Northeast
and the Naxal corridor [CRPF was the
main body for anti-Naxal operations in
the country]
• VIP and VVIP Protection: This force
is also being deployed for providing
security to VIPs and VVIPs in the
country.
CRPF and infrastructure protection:
• The CRPF deployed for protecting vital
installations such as airports, railway
stations and power stations.
• CRPF also protects important religious
sites in the country such as Vaishno
Devi and Raghunath Temple in Jammu
and Kashmir, Ram Janmabhoomi in
Ayodhya, Kashi Vishawanath Temple in
Varanasi etc
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CRPF and Environmental Protection:
• CRPF maintains a “Green Force” to
fight smuggling of timber and other
environmental crime thereby checking
environmental de-gradation and
protecting local Flora and Fauna.
CRPF and Disaster Management:
• CRPF battalions also participate in
rescue and relief operations in case of
natural calamities and disasters.
• CRPF efficiently undertook rescue
and relief operations during various
natural calamities like Odisha Super
Cyclone (1999), Gujarat Earthquake
(2001), Tsunami (2004) and Jammu and
Kashmir Earthquake (2005).
CRPF and Peacekeeping:
• CRPF contingents are also being
deployed in United Nations peace
keeping missions in Namibia,Maldives,
Bosnia, Somalia, Haitiand Kosovo. It
was also sent to Sri Lanka as part of
Indian peace keeping force between
1987 and 1990.
• CRPF had credited itself with global
distinction by efficiently handling the
peace missions under auspices of
United Nations.
CRPF and Elections:
• Elections are one of the most crucial
and significant events in the democratic
country like India.
• Government heavily depends on CRPF
to ensure free and fair elections, be it
the Parliamentary or the Assembly
Elections across the country.
• CRPF continues to discharge this
onerous responsibility and has been
playing a substantial role when it comes
to election duties, especially in states
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notorious for poll-related violence and
booth capturing.
Special trained forces of CRPF:
• Rapid Action force: specialized force
raised to deal with riots and riot like
situations in the country.
• Commando Battalions for Resolute
Action (CoBRA): for guerrilla/jungle
warfare type operations against
Naxalite and insurgents engaged in
asymmetrical warfare.
Indo-Tibetan Border
Police (ITBP)
Overview:
• The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
is India’s Central Paramilitary Force
(CPMF) that functions under the control
of the Union Ministry of Home Affairs.
• ITBP is primarily tasked with the
responsibility of protecting the
geopolitically and strategically
important Indo-China border, a task it
shares with the Indian Army.
• ITBP owes is origin to the Indo-China
conflict in 1962 to keep a sharp vigil
on the unmanned borders of India and
Tibet as the Sino-Indian War of 1962
exposed:
» Glaring weakness in India’s protection
of its border with China.
» India’s inability to engage in mountain
warfare and operations in high altitude
areas.
• It is in this background that the ITBP
came into being in 1962.
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I m a g e 6.5: I n d o -T i b e ta n B o r d e r P o l i c e
Major duties of ITBP:
• To carry out surveillance on the
northern borders, detect and prevent
border violations and promotion of the
feeling of security among the regional
population.
• Check trans-border smuggling, crimes
and illegal immigration.
• Providing security to
installations, banks and
persons.
• Restore and preserve order in any
region in the event of disturbance
ITBP and Border protection:
• Guarding the Indo-China border is the
primary duty of ITBP.
• Presently, ITBP has been guarding
entire India-China border across the
Union Territory of Ladakh and the four
states covering Himachal Pradesh and
Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal
Pradesh. It guards the border from the
Karakoram Pass in the west (Ladakh)
to Jachep La in the East (Arunachal
Pradesh).
ITBP and Internal security:
• ITBP units have been deployed for various
internal security duties in the country
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• They have participated in counter-
insurgency operations in Punjab,
Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal
Pradesh, Sikkim, areas affected by Left
Wing Extremism.
• Other internal security duties in which
they have been deployed include riot
control, maintenance of law and order,
election security etc.
ITBP and Disaster Management:
• ITBP has been performing an important
role in disaster management activities in
the country and is the first responder for
various natural disasters in Himalayas.
• It participated in numerous rescue and
relief operations during disasters in
Himalayan region as well as in other
parts of the country. For example, ITBP
saved around thirty thousand pilgrims
from Char Dham Yatra routes during
sensitive the 2013 Uttarakhand floods tragedy.
protected
• It also provides training in disaster
management for other forces through
its National Center for Training in
Search, Rescue and Disaster Response
based in Haryana.
ITBP and UN Missions:
• ITBP frequently participates in UN
peacekeeping Missions. As part of
these missions, ITBP Personnel have
been deployed in countries like Angola,
Namibia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Kosovo, Cambodia, Mozambique and
Congo.
Central Industrial
Security Force (CISF)
Overview:
• The CISF is India’s central armed police
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force functioning under the control of
ministry of home affairs.
• It was created in 1969 for providing
security cover to the Public Sector
Enterprises (PSEs) which, in those times,
occupied the commanding heights of
the Indian economy.
• Today, its mandate extended beyond
PSE’s to include critical infrastructure
and private firms in the country.
• An amendment was made to the CISF
Act of 1968 in 2009, to extend security
cover of CISF to Public-Private joint
ventures and Private establishments
on a cost-reimbursement basis in the
aftermath of the Mumbai terror attacks.
Since then the CISF has started to
provide security cover to firms in private
sector.
• Some of the prominent private firms
that had availed CISF security cover
include Infosys, Tata, Reliance industries,
Patanjali Food and Herbal Park Private
Limited.

CISF and VIP Security:

• Presently, CISF is also providing security
cover to the protected persons under Z
Plus, Z, X, Y categories. CISF raised the
I m a g e 6.6: C e n t r a l I n d u s t r i a l S e c u r i t y F o r c e Special Security Group (SSG) for this
purpose.

Role of CISF:
CISF and Infrastructure protection: CISF and Disaster Management:

• CISF mandated to provide security • CISF performs a major role in Disaster

to critical infrastructure installations Management and its battalions are a
of the country. These include atomic part of the National Disaster Response
power plants, space establishments, Force.
airports, seaports, power plants, • It has a full-fledged ‘Fire Wing'
sensitive Government buildings and which provides fire prevention and
ever heritage monuments. fire protection services to sensitive
• The CISF is currently providing security hazardous units where the CISF is on
to over 58 airports, 18 of which are guard.
considered ‘sensitive’.
• CISF is also providing security cover to CISF and Security Consulting:
Delhi Metro.
• CISF offers highly professional security
• In addition to the Delhi Metro and consultancy services to private firms
airports, India’s 13 major seaports are and businesses. Services offered include
also under the security umbrella of threat perception and risk analysis,
CISF. security and fire audit, crowd control
and management procedures, crisis
CISF and private establishments: management schemes etc.

• The CISF was primarily established to

provide security cover to various public
sector organizations.

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Other duties performed by CISF:
• CISF has been assigned law and order
maintenance duties on a numerous
occasion such as election security in
sensitive areas.
• Providing training to other central and
state government entities. For example,
CISF played an important role in
training the Karnataka State Industrial
Security Force (KSISF)
• CISF is deployed in foreign countries to
protect Indian diplomats. Many CISF
Personnel have served in Kathmandu,
Nepal and Islamabad, Pakistan.
Sashastra Seema
Bal (SSB)
Overview:
• It is one of India’s Central Armed
Police Forces under the Ministry of
Home affairs primarily tasked with
the responsibility of guarding India’s
international borders with Nepal and
Bhutan.
• It was created in 1963 and at that time
it was called Special ervices Bureau.
• The name had been changed to
Sashastra Seema Bal after it was given
the charge of Nepal border.
I m a g e 6.7: S a s h a s t r a S e e m a B a l
66
Role of SSB:
• Primary role is to safeguard the security
of assigned International borders
(Nepal and Bhutan) of India and
promote sense of security amongst the
people living in border regions.
• Prevent cross-border crimes, smuggling
and any other unlawful actions.
• Prevent illegal entry into or exit from
the territory of India.
• Carry out civic action programme in
the area of responsibility [for example
construction of schools, buildings,
toilets, roads under border area
developmental plan].
• Perform any other duty allocated by the
Central Government (such as Law and
Order, Counter-insurgency Operations,
Election duty, UN missions).
Also, SSB is the lead intelligence agency
along Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan
borders. AS the lead intelligence agency
SSB is responsible for the coordination
and dissemination of intelligence from its
area of operations.
National Security
Guard (NSG)
Overview:
• NSG is India’s premier counter-terrorist
force under the Ministry of Home
Affairs (MHA) to deal with anti-terrorist
activities in all its manifestation.
• It is also referred to as the ‘Black Cats’
because of their menacing, all-black
uniforms.
• The decision to form an anti-terror
federal contingency force was taken in
1984 when militancy in Punjab was at
its peak. This decision was influenced
by the need to have a force that would
be not only highly motivated but also
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well trained and equipped to counter Special Operations Group of Jammu

various manifestations of terrorism. It is and Kashmir Police by NSG).
in this context this organization came
into being in 1986.
Some of the successful and well-known
• NSG is divided in to two groups: operations of NSG includes operation
black thunder (to flush out remaining from
» Special Action Group (SAG): offensive the Golden temple complex), Operation
wing responsible for the direct execution Black Tornado (Anti-terror operations
of the operations. Its recruits are from during 26/11 Mumbai attacks), neutralizing
the Indian Army. the Pathankot terrorists.
» Special Rangers Group(SRG): serves in
a support capacity by assisting SAG,
especially in isolating target areas. Its
recruits are drawn from the central
Railway Protection
paramilitary forces. Force (RPF)
• The NSG’s ethos includes a pursuit for Overview:
excellence; zero error; leading from the
front; speed surprise speed stealth and • Railway Protection Force (RPF) is
accuracy. an “Armed Force of the Union” that
functions under the authority of Ministry
of Railways.
• It is tasked with the responsibility of
protection and security of railway
property, passenger area and
passengers.
• It is the only Central Armed Police Forces
that do not fall under the authority of
the Ministry of Home Affairs.
I m a g e 6.8: N at i o n a l S e c u r i t y G u a r d • It is the only armed force of union which
has the power to arrest, investigate and
prosecute criminals.
Mandate of NSG:
• NSG’s primary mandate is to “handle
counter-terrorism, anti-kidnapping,
anti-hijacking, anti-sabotage and
hostage rescue operations”.
• Scope of NSG expanded to include
security of VVIPs, anti-sabotage checks
at public meetings of VVIPs.
• Mitigation of threats to vital and
sensitive installations, including nuclear
facilities of India.
• Bomb disposal, creation and
management of bomb data centers
and training of local, state and federal
police personnel (Example: training of I m a g e 6.9: R a i lway P r ot e c t i o n F o r c e

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Role of RPF:
• Protect and safeguard properties
of railways, railway passengers and
passenger area.
• Ensuring the safety, security in trains
in order to boost the confidence of
passengers by removing all anti-social
elements from trains.
• To remove any barrier in the movement
of railway property or passenger area.
• Coordinate security related activities
among various agencies involved.
• Remain vigilant so as to prevent
trafficking in women and children.
Recently, Railways has renamed Railway
Protection Force (RPF) as Indian Railway
Protection Force (IRPF).
Special Protection
Group (SPG)
I m a g e 6.10: S p e c i a l P r ot e c t i o n G r o u p
• SPG is an elite force tasked with the
responsibility of providing security
cover to the Prime minister, previous
Prime Ministers and their immediate
family members.
• SPG act was enacted by the parliament
in 1988. Initially the Act didn’t provide
for SPG protection to former prime
ministers and their families.
• After the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
SPG act was amended to provide SPG
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protection to all former Prime Ministers
(PMs )and their families for a minimum
period of 10 years.
• In 2003, SPG act was amended to
reduce the period of protection to
former PMs from a minimum of 10 years
to 1 year, which can be extended based
on review of level of threat.
Presently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi is
the only one under SPG protection. In 2019,
Government of India decided to withdraw
SPG protection provided to Nehru–Gandhi
family and accorded them with Z+ Security
of CRPF after the threat assessment.
Intelligence Bureau
(IB)
Intelligence Bureau (IB) is India’s internal
intelligence organization used to gather
intelligence from within India and also
execute counter-intelligence and counter-
terrorism tasks.
Major functions of IB:
• IB and Counter-terrorism: IB is
tasked with responsibility of collecting
intelligence inside India over any terrorist
threats to India and disseminates the
same to concerned agencies. This
involves keeping track of individuals,
groups and organizations having
terrorist links as well as countering
separatist and violent movements in
North east, Jammu and Kashmir etc.
• IB and Border Intelligence: IB
has been tasked with responsibility
of collecting intelligence in border
areas that India shares with Pakistan,
Nepal, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh,
Bhutan by closely working with border
protection forces.
• IB and VIP Security: IB has been
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tasked with the responsibility of
gathering intelligence over any security
threats to VIPs and share the same
to concerned agencies. It is after the
assessment of threat or danger by
intelligence departments VIP security is
provided to the dignitaries.
• IB and Counter intelligence: IB
has the responsibility to counter the
operations of intelligence organizations
of other countries in India.
• IB and Infrastructure security:
IB has been given the responsibility of
protection of critical infrastructure in the
country by working in close association
with Central Industrial Security Force.
Research and
Analysis wing (RAW)
Overview:
• Research and Analysis wing is the
external intelligence agency of India.
• Until 1968, the Intelligence Bureau
was made responsible for internal and
external intelligence activities.
• Indo-China war of 1962, Indo-Pakistan
war of 1965 has shown gaps in the
intelligence gathered by the IB. IB
failed to estimate military preparation
of China and Pakistan in wars of 1962
and 1965.
• Against this backdrop, the then Indira
Gandhi government felt the need
for a dedicated agency for external
intelligence gathering resulting in the
formation of RAW.
Role of RAW:
• To monitor developments in the
neighbouring countries that have a
direct bearing on India’s National
security.
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• To carry out covert operations to protect
India’s National interests.
• Anti-terror operations and neutralizing
terror elements posing a threat to India.
• Provision of security services to India’s
nuclear programme.
• To gather intelligence about
organization and leadership capabilities
of various insurgency groups operating
in other countries that pose a danger
to security and integrity of India and to
neutralize them.
• Control and limit the military
equipment supplies to Pakistan mostly
from European countries, America and
China.
• Moulding international public view and
influence foreign governments through
strong and vibrant Diaspora.
National
Investigating
Agency (NIA)
• The National Investigation Agency
(NIA) was established under the NIA
Act of 2008 as a special organization
for investigation and prosecution of
offences under the provision of NIA Act.
• It is India's counter-terrorist task force.
The agency is empowered to handle
terror related crimes across states
without special permission from the
states.
• National Investigation Agency Act,
2008 was passed by the Parliament of
India on 31st December 2008, after the
deadly 26/11 terror incident in Mumbai.
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and ability to track such activities by

• NIA has registered and investigated 315
I m a g e 6.11: N at i o n a l I nv e s t i g at in g A g e n c y
F l ag
• 26/11 Mumbai terror attack clearly
surfaced the failure of intelligence
existing agencies in India, therefore
the government of India realized the
requirement of a specific body to deal
withterror activities in India, thereby
establishing the NIA.
cases as on date i.e. 05.02.2020. After
submission of charge sheets, 60 cases
have been finally or partially decided in
trial. Out of these, 54 cases have ended
in conviction giving NIA an enviable
conviction percentage of 90%.

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CHAPTER - 7

TERRORISM, LINKAGES BETWEEN

TERRORISM and ORGANIZED CRIME
Terrorism:
• Terrorism can be described as an
unlawful use of force or violence against
persons or property to intimidate or
coerce a government or its citizens
to further certain political or social
objectives.
Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) defines terrorism as:
• An offense committed by any person, with the purpose of the conduct is to intimidate
a population or to compel a Government or an international organization to do or
abstain from doing any act, which causes:
» Death or serious bodily injury to any person; or
» Serious damage to public or private property, including a place of public use, a State
or government facility, a public transportation system, an infrastructure facility or
the environment; or
» Damage to property, places, facilities or systems resulting in or likely to result in a
major economic loss.

example: North Eastern Insurgent

Terrorism in Indian Context:
• Terrorism in Indian context can be put
under following categories:
• Terrorism employed by ethno-
nationalist movements seeking either
greater autonomy or statehood in the
federal structure of the Indian Union
or complete separation from it. For
groups.
• Terrorism used by left-wing extremist
movements seeking a fundamental
overturning of the nation’s capitalist
economic order and liberal democracy.
For example: Naxalite Movement.
• Terrorism driven by religious ideologies.
For example: Incidences of terrorism in
Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab.

Various means adopted by Pakistan to Promote Terrorism:

• Role of ISI: There are documented evidence of linkage between ISI and group such
as Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), ISI have also been found involved in several terror attack
happened in India like 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, ISI is also accused of supporting
Taliban forces.
• Jihadi Organization: Pakistan have always supported terrorist group like Al-Qaeda,
Lashkar-e-Taiba (Let) and Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM), They openly host terror
camps there, train and recruit terrorists. Terrorist such as Hafiz Saeed and lakhvi
have got support of Pakistani agencies.

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• Terror funding: NIA investigating cases found that Terror funding was received
through "illegal means and Hawala channels". One of the main sources of illegal
income was carpets and dry fruits trade route, Pakistan has also been included in
the 'grey list' of FATF for its terror funding activities.
• Narcotics Trade: Custom officials in 2019 caught heroine cargo worth 2700 crore
intended to be smuggled into Kashmir, International observers have started to
describe Pakistan as a 'Narcostate'. Based on the state-sponsorship of illicit
activities conducted by ISI and the military, in 1994 a high official of Pakistan
has admitted "proposing blue print" for selling heroine to pay for country's covert
military operations.
• Illegal Arms Trade: BSF in 2020 recovered substantial cache of arms and ammunition
from Indian territory near border villages, it was dropped by Pakistani smugglers to
be retrieved by their Indian collaborators.
• Sleeper cells: Senior security official have time and again cautioned of sleeper cells
that Pakistan is importing to India, they target big cities and generally avoid lime-
light, operating isolated so they don’t get caught.
• Accusation of Islamophobia: Pakistan highlight sporadic events in India to accuse
India of Islamophobia so that it can show India in the bad light. Targeting India
in different forums and issues such as Kashmir, abrogation of Article 370 are
highlighted again and again so that it can hide crimes that it commits against India
and religious minorities in his own country.
• Naxalites have been fighting a guerrilla
• Cross-Border terrorism sponsored war against the Indian government
by Pakistan tries to weaken India since 1960’s and their primary targets
from within economically, military, have been politicians and security
politically and socially. Pakistan wants personnel.
to destabilize local communities,
foment social division, neutralize
• They inflicted heavy casualties on
police and Para-military forces.
law enforcements agents, subvert
governmental effectiveness, accentuate • Most deadly Maoist attacks include:
class differences and exploit the youths.
» Naxals, attacked and ambushed security
force personnel in Chhattisgarh's
Expressions of Terrorism in Sukma district in April, 2021.
various parts of the country » Maoist attack in insurgency-hit Sukma
district of Chhattisgarh on March 12,
Terrorism challenge posed by 2017 in which 12 CRPF jawans were
Maoists/Naxalite Movement: killed.
• A decade ago, the then India’s Prime » March, 2014 Maoist attack in
Minister Manmohan Singh identified Chhattisgarh’s Sukma district in which
Naxalism (Naxalite-Maoist insurgency) 15 security personnel, 1 civilian killed in
as the biggest threat to India’s internal Maoist ambush.
security. » May, 2009 Maoist attack in which
• Naxal violence has been spread across 16 Police personnel are attacked by
central and eastern India in the states
of Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand,
Bihar and Andhra Pradesh. The region
has been described as “Red Corridor”.

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Maoists in jungles of Maharashtra’s
Gadchiroli district.
Terrorism challenge posed by
insurgency in North East:
• Terrorism remained a persistent threat
in India’s North East and insurgencies
in north-east India have often been
described as examples of ethnic
terrorism.
• It is best understood as deliberate
violence by sub national ethnic groups
to advance their cause by resorting to
massacres and occasional bombings.
• Multiple insurgent groups remain active
in this region and the conflict dynamics
range from insurgency for secession
to insurgency for autonomy, from
sponsored terrorism to ethnic clashes,
to conflicts generated as a result of
a continuous inflow of migrants from
across the borders, as well as from the
other states of the country resulting into
large-scale violence in north eastern
region.
• At one point, more than 120 militant
groups operated in India’s northeast.
• Prominent militant groups in north east:
» Nagaland- National Socialist Council of
Nagaland (Isak-Muivah) [NSCN (I-M)],
National Socialist Council of Nagaland
(Khaplang) [NSCN (K)] have carried
out violent struggles for Nagaland’s
Independence.
» Militant outfits prominent in Assam
include United Liberation Front of
Assam (U.L.F.A.), Kamatapur Liberation
Organization (KLO), National
Democratic Front of Bodoland and
Rabha National Liberation Front
(RNLF).
» Manipur was affected by activities
of United National Liberation Front
73
(UNLF), People's Liberation Army (PLA),
Kuki National Liberation front etc.
Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir:
• Since 1980’s Kashmir had witnessed
dramatic rise in armed-rebellion
against the Indian state.
• The involvement of Pakistan in
fomenting insurgency and terrorism in
various parts of India especially Jammu
and Kashmir to undermine India’s
secular fabric is well documented.
• Other than homegrown separatist
outfits like the Jammu and Kashmir
Liberation Front (JKLF) and the Hurriyat
Conference, the major external actors
trying to unleash terror in Jammu and
Kashmir are Pakistan-based groups
including the Lashkar-e-Taiba (LET),
Jaish-e- Mohammad (JEM), Harkat-
ul-Jihad al-Islami (HUJI), Harakat-ul-
Mujahideen (HUM) among others.
• Recent Pulwama attack in 2019 is one
of the deadliest terror attacks in Jammu
and Kashmir in which 40 CRPF personnel
were martyred. Pakistan based terrorist
outfit Jaish-e-Mohammad’s (JeM) was
behind this attack.
Right-wing Terrorism:
• Violent acts unleashed by Right-
wing organizations are driven by
intense Hindu1 nationalist motivations/
Hindutva ideology.
• Extremists belonging to Hindu
fundamentalist right-wing groups have
targeted Muslim and other minority
groups across India by recruiting
unemployed, illiterate youth from Hindu
community.
• Mecca masjid bomb blast in Hyderabad,
Bodhgaya blast and Samjoutha blast,
1 Note: Terrorism has no religion. The discussion above is writ-
ten from the perspective of understanding and examination
point of view. There is no disregard to any religion.
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Malegaon blasts are some of the
prominent examples accused to have
been done by Right wing extremists.
Terrorism in state of Punjab:
• In early 1980s, Khalistan Movement
which seeks to create a separate
country called Khalistan in the Punjab
region to serve as a homeland for Sikhs
led to brutal and protracted terrorist
campaign in the state of Punjab.
• It was a violent movement in which
thousands of people were killed.
• Between 1981 and 1995 almost 21,000
people died. Operation Blue Star
prompted the assassination of Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi in October
which, in turn, triggered an anti-Sikh
communal rioting and slaughter in
Delhi and several other cities.
• Though Khalistan terror campaign
of the 1980s and early 1990s was
convincingly defeated, the Khalistan-
inspired terrorism fanned by elements
in Europe, North America and Pakistan
poses a perennial if relatively minor
challenge.
How to Control Terrorism in India?
Keeping suggestion of second ARC
commission reports in mind, following
can be considered elements of counter-
terrorism strategy
• Political Consensus: Political party
should arrive at a national consensus
on the need for a planned strategy, our
national and regional parties should
rise above sectarian and petty electoral
compulsions
• Good Governance and Socio-
Economic Development: Development
and internal security are in many ways
two sides of the same coin, often the
lack of development and the lack of
any prospects for improving one's life
74
provide fertile ground for extremist
ideologies to flourish, A large proportion
of recruits to extremist groups come from
deprived or marginalized background.
• Respect for Rule of Law: Even while
dealing with extra critical situation
caused by insurgency or terrorism
government agencies should not be
allowed to bypass laws, Rule of law
applies to each and every section of
society, If an extraordinary situation
cannot be dealt with existing law, new
laws may be enacted.
• Psychological management of
warfare: It is important to break the
Anti-India forces, it can be achieved
by managing information service and
media and consulting intelligence wing
and unto their input remaining one step
further than terrorist
• Countering the finance of terrorism:
The money involved plays a big role
in promotion of such activities, India is
member of FATF using its diplomatic
clout India can create pressure on
terrorist sponsoring states such as
Pakistan, further it can guard its vigil
against unaccounted money that gets
exchanges at its border.
• International and Regional Co-
operation: India is also leading efforts
to condemn terrorism and urge tangible
steps in the meeting of institutions
like UN, India needs to increase more
collaborative efforts with countries like
US, France etc. which are facing the
brunt of terrorism in one or another
form, cities like Mumbai have become
part of network at UN Level that will
exchange techniques and develop
infrastructure to combat extremism
and strengthen cyber security system.
• Capacity Building: Recent example of
soft diplomacy like vaccine diplomacy
(Maitryi) have showcased India as the
vaccine factory of the world, India
can further use other form of soft
diplomacies to counter effort of other
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nations like China and Pakistan, India
can also consider exporting Akash
missiles, LCA Tejas, offshore patrol
vehicles to African states that also
share a common vision.
Laws and initiatives to tackle terrorism:
• Unlawful Activities (Prevention)
(Amendment Act) 2019: Before the
amendment original Act only allowed
organizations could be declared as
unlawful. With the amendment to
the Government can now categorize
individuals as terrorists and their
properties could be seized.
• Comprehensive Convention on
International Terrorism (CCIT): It was
a proposed treaty which provided
a comprehensive global legal
framework against terrorism.
• Setting up of National Investigating
Agency(NIA): NIA is a central agency
that investigates and prosecutes
offenses affecting the sovereignty,
security and integrity of India. It acts
as the Central Counter-Terrorism Law
Enforcement Agency.
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Linkages between
Terrorism and
Organized crime
Organized crime:
• Organized crime is serious criminal
activity which is planned, well-
coordinated and conducted by
the people working collected on a
persistent basis. Their motivation is
mostly financial gain, but not always.
• Under the United Nations Convention
on Transnational Organized Crime, an
organized crime group is defined as
“a structured group of three or more
persons, existing for a period of time
and acting in concert with the aim of
committing one or more serious crimes
or offenses to directly or indirectly
obtain financial or other material
benefit”.
Organized crime activities may
include:
• Human trafficking for sexual
exploitation or forced labour
• Trafficking in drugs, cultural property
• Kidnapping for ransom
• Supply of illicit goods and weapons
• Armed robbery
• Bank robbery
• Counterfeiting and money laundering
• Smuggling of firearms and wildlife etc.
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Important facts related to organized crime

• Drug Trafficking and Drug Abuse: Survey conducted by Ministry of Social Justice
and Empowerment in 2019 showed drug use in India continues to unabated, The
Mental Health Care Act(2017) has included alcohol and drug use disorder in its
ambit. Last year a study identifies more than 1,000 drug listings selling in exchange
for crypto currencies.
• Smuggling: In the year 2019-20, 120 tonnes of gold were smuggled into India
which was about 15% to 17% of the nation's annual demand according to World
Gold Council. Previous reports have also highlighted the smuggling of machinery,
cigarettes and electronic items causing substantial damages to the revenues and
fees India would have collected.
• Money Laundering and Hawala activities: IMF as well as the World Bank estimates
that around 2-4 % of Global GDP stems from illicit sources, IMF have estimated that
money laundered generates $500 billion to $1.5 trillion a year. Different individuals
have been caught operating big Hawala rackets across India.
• Prostitution: In India there were as many as 10 million commercial sex workers
living in deplorable conditions and getting exploited at the hands of the agents,
surveys have also showed that estimated 1.2 million children are involved in the
prostitution.
• Illegal- immigration: The crime in India statistics 2018, released by NCRB shows in
2016 2,712 cases were registered under various law governing people living in India
illegally (Act such as Citizenship Act, Passport Act etc.), it fell to 1,724 cases in 2018.

Difference between Terrorism Terrorism and Organized crime

and Organized crime:
• Generally speaking, terrorist groups
are those that intentionally challenge
state authority and seek political
change through violence (or the
threat of violence) for many, including
ideological, reasons.
• For terrorist groups, mobilizing resources
is viewed as an instrument to achieve
their goals, rather than the goal itself.
• Unlike terrorist groups which generally
seek political or ideological change
organized criminal groups do not aim
to cause political change. They seek
financial or material benefits as the
ultimate goal of their activities. As
such, any state disruption is aimed to
create, expand or maintain conditions
in order to benefit their operations.
reinforcing each other:
Though these were distinctions between
the two in theory but in reality, such
differences may not be as clear, with
both activities reinforcing one another.
• Terrorists may engage either directly
or indirectly in criminal activities such
as trafficking of arms, persons, drugs
and artifacts, extortion, Kidnapping
for Ransom and the illicit trade of
natural resources and gemstones, for
financial and/or material benefits.
• Similarly organized criminal groups
may pursue political strategies and
strategically use violence to enable
and protect their illicit businesses,
at times keeping state institutions at
bay and in others co-opting the state
through corruption and patronage
networks.

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Linkages between Terrorism and
Organised Crime:
• Terrorists and insurgents increasingly
are turning to Organized crime to
generate funding and acquire logistical
support to carry out their violent acts.
Terrorism and Drug Trafficking:
• Due to enormous profits associated
with drug trafficking, terrorists around
the world and in every region appear to
be increasing their involvement in the
trafficking of illegal drugs, primarily as
a source of financing for their terrorist
operations.
• For examples: Taliban and Drug
trafficking:
» In Afghanistan, the country which
was most affected by terrorism much
of the poppy growing takes place in
areas controlled by the Taliban and is
believed to be an important source of
income for Taliban.
» Estimates of the Taliban's annual
share of the illicit drug economy range
from $100m-$400m. The Taliban’s
association with the opium economy
also indicates a correlation between
the trade in illicit drugs as a criminal
activity and terrorism.
• Another terrorist organization Boko
Haram was reported to be facilitating
heroin and cocaine smuggling across
West Africa.
Terrorism and human trafficking:
• Human trafficking activities constitute
a key element in the terrorist strategy
to subjugate and control vulnerable
populations, advance ideology and
bolster recruitment.
• At the same time it is an opportunistic
source of profit.
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• UNSC resolutions 2311 and 2388 note
that human trafficking has been used
as an instrument to increase terrorist
finances.
• For example, the systematic sale of
Yazidi women by ISIL fighters, represents
the most significant known instance of
the use of sexual slavery to generate
revenue.
Terrorism and Kidnapping for
ransom:
• Kidnapping for ransoms by terrorist
groups is one of the sources of income
which supports their recruitment
efforts, strengthens their operational
capability to organize and carry out
terrorist attacks.
• For example:
» Al Qaeda-associated and other Islamist
extremist groups worldwide have
collected tens of millions of dollars in
ransoms.
» Boko Haram is well known to raise funds
thought mass kidnapping of foreigners
and civilians for ransom. According to
reports, Boko Haram has a specialized
kidnapping task force that sets out to
abduct politicians, business people,
foreigners, rulers and civil servants with
the intention of later trading them back
for large sums of money or for the return
of other Boko Haram militants.
» The terrorist organization Abu Sayyaf
(ASG) has used kidnapping for ransom
as a tactic to fund its activities in the
Philippines.
Linkages between Terrorism
and Organized crime in Indian
context:
Terrorism and Organized crime in
North Eastern India:
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• The links between organized crime and
terrorism are particularly rampant in
India’s Northeastern states
• Insurgent groups in North East are using
methods like extortion, kidnapping, drug
trafficking,arms and human smuggling
for spreading terror and carry out their
insurgent activities.
• In Northeast India, extortion is the
fundamental source of funding forall
types of terrorism. Additionally,
kidnapping has been used extensively
for spreading terror and raising funds.
Human trafficking, drug trafficking
and gun running are some of the other
criminal activities that have been
common in these areas.
• For Example: North eastern Insurgent
groups such as United Liberation Front
of Asom (ULFA) has over the years
collected vast amounts of money from
tea gardens and oil companies in
Assam to fund their operations.
Terrorism in Red corridor and
organized crime:
• Naxalites in order to carry out their
operations have been mobilizing
financial resources through various
criminal activities such as extortion,
running parallel governments, collecting
taxes from contractors, people in rural
areas, poppy cultivation, robbery
and dacoity, smuggling small arms,
homemade explosives and landmines.
• Money extorted through levy from
private contractors and big corporations
doing business in Maoist areas is the
major source of income for Maoists.
Crime-Terrorism nexus in Jammu
and Kashmir:
• Homegrown separatist units like Jammu
and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF),
Hurriyat Conference and Pakistan-
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based groups including the Lashkar-
e-Taiba (LET), Jaish-e- Mohammad
(JEM), Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami (HUJI),
Harakat-ul-Mujahideen (HUM) carrying
out terror activities in Jammu and
Kashmir.
Funding for these organizations mainly
raised through Hawala System, Money
Laundering, drug trafficking, Counterfeit
currency.
How to control organized crimes
• Prosecuting persons involved in
organized crime: Criminals move
fast from one part of the globe to
another to avoid prosecution, Nations
need to accept some common minimum
definitions and help each other in the
extraditions of criminals.
• Breaking Criminal, Political and
Bureaucratic nexus: These criminals
have developed extensive network of
contact with politician and Bureaucrats,
this nexus have to be broken for this
more transparency is needed in both
our political and administrative system.
• Laws on gangsters: There is
no central legislation to suppress
gang activity having country wide
applicability, for example if state of Uttar
Pradesh has defined gangster through
a legislation then that definition will be
applicable in that state only, we need to
devise a common law to prevent crime
committed by these gangsters.
• Strengthening criminal
intelligence sharing: Countries need
to enhance collaboration so that they
can share inputs regarding different
criminals and their crimes also it will
facilitate transnational collaboration.
• Preventing Maritime crimes:
India provided critical sea routes that
connect middle east, Africa and south
Asia, A lot of criminal operates in and
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around boundaries of India engaging
in narcotics, trafficking, terror funding
and other crimes, India need to devise
a mechanism to control these crimes.
• Preventing Cybercrimes:
Cybercrimes are often transnational
in character, inconsistency of laws
and regulations across country
borders, make difficult for countries
to cooperate cybercrimes, India has
devised mechanism such as Indian
cybercrime coordination centre (i4c) to
deal with such type of crimes.
• Preventing crimes related to
wildlife: Wild flora and fauna are main
constituent of ecological diversity that
India often boasts of, India has enacted
several acts like Wildlife protection act,
1972 and have given protection. Further
countries have agreed on mechanism
such as CITES to prevent trafficking of
wildlife.
Laws to tackle organized crime
in India:
• Provision in the Indian Penal Code: Sec.
120-A of the Indian Penal Code defines
criminal conspiracy, besides section-120
B provides for punishment for criminal
conspiracy.
• Laws on Dacoity: Section 391 of the
Indian Penal Code (IPC) has defined
dacoity and made it punishable.
• Law on cybercrime: Information
Technology Act 2008 while not giving
a definition of cyber-crime defines a
computer, computer network, data,
information and all other necessary
ingredients that form part of a cyber-
crime.
• Crime related to wildlife: India has
passed law on wildlife to prevent traffic
of wild fauna and flora.
• There are several other statues which
deals with specific facets of organized
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crimes, some of them are:
» Psychotropic Substance Act, 1884;
» Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956;
» Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973;
» The Public gambling Act, 1867;
» Customs Act, 1962;
UN Resolution 2482
In 2019, UN Security Council expressed
concern over the links between international
terrorism organized crime and unanimously
adopted the Resolution 2482. The Resolution
2482 emphasis on the following measures:
• Ratifying relevant legal instruments,
including the global counter-terrorism
instruments, the Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime and the
international drug control conventions.
• Strengthening border security
and increasing the international
coordination in same. For example,
by collecting and analysing API/PNR
passenger data.
• Fighting money-laundering, terrorist
financing and corruption by firming up
Financial Intelligence Units, following
relevant United Nations instruments
and resolutions and Financial Action
Task Force (FATF) recommendations,
as well as building public-private
partnerships.
• Implementing comprehensive
responses to drug demand and illicit
drug trafficking.
• Reducing poverty in border areas and
improving prison management, to
prevent radicalization to violence and
recidivism.
• Developing strategies incorporating
whole-of-society approaches to
prevent and counter violent extremism.
• These can facilitate the legislative,
policy and operational responses.
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Hot Pursuit and Surgical Strike:

• The term "hot pursuit" derives from the law of the seas against vessels engaged in
piracy or smuggling. There is no international law governing ‘hot pursuit’ over land.
• Nations have used the term "hot pursuit" as a "threat" when a country fails to act
against elements of threat on its own territory or is incapable of dealing with them.
• India has carried out many hot pursuits in the last few years. All have been
undertaken with some understanding with the host country whether they openly
agree or not. Ex: Action taken against armed groups in Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan
and Bangladesh.
• Another international example is the operation by the USA to assassinate Osama
Bin Laden in Pakistan.
• A surgical strike is a military assault designed to inflict damage on a specific target
while causing little to no collateral damage to the surrounding area. Ex: Recently,
India had carried out surgical strikes targeting “launch pads” for terrorists across
the LoC.
• For this form of action to be successful, the government, intelligence services and
security forces must work closely together.
• A common feature in both hot pursuit and surgical strikes is a ‘element of surprise"
for the targeted area or danger group.

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CHAPTER - 8

CYBER SECURITY

Personal Data and from illegally downloading music files

to stealing money from online bank

Data Protection accounts.

• Cybercrimes involve non-monetary
• Broadly, data can be categorized into offenses as well.
two types: • It can comprise frauds like job related
frauds, defamation of an individual
» Personal Data on social media; matrimonial frauds;
stealing and misusing sensitive personal
− Personal data refers to
data (Aadhaar details, credit/debit card
characteristics, traits or attributes
details, bank account credentials, etc.)
of identity, which can be utilized to
and distribution of computer viruses
identify an individual.
etc.
» Non-personal data • India ranks 3rd in terms of the highest
number of Internet customers in the
− Non-personal data includes world after USA and China. The number
aggregated data through which has increased 6-fold between 2012-2017
individuals cannot be identified. with a compound annual growth rate of
around 44%.
• E.g. while an individual’s own location
would constitute personal data; • India secures a spot among the top 10
information derived from multiple spam-sending nations in the world.
drivers’ location, which is often used • India was ranked among the top five
to analyze traffic flow, is non-personal nations to be affected by various
data. cybercrime activities, according to a
• Data protection is related to policies report released in October 2020 by
and procedures seeking to minimize online security firm” SymantecCorp”
intrusion into the privacy of an individual
caused by collection and usage of their
personal data. Types of Cybercrime
• We will discuss following common
Cybercrime categories of cybercrimes prevalent
today:
• They are offences that may be
committed against individuals,
companies or institutions by using
internet, computers or mobile
technology.
• A cybercrime is a crime consisting
of computers and networks. This I m a g e 8.1: T y p e s of Cybercrimes
comprises a broad range of activities,

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Identity Theft
• It is the act of wrongfully acquiring
someone’s personal information (that
defines one’s identity) without their
consent.
• The personal information may consist
of their name,address, bank account
number, phone number, Aadhaar
number or debit/credit card number
etc.
Psychological Tricks
• Psychological tricks are where attackers
play with the minds of the user to trap
them with lucrative offers.
• Once trapped, the attackers can exploit
the victim by either stealing money or
stealing sensitive personal information
(name, Aadhaar details, bank account
details etc.) or harm the victim in any
other way.
• The entire basis of this kind of attack is
to make the victim fall into their trap by
sending fake emails, calls or SMSs.
Social Media Frauds
• Social Media has developed as an
essential and integral part of our
lives. However, this poses a threat to
an individual as unwanted access to
social media profile can cause loss of
information, defamation or even worse
consequences such as physical/sexual
assault, robbery etc.
Cyber Stalking
• It is a crime in which the attacker
harasses a victim using electronic
communication, such as e-mail, instant
messaging (IM), messages posted on a
website or a discussion group.
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• A cyber stalker relies upon the fact that
his/her true identity is not known in the
digital world.
Cyber Bullying
• Cyber bullying is bullying that takes
place over digital devices.
• Cyber bullying can occur through SMS,
social media, forums or gaming apps
where people can view, participate or
share content.
• Cyber bullying includes sending,
posting or sharing negative, harmful,
false content about someone else.
• The intention is to cause embarrassment
or humiliation.
Mobile Applications Fraud
• With the increase in the use of smart
phones and the consequent rise in the
use of mobile applications, associated
security risks have also increased.
• Fraudsters use this to attack the victim
by infiltrating through such popular
mobile applications.
• They infect the applications with
malicious software, called Trojan.
• This Trojan can get access to your
messages, OTP, camera, contacts,
e-mails, photos etc. for malicious
activities.
Online Banking Frauds
• As the banking services are shifting
towards online platforms, cyber frauds
related to banking are also increasing.
• Examples of online banking fraud are
Digital Payments Applications related
attacks, Hacking of Bank Account due
to Weak Password etc.
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Virus Attack on Personal
Computers/Laptops
• Personal Computers or laptops play
a very important role in our lives. We
store our crucial information such as
bank account numbers etc.
• Therefore, protection of all this data is
highly essential.
• Examples on how our personal
computer can get affected by viruses
are Virus Attack through external
devices, Virus Attack by downloading
files from untrusted websites, Virus
Attack by installation of malicious
software etc.
Cyber Terrorism
• It is associated with the convergence
of terrorism and cyberspace. It implies
to unauthorized attacks and threats
of attacks against computer systems,
networks and the information stored
therein when performed to frighten or
coerce a government or its people in
furtherance of political or social intentions.
Further, to qualify as cyberterrorism
activity, an attack should result in violence
against individuals or property or at least
cause enough damage to generate fear.
Attacks that lead to explosions, injury or
death or severe economic damage would
be examples. Serious attacks against
crucial infrastructures could be acts
of cyberterrorism, depending on their
impact.
• It is important to differentiate between
cyberterrorism and “hacktivism,” a
term coined by scholars to explain
the marriage of hacking with political
activism. (“Hacking” is here understood
to mean activities conducted online and
covertly that seek to reveal, manipulate
or otherwise exploit vulnerabilities in
computer operating systems and other
software. Unlike hacktivists, hackers tend
not to have political agendas.) Hacktivists
have four main weapons at their disposal:
virtual blockades; e-mail attacks; hacking
and computer break-ins; and computer
viruses and worms.
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Attack on Kundakulum Power Plant
• The Nuclear Power Corporation of
India (NPCIL) admitted to a malware
attack on one of the computers in
Kudankulam nuclear power plant,
Tamil Nadu in September,2019.
• The detection of malicious or
malware software in NPCIL’s system,
responsible for operating India’s
nuclear reactors, comes against the
backdrop of India’s power sector
facing cyber attacks, with at least 30
events reported daily.
• The malware named Dtrack was used
to attack NPCIL.
• The variant of Dtrack that attacked
this power planet included hard
coded credentials for KNPP’s internal
network, suggesting that it was a
targeted attack.
• The malware was associated to the
North Korea based Lazarus Group.
Note: Malware, short for malicious
software, is a blanket term for viruses,
worms, trojans and other harmful
computer programs hackers use to wreak
destruction and gain access to sensitive
information.
Role of media and social networking
in Internal security and cyber
security related challenges
• In today's information age and a world
of social media and smartphones,
everything and any information is
traceable and is available with just a
single click. Thus, the biggest challenge
any nation faces is internal security
of the nation especially in disturbed
regions of South Asia like India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
• Theissues of terrorism/militancy,
communal divide, ethnic tensions
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organized crimes, cyber crimes, religious
fundamentalism, illegal immigration,
coastal security, narcotics trade etc. are
intense and becoming more vulnerable
with the misuse of media platforms like
Facebook, twitter, Instagram, YouTube,
Pinterest etc.
• With the flooding of smartphones in
almost every hand, with a social media
account of almost every literate person,
a country like India struggling a lot to
make these foreign platforms to fall in
line with Indian law. We have seen this
many a times in almost all the issues
of India or the world where anyone
can voice their thought freely using
freedom of speech and expression.
Taking example of India, in recent
case of CAA - NRC protest or ongoing
Farmers protest we have seen the
power of these platforms and how they
compel the government to bow down
or negotiate with them.
• Through the use of social media
available information fraudsters take
excellent opportunity to deceive people
on pretext of making them wealthy.
• Thus, social media has become a platform
for coordination to bring revolution,
fanning tensions, coordinating plan
of attacks, communication with cells
or hate campaigns or messages that
hurt sentiments of people. It is a lethal
and populace weapon against enemy
using the information as an element of
soft power within the context of grand
strategy.
Cyber Security
• Computer security is the protection of
computer networks and systems from
the theft or damage to their hardware,
software or electronic data, as well as
from the disruption or misdirection of
the services.
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• Cyber security's core function is to
protect the devices like smartphones,
laptops, tablets, computers etc. and the
services from theft or damage.
• Cyber security is important because
electronic devices like smartphones,
computers and the Internet are
becoming a fundamental part of life.
It is thus more important than ever
to stake steps that can prevent cyber
criminals getting hold of our accounts,
data and services.
Standing Committee
on Information
Technology
• The Standing Committee on Information
Technology under Chairperson of Rao
Inderjit Singh submitted its report on
Cyber Crime, Cyber Security and Right
to Privacy on February 12, 2014.
• Key suggestions of the Committee
pertained to:
» Establishment of protection centre:
− This Committee noted the existence
of 20 categories of cyber-crimes,
worldwide.
− With India among the top five
nations with respect to cyber-
crimes, an increasing need to
protect its 11 crucial sectors (atomic
energy, space, aviation, power and
transportation, etc.), is arising.
− The Committee also suggested
establishing a National Critical
Information Infrastructure
Protection Centre.
» Institutions to deal with cyber-crime:
− The Committee suggested the
establishment of a single, centralized
body to deal with various cyber-
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crime.
− The existing setup involves
overlapping responsibilities of
numerous agencies, departments
and banks.
− Cyber-crime cells should be created
in each state, district and block,
linked to a centralized system.
» International Standards Organization
certification:
− This Committee recognized that
government organizations should
obtain the appropriate certification
for best practices with respect to
information security.
» Shortage of manpower:
− Indicating the inadequacy of
current initiatives, it recommended
conducting extensive training
programmes to overcome shortage
of security auditors and experts and
skilled Information Technology (IT)
people in the country.
» Funding for research and development:
− The Committee also emphasized
the necessity for innovative research
and development to enhance
security of cyberspace.
− Committee expressed concern
over budgetary cuts in the sector
as large funds are required for
the development of key, strategic
technologies.
National Cyber
Security Policy -2013 Data Protection
• National Cyber Security Policy 2013 Framework
serves as an umbrella framework for
defining and guiding the actions related
to security of cyberspace.
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• Mission
» To safeguard information in cyber
space, develop capabilities to prevent
and respond to various cyber threats,
reduce vulnerabilities and minimize
damage from cyber incidents through a
combination of institutional structures,
people, processes, technology and
cooperation.
• Objectives
» To establish a secure cyber ecosystem
in the country, generate adequate
confidence and trust in IT systems and
transactions in cyberspace and by this
means enhance adoption of IT in each
sectors of the economy.
» To improve the Regulatory framework
for ensuring a Secure Cyberspace
ecosystem.
» To improve the protection and resilience
of Nation’s critical information
infrastructure by functioning a
24x7 National Critical Information
Infrastructure Protection Centre
(NCIIPC) and mandating security
practices related to the design,
acquisition, development, use and
operation of information resources.
» To build a workforce of 500,000
professionals skilled in cyber security
in the next 5 years with the help of
capacity building, skill development
and training.
» To enhance global collaboration by
promoting shared understanding and
leveraging relationships for furthering
the cause of security of cyberspace.
» The Commission of Experts on a Data
Protection Framework for India under
Chairman Justice B. N. Srikrishna was
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constituted in August, 2017 to examine
issues related to data protection,
recommend methods to address them
and draft a data protection Bill.
• Recommendation of Committee are as
follows:
» Fiduciary relationship:
− The Committee noticed that the
regulatory framework has to balance
the interests of the individual with
regard to his personal data and
the interests of the entity such as a
service provider who has access to
this data.
» Responsibilities of fiduciaries:
− To prevent misuse of power by
service providers, the law should
establish their basic obligations,
comprising:
(i) The obligation to process data
reasonably and fairly
(ii) The obligation to give notice
to the individual at the time of
collecting data to different points in
the interim.
» Definition of personal data:
− The Committee noted that it is
important to define what constitutes
personal information.
− It defined personal data to include
data from which an individual may
be identified or identifiable, either
directly or indirectly.
» Consent-based processing:
− The Committee noted that consent
must be treated as a precondition
for processing personal data.
− Such consent should be informed or
meaningful.
» Participation rights:
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− The rights of the individual are based
on the principles of autonomy, self-
determination, transparency and
accountability to give individuals
control over their data.
» Enforcement models:
− The Committee also recommended
setting up a regulator to enforce the
regulatory framework.
− The Authority will have the power
to inquire into any violations of the
data protection regime and can take
action against any data fiduciary
responsible for the same.
The Personal Data
Protection Bill, 2019
• This was introduced in Lok Sabha by the
Minister of Electronics and Information
Technology on December 11, 2019.
• It seeks to provide for protection of
personal data of individuals and set
up a Data Protection Authority for the
same.
• Applicability:
» The Provision of Bill governs the
managing of personal data by:
− Government,
− Companies incorporated in India
− Foreign companies or organizations
dealing with personal data of
individuals in India.
» The Bill classifies some personal data
as sensitive personal data.
» This consist of financial data, biometric
data, caste, religious or political beliefs
or any other category of data specified
by the government, in consultation
with the Authority and the concerned
sectoral regulator.
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• Rights of the individual: − To respond to a medical emergency.

» The Bill sets out particular rights of the
individual (or data principal).
» These consist of the right to:
− Obtain confirmation from the
fiduciary on whether their private or
personal data has been processed,
− Ask for correction of incomplete,
inaccurate or out-of-date personal
data,
− Have personal data transmitted to
any other data fiduciary in certain
situations,
− Restrict persistent disclosure of their
personal data by a fiduciary
• Data Protection Authority:
» The Bill provides for the establishment
of Data Protection Authority which
may:
− Take steps to protect interests of
individuals,
− Prevent misuse of personal data and
− Ensure fulfillment and compliance
with the Bill.
» It will comprise of a chairperson and six
other members, with at least 10 years’
expertise in the field of data protection
and information technology.

• Certain grounds for processing • Transfer of data outside India:

personal data:
» Some provision of the bill allows
processing of data by fiduciaries only if
permission is given by the individual.
» But, in some particular circumstances,
personal data can be processed without
consent. These consist of:
− If required by the State for delivering
some benefits to the individual,
− Legal proceedings,
» Sensitive personal data may be
transferred outside India for processing
if explicitly consented to by the
individual and subject to certain
additional conditions.
» However, such sensitive personal data
should continue to be stored in India.
» Certain personal data notified as critical
personal data by the government can
only be processed in India.

Cyber Surakshit Bharat

• Cyber Surakshit Bharat initiative was introduced by Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology (MeitY), in association with Nationale-Governance Division
(NeGD) and industry partners.
• The important purpose of the program would be to circulate awareness, build
capacity as well as enable the government department on steps that need to be
taken to create a Cyber Resilient IT setup.
• The intention of this initiative is to educate and enable the Chief Information Security
Officer (CISO) and border IT community to address the challenges of cyber security.
» C reate awareness on the emerging landscape of cyber threats.
» Provide in-depth understanding on key activities, new initiatives, challenges and
related solutions.
» Applicable frameworks, guidelines and policies related to the subject.

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» S hare best practices to learn from success and failures.

» Provide key input to take informed decisions on Cyber Security related issues in
their respective functional areas.

Cyber Swachhta Kendra (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre)

• It is a segment of the Government of India's Digital India initiative under the Ministry
of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) to make a secure cyberspace
by identifying botnet infections in India and to notify, enable cleaning and securing
systems of end users so as to avoid further infections.
• The " Cyber Swachhta Kendra " (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre) is
set up in accordance with the objectives of the "National Cyber Security Policy",
which envisages creating a secure cyber ecosystem in the country.
• This centre works in close collaboration and coordination Internet Service Providers
and Product/Antivirus companies.
• This website gives information and tools to different users to secure their systems/
devices.
• The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) operates this centre.

CERT-In » Analysis, collection,and dissemination

• CERT-In is a functional organization
of the Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology, Government
of India, with the objective of securing
Indian cyber space.
• CERT-In has been operational since
January 2004.
• CERT-In provides Incident Prevention
and Response services as well as
Security Quality Management Services.
• The Information Technology Act,
2000 designated CERT-In to operate
as the national agency to perform the
following functions related to cyber
security:
of information on various cyber
incidents
» Prediction and alerts of cyber security
incidents
» Emergency measures for handling
different cyber security incidents
» Coordination and cooperation of cyber
incident response activities
» Issue guidelines, vulnerability notes,
advisories,and white papers with respect
to information security procedures,
prevention, practices, response and
reporting of cyber incidents
» Such other tasks relating to cyber
security as may be prescribed

National Critical Infrastructure

• Critical infrastructure is the body of systems, networks and assets that are so essential
that their continued operation is required to ensure the security of a given nation, its
economy and the public’s health and/or safety. Generally, critical infrastructure is
similar in all nations due to the basic requirements of life, the infrastructure deemed
critical can vary according to a nation’s needs, resources and development level.
• Information Infrastructure assisting the operations of Critical Infrastructure (CI)

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marks it as Critical Information Infrastructure (CII). The Networks associated

with these infrastructures monitor /operate and control vital Governmental and
Societal functions and services including, but not limited to, Telecommunication
(Internet/mobile/landline etc.), Power (distribution /generation/transmission etc.),
Transportation (land/air/sea etc.) and Defence etc. These CII are gradually more
dependent on their information infrastructure for information management,
communication and control functions.
• Protection and security of Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) is of utmost
concern to governments worldwide. To tackle this threat, the Government of India
has notified the ‘National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre’
(NCIIPC) as the nodal agency vide Gazette of India notification on 16th January
2014.

National Critical Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC)

• It is an organisation of the Government of India established under Sec 70A of the
Information Technology Act, 2000 (amended 2008), through a gazette notification
on 16th Jan 2014 based in New Delhi, India. It is designated as the National Nodal
Agency in respect of Critical Information Infrastructure Protection.
• It aims to take all necessary measures to facilitate protection of Critical Information
Infrastructure, from unauthorized access, modification, use, disclosure, disruption,
incapacitation or distraction through coherent coordination, synergy and raising
information security awareness among all stakeholders.

Laboratory (NCFL) for effectively

Cyber Crime tackling the cybercrimes by supporting
scientific investigation, analysis and
Prevention for reporting.

Women and » Assist States/ UTs in capacity building

Children (CCPWC)
• The Home Ministry has formulated
Cyber Crime Prevention for Women
and Children (CCPWC) Scheme and it
is under implementation.
• The objectives of the CCPWC scheme
are listed below:
» To act as nodal point of contact in
the fight against cybercrime against
women and children
» To establish an open platform for
complainants as well as victims
especially women and children to
register cybercrime complaints
» To setup a National Cyber Forensic
of police officers, public prosecutors
and judicial officers with focus on
women officers in the areas of cyber
security, cyber forensics, cyber hygiene,
criminology etc.
» Spreading awareness amongst public
about preventing cybercrime in general
and against women and children, in
particular
• Key Components of the CCPWC
Scheme are
» Online Cybercrime Reporting Portal
» Forensic Laboratory
» Capacity Building
» Research and Development
» Awareness

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Cybercrime
Reporting Portal
• Cyber-crime Reporting Portal was
launched on 20th September 2018
to provide a centralized platform to
enable citizens to report online content
pertaining to Child Pornography (CP)/
Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) or
sexually explicit content such as Rape/
Gang Rape (CP/RGR).
• Complaints reported on this portal are
dealt by respective police authorities
of States/ UTs based on the information
furnished by the complainants and
after collecting connected evidence.
• National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB)
has been entrusted with the task of
operations and maintenance of the
Cybercrime Reporting Portal.
National Cyber
Forensic Laboratory
(NCFL)
• It is a part of the Union Home Ministry’s
Indian Cyber Crime Coordination
Centre (I4C).
• It aims to proactively address cyber
threats in coordination with other
law-enforcement agencies, national
& international cybersecurity
organisations etc.
• Under the project, Cyber-crime
Protection against Women and
Children (CCPWC) under Nirbhaya
Fund Scheme.
• MHA has approved setting up of a
National Cyber Forensic Laboratory
at CFSL Hyderabad with an outlay of
₹37.34 crore.
• Establishment of this laboratory will
provide the necessary forensic support
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in cases of investigation against cyber
crime, especially against women and
children.
• This laboratory will act as a Model
Laboratory for other Central and State
Forensic Science Laboratories in the
country.
Indian Cyber Crime
Coordination Centre
(I4C)
• MHA has approved ‘Indian Cyber Crime
Coordination Centre (I4C)’ scheme at
an estimated cost of ₹415.86 crore to
be implemented by 31st March, 2020.
• The scheme aims at providing a
platform to deal with cyber crime in
a coordinated and comprehensive
manner.
• I4C is envisaged to perform the
following:
» To act as a nodal point to deal with
cyber crimes in a coordinated and
comprehensive manner.
» To act as an early warning system for
law enforcement agencies for detection
and prevention of cyber crimes.
» Suggest amendments, if required,
in cyber laws to keep pace with
fast changing technologies and
International cooperation.
National Cyber
Security Strategy
2020
• The Government is set to come up with
National Cyber Security Strategy 2020
for ensuring a safe, secured, trusted and
resilient cyber space.
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• India’s digital economy is expanding 2017–18 and this is expected to increase

rapidly and technology adoption is in to around 8%-10% of our GDP by 2025.
every facet of human intervention. In • With rapid digitization comes the
accordance to the report by McKinsey questions of the risks posed by various
Global Institute, India is the second- technology. The most recent attacks
fastest digital adopter amongst 17 most targeted our critical infrastructure
digital economies across the world. sectors – nuclear plant and space
India’s core digital sectors accounted agency and these attacks have exposed
for around $170 billion-or 7% of GDP in India’s preparedness in Cybersecurity.

Facets of National Cyber Security

Secure Synergize Strengthen

[The National Cyber Space] [Resources including [Structures, People, Processes,
Cooperation & Collaboration] Capabilities]

Large scale Digitization of Internet Infrastructure Structures, Character

Public Services Institutions, & Governance
Standards Development
Supply chain security Budget Allocation
Cyber Insurance
Critical Information Research, Innovation &
Brand India
Infrastructure protection Technology Development
Cyber Diplomacy
Digital Payment Security Capability & Skill Building
Cyber Crime Investigation
Sectoral Preparedness Audit & Assurance
State Level Cyber Security Incident/Crisis Management
SMB Preparedness Date Security & Governance
Advanced Technology [5G,
wireless cloud, mobility , IoT, AI/ Ml, robotics,
AR/VR, HPC & Quantum Compating,
Hardware / semicondactor, DLT, UAV, SDI &
material science]

I m a g e 8.2: F a c e t s of N at i o n a l C y b e r S e c u r i t y

• Therefore, this National Cyber Security Important suggestions and way

Strategy 2020 is needed to devise
a cyber-readiness roadmap for forward
organizations and the government for Gulshan Rai Committee (formed in
cyber-readiness as India doesn’t have 2014 by NDA) recommendations:
the ‘active cyber defense’ like the EU’s
General Data Protection Regulation or • Establish a new Indian Cyber Crime
USA’s Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use Coordination centre linked with
of Data (CLOUD) Act. NATGRID and CCTNS
• Devise an advance application for
Social Media Analytics to monitor social
media platforms.
• Reduce Government’s dependence
on foreign servers and ensure one

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dedicated secure gateway for all
government communication.
• Separate agency for online cyber-crime
registration, monitoring and integration
of CCTNS data with the same.
• Amend the Evidence act to suit the
current requirements and prosecute the
cybercrimes.
• Sensitise the states by setting up cyber
forensic laboratories in states
Satyamev Jayate Project in Kerala
• The Kerala Government announced
a digital media literacy programme
known as ‘Satyameva Jayate’ (Truth
alone triumphs).
• The programme would be taught at
colleges and schools, which would be
encouraged to create curriculum on
digital media literacy.
• Internet penetration is much higher in
Kerala as compare to any other state.
Large number of people are now
depending upon social media for news
updates. The chances for the spread
of lies and wrong information through
social media, which do not have any
editorial supervision, has widened.
Hence, to distinguish between truth
and untruth the project is announced.
• The Satyameva Jayate programme
would cover five points — what is
wrong information; why they are
spreading fast; what precautions
have to be adopted while using the
content of social media; how those
who spread fake news make profit;
and what steps can be initiated by
citizens.
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Budapest Convention on Cybercrime:
• Budapest Convention is an
international agreement that seeks
to address Internet and computer
crime (cybercrime) by harmonizing
national laws, improving investigative
techniques and increasing
cooperation among countries across
the world.
• It came into force on 1 July 2004. India
is not a signatory to this convention.
Some of the other important
suggestions are:
• State cybersecurity framework to
support strategy and implementation
mechanisms to prevent digital
impersonation and identity theft and
the security incidents
• Government shall take appropriate
measures for enhancing awareness of
citizens and small business related to
cybersecurity
• Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) for
predicting and accurately identifying
attacks.
• Encouraging PPP Model for
Cybersecurity. This is important as the
private sector is an equally important
partner in providing critical information
infrastructure.
• Establishment of the State CERT to
operate in conjunction I-CERT and
coordinate with NCIIPC.
• Cybersecurity drills shall be conducted
out under the guidance of I-CERT. India
must plan to leverage offensive and
defensive cyber capabilities, by getting
serious about cybersecurity. There
must not be piecemeal approach: The
security of a billion hand-held devices is
of equal strategic value to the country’s
nuclear assets.
• Framework of assurance shall be
established to provide guidance on
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security certifications, qualification
criteria and prescribe security audits of
government ICT systems, projects and
applications
Money Laundering
• Money Laundering is associated with
illegal process of concealing the source
or origin of money obtained illegally by
passing it through complex sequence
of transactions.
• It is a dynamic process that involves:
» Placement, moving the funds from
direct association with the crime;
» Layering, disguising the trail to foil
pursuit;
» Integration, making the money
available to the criminal, once again,
with its occupational and geographic
origins hidden from view.
I m a g e 8.3: M o n e y L a u n d e r in g
• In response to growing concern over
money laundering, the Financial Action
Task Force on money laundering
(FATF) was set up by the G-7 Summit
in Paris in 1989 to create a coordinated
international response.
Negative impact of Money
Laundering
• Globally Money Laundering is creating
lots of trouble as its leading to many
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criminal acts like Illegal Arms sales,
prostitution rings, smuggling, drugs
trafficking organized crimes, insider
trading and many other crimes,
funding terrorist organisations that
poses a serious threat to economic
growth. It damages the financial sector
institutions leading to slow economic
growth. It's a problem not only of
world's major financial markets but also
of emerging markets.
• It will also have an impact on money
demand and will impact the monetary
policy negatively leading to failure of
central bank policy. It will also create
adverse impact on foreign investor
as price instability caused by black
money in the financial system will
affect the credibility of the economy
in the external environment. Rational
entrepreneur will find it inconvenient to
invest in country, leading to a long-time
sustainable growth decline.
• It will also have adverse impact
on income distribution, financial
institutions, tax revenues etc. Criminals
are targeting emerging economies as
they have a weaker system and the
government lacks fund to prevent this.
The Prevention of
Money Laundering
Act (PMLA), 2002
• This law was enacted in January2003.
• The PMLA along with the Rules framed
there under have come into force with
effect from 1st July 2005.
• Section 3 of PMLA defines offence of
money laundering as whosoever directly
or indirectly attempts to indulge or
knowingly assists or knowingly is a party
or is actually involved in any process or
activity connected with the proceeds
of crime and projecting it as untainted
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property shall be guilty of offence of
money-laundering.
• This Act seeks to prevent money
laundering in India and it has three
major objectives:
» To prevent and control money
laundering.
» To confiscate and seize the property
obtained from the laundered money.
» To deal with any other issue connected
with money laundering in India.
» The Act also proposes punishment
under section 4.
• The provision of the Act empowers
certain officers of the Directorate of
Enforcement to carry out investigations
in cases involving offence of money
laundering and also to attach the
property involved in money laundering.
• This Act envisages setting up of an
Adjudicating Authority to exercise
jurisdiction, power and authority
conferred by it essentially to confirm
attachment or order confiscation of
attached properties.
• It also envisages setting up of an
Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals
against the order of the Adjudicating
Authority and the authorities like
Director FIU-IND.
Institutional
Framework for
Preventing Money
Laundering
• Powers of investigation and prosecution
for offenses under the Act have been
conferred on the Director, Enforcement
Directorate.
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• ED (Enforcement Directorate)
» The Directorate of Enforcement was
created in the year 1956 with its
Headquarters at New Delhi.
» It is responsible for implementation of
the Foreign Exchange Management
Act, 1999 (FEMA) and some provisions
under the Prevention of Money
Laundering Act, 2002.
» Work relating to investigation and
prosecution of cases under the PML
has been entrusted to the Enforcement
Directorate.
» It is under the administrative control
of the Department of Revenue for
operational purposes.
» The policy aspects of the FEMA, its
amendments and its legislation are
within the purview of the Department
of Economic Affairs.
» Functions:
− To scrutinize suspected violations
of the provisions of the FEMA, 1999
with respect to various activities
like “Hawala” foreign exchange
racketeering, non-realization of
export proceeds, non-repatriation
of foreign exchange and other forms
of violations under FEMA, 1999.
− To collect, develop and disseminate
intelligence relating to violations
of FEMA, 1999, the intelligence
inputs are received from various
sources such as Central and State
Intelligence agencies, complaints
etc.
− To provide and seek mutual legal
assistance to/from contracting
states in respect of attachment/
confiscation of proceeds of crime
as well as in respect of transfer of
accused persons under PMLA.
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• Recently, Government made the
Prevention of Money Laundering
Act, 2002 law stricter via a recent
amendment made to the Act
through the Finance Act of 2019. The
Prevention of Money Laundering Act
of 2002 (PMLA) came into force on
July 1, 2005. The Act was amended in
2005, 2009, 2012 and most recently in
2019 through which made anti-money
laundering law stricter.
• In July 2019, the government widened
the definition of ‘proceeds of crime’
in the form of amendments to the
Finance Bill, 2019.
• The ramification of the definition
was two-fold. First, the ED could now
prosecute persons or entities, even if
the ‘proceeds of crime’ were not under
the PMLA. This meant ‘proceeds of
crime’ were no more a standalone
crime under the PMLA and assets
created through any criminal activity
were treated as ‘proceeds of crime’.
• Financial Intelligence Unit - India (FIU-
IND)
» FIU-IND was set by the Indian
government in 2004 as the central
national agency responsible for
analyzing receiving, processing and
disseminating information relating to
suspicious financial transactions.
» It is also responsible for strengthening
and coordinating efforts of national and
international intelligence, investigation
and enforcement organizations in
pursuing the global efforts in opposition
to money laundering and related
crimes.
» It is an independent body informing
directly to the Economic Intelligence
Council (EIC) headed by the Finance
Minister.
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Global efforts to tackle with
Money Laundering
• To tackle money laundering, US, EU,
UNO have figured many financial
frameworks to protect world financial
system and providing international
and regional assistance to developing
countries to secure their economic
systems.
• They apply targeted and comprehensive
sanctions that violate AML regulations
(Anti Money Laundering), OFAC (US
Foreign Assets Control Office) and
FATF (Financial Action Task Force) are
important organization for this. FATF
was established by G-7 Summit in Paris
in 1989 and one of the first task of FATF
was to develop recommendations, 40 in
all the measures national governments
should take to implement effective anti-
money laundering program.
• In 2020, G-20 summit was held via video
conferencing. FATF president Marcus
Player said that Monel Laundering
is not a "victimless crime" and the
ramifications of ineffective actions are
real and the G-20 must start leading by
example and act now to stop Money
Laundering.
• Objectives of FATF are to establish
standards and promote effective
implementation of legal, regulatory and
operational measures for combating
various activities related to money
laundering, terrorist financing and
other related threats to the integrity of
the global financial system.
• The Egmont group also which is a united
body of 166 Financial Intelligence
Units (FIU's) provides a platform for
the secure exchange of expertise and
financial intelligence to combat money
laundering and is a trust gateway
for sharing financial information
domestically and internationally in
accordance with global Anti Money
Laundering and Counter Financing of
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Terrorism (AML/CFT) standards.
More strict rules and regulation related to
Anti-money laundering is essential because
various money laundering activities tends
to corrupt even the most professional
players in the regional and global market.
There is a requirement to sensitize the
Private institutions and organizations
about their role in anti-money laundering
activities. Uninterrupted up-gradation
and dissemination of information is
crucial. There is a need to build a balance
between financial confidentiality and
this confidentiality turning to a money-
laundering haven.
Black Money
• Black income is the aggregate of
incomes which are taxable but not
reported to the tax authorities.
• Reasons:
» Such wealth may comprise of income
produced from legitimate activities or
activities which are illegitimate per se,
like illicit trade in banned substances,
counterfeit currency, smuggling, arms
trafficking, corruption and terrorism.
» Therefore, in addition to wealth
earned through illegal means, the
term black money would also consist
of legal income that is concealed from
government or public authorities:
− To evade payment of various taxes
(excise duty, sales tax, stamp duty
and income tax,etc.).
− To avoid payment of other statutory
contributions.
− To evade compliance with the
different provisions of industrial
laws like Minimum Wages Act
(1948), Factories Act (1948), Payment
of Bonus Act (1936), the Industrial
Dispute Act (1947) and Contract
Labour (Regulation and Abolition)
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Act 1970 etc.
− To evade compliance with other
administrative processes and laws.
Impact of Black money in India
• In India it is emerging as a much bigger
problem day by day. As India ranks 8th
in the world in black money generation
as per global financial integrity Report
and as per former director of CBI black
money in India is around USD500
billion and it is badly affecting the
financial system of the country. Not
only it is creating losses in taxes but
also is devaluing the Indian currency
further impacting the credibility of the
country. The worst thing is creation of
a parallel economy as mostly the black
money is used in illegal activities like
drugs,terrorism, narcotics etc.
Institutions to Deal
with Black Money
• The task of dealing with the various
challenge of unaccounted wealth
and its consequences is jointly and
collectively shared by a different
institution belonging to the Union and
State governments.
• These include several tax departments
which are designated to the task of
enforcement of tax laws.
• Amongst them the important ones are
the CBDT and the Central Board of
Excise and Customs (CBEC).
• Other regulatory authorities
undertaking supervision and policing
include the Enforcement Directorate
(ED), Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU),
Economic Offences Wing of the State
Police, Central Bureau of Investigation
(CBI), Serious Frauds Investigation
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Office (SFIO) and Narcotics Control
Bureau (NCB).
Various initiatives, laws and
solution
• With growing economic liberalization
and globalization, there has been
a manifold surge in cross-border
transactions.
• It has also resulted in increased
opportunities for sophisticated methods
for avoiding tax payment using the
various tax rules and regulations of
different countries and use of tax
havens.
• Various laws to tackle with Black
money and Money Laundering
» Prevention of Corruption Act 1988.
» Benami Transaction Prohibition Act
1988.
» Prevention of Money Laundering Act
2002.
» Lokpal and Lokyukta Act.
» The Smugglers and Foreign Exchange
Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property)
Act, 1976.
» Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances Act, 1985.
• Apart from these, many tax reforms have
been initiated such as deduction of tax
at source itself, slashing the rates and
increasing the tax basics, encouraging
cashless / digital transactions to ensure
more transparency. Demonetization
done by the government in 2016 curbing
Rs 500and 1000 notes and many
electoral reforms to prevent usage of
black money in elections.
• The Government of India has resorted
to a five-pronged strategy, which
consists of the following:
» Joining the global crusade against
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black money.
» Creating proper legislative framework.
» Establishing institutions for dealing
with illicit money.
» Developing systems and techniques for
implementation.
» Imparting skills to personnel for
effective action.
Therefore, government needs to implement
these strategies on time through regional
and global coordination and more strict
laws.
Narcotics
• Various rules and regulation with respect
to of Narcotic Drugs in India has been
put in place considering the necessity
of narcotic drugs and psychotropic
substances for medical usage and the
country’s commitments towards the UN
conventions.
• India is a signatory to various
conventions like The Convention on
Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances (1988), the
UN Single Convention on Narcotics
Drugs (1961) and the Convention on
Psychotropic Substances (1971) which
prescribe various forms of control
intended to achieve the dual objective
of limiting the usage of psychotropic
substances and narcotic drugs for
medical and scientific purposes as well
as preventing the abuse of the same.
• The basic legislative instrument of the
Government of India in this regard is
the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985.
• Various Ministries and Departments
under the Government of India as well
as the State Governments exercise
various functions pertaining to drug
demand and supply reduction.
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» The aspect of drug supply reduction
is looked after by various enforcement
agencies under the Ministry of Finance,
Ministry of Home Affairs and State
Governments.
» The aspect of drug demand reduction
is handled by the Ministry of Social
Justice and Empowerment.
» The treatment and therapy of drug
addicts and their rehabilitation falls
under the domain of the Ministry of
Health.
Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances
(NDPS) Act, 1985
• It was framed taking into account
India’s commitments under the three
UN drug Conventions as well as Article
47 of the Indian Constitution.
• Except for medical or scientific purposes.
NDPS Actprohibitsthe manufacture,
production, trade, use, etc. of narcotic
drugs and psychotropic substances.
• The Governments’ approach has thus
been to promote their utilization for
medical and scientific purposes while
preventing their diversion from licit
sources and prohibiting illicit traffic and
abuse.
• The NDPS Act allocates the powers
and responsibility of regulation of licit
activities.
» Section 9 of the Act has listed various
activities which the Central Government
can, by rules, regulate.
» Section 10 lists various activities which
the State Governments can, by rules,
regulate.
• The NDPS Act has created statutory
authorities such as the Narcotics
Control Bureau was created through a
notification under Section 4 of the Act.
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Narcotics Control
Bureau (NCB)
• It is the National Nodal Agency
created under the Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 for
preventing and combating drug abuse
and illegal trafficking in Narcotic Drugs
and Psychotropic Substances.
• NCB is responsible for coordination
with several Ministries, other offices and
State/Central Enforcement Agencies.
• The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) is
also responsible for implementation
of the International obligations under
various United Nation Conventions 1961,
1971, 1988 (to which India is signatory)
against illicit trafficking of narcotics
drugs and psychotropic substances.
• NCB with its Headquarters at New
Delhi, India has three Regional Deputy
Director General offices i.e. Northern
Region at (Delhi), South Western
Region at (Mumbai), Eastern Region at
(Kolkata).
• Narcotics Enforcement Efforts.
• NCB initiated the acquisition/ creation
of the following infrastructure to
strengthen the enforcement capabilities
of the organization.
• Destruction of Illicit Cultivation of
Poppy and Cannabis:
» During the year 2018-2019 (up to
31.03.2019), the Narcotics Control
Bureau with the help of various Drug Law
Enforcement Agencies, coordinated
the efforts that eventually resulted in
eradication of standing and fruiting
illicit Opium cultivation and Cannabis
cultivation.
• Assistance to States and Union
Territories:
» A Scheme “Assistance to States and
Union Territories” to finance State
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Governments to strengthen their
enforcement capabilities for combating
illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances was initially
launched by the Union Ministry of Home
Affairs in 2004.
» Initially, it was valid for a period of 5
years i.e. till 31.3.2009. The scheme was
further extended from 2009 to 2017 on
a regular basis.
» The Government of India had further
decided to extend this Scheme for
a period of three years i.e. 2017-18 to
2019-20 with an estimated budget
of ₹21.00 crore for States to purchase
equipment like Surveillance equipment;
Laboratory equipment etc.
• Training:
» The Narcotics Control Bureau regularly
coordinates with various training
Academies and Drug Law Enforcement
Agencies for organizing training courses
on Drug Law Enforcement.
» 200 such courses were organized
in various States during the period
01.04.2018 to 31.03.2019 wherein
approximately 7701 personnel of State
Police forces, Forest Dept., Central/
State Excise, Customs, Central Armed
Police Forces (CAPFs), Coast Guard and
Courier Agencies were trained.
• International Obligations/
Cooperation:
» Drug trafficking and drug abuse
has assumed global proportions.
International cooperation is one of the
most potent tools in this common fight.
» To achieve this objective, India has
entered into agreements both bilateral
and multilateral, MLATs and JWGs with
various countries.
» It is also an active participant in various
international forums both Regional like
SAARC, BRICS, BIMSTEC etc.
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» To enhance bilateral cooperation, the
Narcotics Control Bureau/Government
of India has entered into Bilateral
Agreements for mutual cooperation for
reducing demand and preventing illicit
trafficking in Narcotics Drugs.
Women Safety
• As per the Census 2011, the country has
48% female population.
• While several Ministries/ Departments
in the Government are undertaking
various programmes for development
of women, some heinous incidents of
rape and sexual assaults in various
parts of country in early part of last
year had been marked by increased
brutality and violence on minor girls.
• The Women Safety Division:
• The Government has established a
Women Safety Division in the Ministry
of Home Affairs (MHA) to strengthen
measures for safety of women in the
country and instill greater sense of
security in them through speedy and
effective administration of justice in
a holistic manner and by providing a
safer environment for women.
• Women Safety Division is responsible
for policy formulation, planning,
coordinating, formulating and
implementing projects/schemes to
assist States/ Union Territories to
achieve this objective through inter-
alia increased use of IT and technology
in criminal justice system, more
Online access to crime and criminal
records which facilitates analytics for
investigation and crime prevention;
enabling a supportive ecosystem for
forensic sciences; as also prison reforms
and related subjects.
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National Database on Sexual
Offends
• National Database on Sexual Offenders
(NDSO), to reduce crime and violence
against women through identification
of known and habitual sexual offenders
has been launched in 2018.
• The NDSO is available 24X7 to all Law
Enforcement Agencies and enables
antecedent verification and speedy
detection in cases of sexual offenses.
Investigation Tracking System
for Sexual Offences (ITSSO)
• In order to facilitate the States/ UTs to
track the completion of investigations
in such cases, an Investigation Tracking
System for Sexual Offences (ITSSO)
portal under ICJS was launched on 19th
February 2019.
• ITSSO is a cloud - based analytics
portal available for the law enforcement
agencies with drill-down features starting
from national level up-to FIR level.
• It can be used to generate reports and
dashboards on ageing of cases and has
the ability to flag pendency at district
and police station level to expedite
resolution.
Emergency Response Support
System (ERSS) Project
• With a view to enable active use of
technology to strengthen emergency
response services, especially for safety
of women in public places, the Ministry
100
of Home Affairs (MHA) is implementing
a project titled Emergency Response
Support System (ERSS).
• The mandate of ERSS is to provide
an operational platform which would
support linking of various emergency
service providers in States/ Union
Territories to 112 emergency numbers.
Safe City Projects
• Ministry of Home Affairs has approved
Safe City projects in 8 large cities,
i.e. Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai,
Delhi, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Kolkata
and Mumbai.
• The projects have been prepared
by State Governments taking into
account the need for identification of
hot-spots for crimes against women
for development of critical assets in
urban areas including infrastructure,
technology adoption and capacity
building in community through
awareness programmes.
• The projects are being funded as a
Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
• In preparing the Safe City projects,
States/Union Territories have consulted
the Ministry of Women and Child
Development, Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs, Ministry of Electronics
and Information Technology (Meity),
Municipal and Police Commissioners
of respective cities and civil society
organizations connected to the
purpose and comprise of a mix of
solutions relevant for the city and its
communities.
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PREVIOUS
YEAR
QUESTIONS
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1. Discuss different types of cybercrimes
and measures required to be taken to
fight the menace. (150 words, 10marks)
2020
2. For effective border area management,
discuss the steps required to be taken to
deny local support to militants and also
suggest ways to manage favourable
perception among locals. (150 words,
10marks) 2020
3. What are the determinants of left-wing
extremism in Eastern part of India?
What strategy should Government of
India, civil administration and security
forces adopt to counter the threat
in the affected areas? (250 words, 15
marks) 2020
4. Analyse internal security threats and
transborder crimes along Myanmar,
Bangladesh and Pakistan borders
including Line of Control (LoC). Also
discuss the role played by various
security forces in this regard. (250
words, 15 marks) 2020
5. The banning of ‘Jamaat-e-Islami’ in
Jammu and Kashmir brought into focus
the role of over-ground workers (OGWs)
in assisting terrorist organizations.
Examine the role played by OGWs
in assisting terrorist organizations in
insurgency affected areas. Discuss
measures to neutralize influence of
OGWs. 2019
6. What is CyberDome Project? Explain
how it can be useful in controlling
Internet crimes in India. 2019
7. Indian Government has recently
strengthened the anti-terrorism laws
by amending the Unlawful Activities
102
(Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 and
the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in
the context of the prevailing security
environment while discussing the scope
and reasons for opposing the UAPA by
human rights organizations. 2019
8. Cross-border movement of insurgents
is only one of the several security
challenges facing the policing of the
border in North-East India. Examine the
various challenges currently emanating
across the India-Myanmar border.
Also, discuss the steps to counter the
challenges? 2019
9. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset
of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’
initiative. Give a brief description of
CPEC and enumerate the reasons why
India has distanced itself from the
same? 2018
10. Left Wing Extremism(LWE) is showing a
downward trend, but still affects many
parts of the country. Briefly explain the
Government of India’s approach to
counter the challenges posed by LWE.
2018
11. Data security has assumed significant
importance in the digitized world due
to rising cyber crimes. The Justice B. S
Srikrishna Committee Report addresses
issues related to data security. What,
in your view, are the strengths and
weaknesses of the Report relating
to protection of personal data in
cyberspace? 2018
12. India’s proximity to two of the world’s
biggest illicit opium-growing states
has enhanced her internal security
concerns. Explain the linkage between
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drug trafficking and other illicit activities
such as gunrunning, money laundering
and human trafficking. What counter-
measures should be taken to prevent
the same? 2018
13. Discuss the potential threats of Cyber
attack and the security framework to
prevent it? 2017
14. The North-East region of India has been
infested with insurgency for a very long
time. Analyze the major reasons for
the survival of armed insurgency in this
region? 2017
15. Mob violence is emerging as a serious
law and order problem in India. By
giving suitable examples, analyze
the cause and consequences of such
violence.? 2017
16. The scourge of terrorism is a grave
challenge to national security. What
solutions do you suggest to curb this
growing menace? What are the major
sources of terrorist funding? 2017
17. Border management is a complex
task due to difficult terrain and hostile
relations with some countries. Elucidate
the challenges and strategies for
effective border management ? 2016
18. Use of Internet and social media by non-
state actors for subversive activities is
a major security concern. How have
these been misused in the recent past?
Suggest effective guidelines to curb the
above threat? 2016
19. The term ‘Hot Pursuit’ and ‘Surgical
Strikes’ are often used in connection
with armed action against terrorist
103
attacks. Discuss the strategic impact of
such actions? 2016
20. Terrorism is emerging as a competitive
industry over the last few decades.
Analyze the above statement? 2016
21. Discuss the advantages and security
implications of cloud hosting of servers
vis-a-vis in-house machine-based
hosting for government businesses?
2015
22. India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital
Library (TKDL), which has a database
containing formatted information
on more than 2 million medicinal
formulations is proving a powerful
weapon in the country’s fight against
erroneous patent. Discuss the pros and
cons of making this database publicly
available under open-source licensing.
2015
23. Human rights activists constantly
highlight the view that the Armed
Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958
(AFSPA) is a draconian act leading
to cases of human rights abuses by
the security forces. What sections of
AFSPA are opposed by the activists?
Critically evaluate the requirement with
reference to the view held by the APEX
Court? 2015
24. Religious indoctrination via digital
media has resulted in Indian youth
joining the ISIS. What is ISIS and its
mission? How can ISIS be dangerous
for the internal security of our country?
2015
25. The persisting drives of the Government
for development of large industries in
backward areas have resulted in isolating
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the tribal population and the farmers
who face multiple displacements. With
Malkangiri and Naxalbari foci, discuss
the corrective strategies needed to
win the Left Wing Extremism (LWE)
doctrine affected citizens back into the
mainstream of social and economic
growth? 2015
26. Considering the threats cyberspace
poses for the country, India needs a
“Digital Armed Force” to prevent crimes.
Critically evaluate the National Cyber
Security Policy,2013 outlining the
challenges perceived in its effective
implementation. 2015
27. “The diverse nature of India as a multi-
religious and multi-ethnic society is not
immune to the impact of radicalism
which is seen in her neighbourhood.”
Discuss along with strategies to be
adopted to counter this environment.
2014
28. How does illegal transborder migration
pose a threat to India’s security? Discuss
the strategies to curb this, bringing out
the factors which give impetus to such
migration? 2014
104
29. Money Laundering poses a serious
security threat to a country’s economic
sovereignty. What is the significance
for India and what steps are required to
be taken to control this menace? 2013
30. What are social networking sites and
what security implications do these
sites present? 2013
31. Cyber warfare is considered by some
defense analysts to be larger threat
than even Al Qaeda or terrorism.
What do you understand by Cyber
Warfare ? Outline the cyber threats
which India is vulnerable to and
bring out the state of the country’s
preparedness to deal with the same?
2013
32. How far are India’s internal security
challenges linked with border
management particularly in view of
the long porous borders with most
countries of South Asia and Myanmar?
2013
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REFERENCES
References https://www.crpf.gov.in/

Book: Challenges to Internal Security of India by Ashok

Kumar http://www.assamrifles.gov.in/

Book: Changed Security Situation in J and K by Abdul https://ssb.nic.in/

Hameed Khan

https://www.cisf.gov.in/
Book: Internal Security of India by Hamid Khan, Yogita
Hooda, L.R. Tandon.
http://www.ndrf.gov.in/

Internal Security Challenges to India in 2020 and Beyond:

Issue by Centre For Warfare Studies.
Allocation of work of Internal Security-I
https://idsa.in/terrorisminternalsecurity
Image References:
Image 1.1:
h t t p s : //e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i /
Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency#/media/
File:India_map_Naxal_Left-wing_violence_or_activity_
affected_districts_2013.SVG

https://www.mha.gov.in/division_of_mha/internal-
Image 2.1:
security-i-division
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_
Region
https://www.India.gov.in/topics/home-affairs-
enforcement/internal-security
Image 2.2:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_
https://www.prsIndia.org/theprsblog/internal-security-
Manipur
examining-working-home-ministry

Image 2.3:
https://www.India.gov.in/topics/defence/paramilitary-
forces https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_
Meghalaya#/media/File:MeghalayaDistrictsMap.png

https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=76575
Image 2.4:
h t t p s : // s a t . w i k i p e d i a . o r g /
https://www.mha.gov.in/
wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB:Na
galand_district_map.svg
https://bsf.gov.in/Home
Image 2.5:
http://capf.gov.in/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tripura_map.png

https://www.mha.gov.in/about-us/central-armed- Image 2.6:

police-forces
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoram

https://nsg.gov.in/

105
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Image 3.1:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/
a1/Map_of_UT_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_and_UT_of_
Ladakh.jpg
Image 4.3: PIB
Image 6.2:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Assam_
Rifles_marching_contingent_passes_through_the_
Rajpath_during_the_rehearsal_for_the_celebration_
of_60th_Republic_Day_-2009,_in_New_Delhi_on_
January_09,_2009.jpg
Image 6.3:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Security_Force#/
media/File:Women_personnel_of_India's_Border_
Security_Force.jpg
Image 6.4:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_
Force#/media/File:The_CRPF_marching_contingents_
passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_66th_
Republic_Day_Parade_2015,_in_New_Delhi_on_
January_26,_2015.jpg
Image 6.5:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndoTibetan_Border_
Police#/media/File:Nathu_La_Pass_-_Indian_Army_
Dancing_with_Civilians.jpg
Image 6.6:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CISF_Unit_Delhi_Metro_
Rail_Corporation#/media/File:Double_frisking_by_
CISF_personnel_at_JLN_metro_station_(cropped).jpg
106
Image 6.7:
https://en.wikipedia-on-ipfs.org/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_
Bal.html
Image 6.8:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_
Guard#/media/File:The_National_Security_Guard_
(NSG)_Marching_Contingent_passes_through_the_
Rajpath,_on_the_occasion_of_the_68th_Republic_Day_
Parade_2017,_in_New_Delhi_on_January_26,_2017.jpg
Image 6.9:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/
e0/The_President%2C_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_
presenting_Colour_to_the_Railway_Protection_
Force_%28RPF%29_at_a_Ceremonial_Parade%2C_in_
New_Delhi_on_May_22%2C_2006.jpg
Image 6.10:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Protection_
Group#/media/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_
Modi,_at_Rajpath,_on_the_occasion_of_the_69th_
Republic_Day_Parade_2018,_in_New_Delhi_on_
January_26,_2018.jpg
Image 6.11:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Investigation_
Agency#/media/File:National_Investigation_Agency_
(India)_flag.png
Image 8.3:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering
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AUTHOR'S NOTE
This book tries to exhaustively cover the complete syllabus of UPSC CSE Preliminary and
Mains examination in an integrated approach for “Internal Security”.The purpose is to
enable the learners to correctly approach and solve the questions asked and thereby
achieve top ranks in UPSC CSE Examination.

Despite being exhaustive, we have tried to be as precise and accurate as we can to

supplement your smart study. We have tried to include recent events within and outside
India relevant for the CSE examination and present it in a manner in which UPSC
examination demands. The current issues have been linked with the static portion of the
syllabus (wherever possible) so as to develop a better understanding and have a better
grasp over the subject. The aim is to ensure that learners develop a knack of identifying
important subjects and topics from newspapers and magazines thereby saving their
precious time that usually gets wasted in reading the irrelevant stuff.

All this will not only prepare learners for the examination but also give a better
understanding of events happening around us in the society, polity, economy, global
affairs and prepare them for the challenges that they will have to tackle after clearing
the examination.

However, there is always scope for further improvement. It may so happen that learners
might have some suggestions about further improving the quality of the book. Such
suggestions would not only help us in assisting better but also the future learners to
do well. Any such suggestions would be welcome and can be communicated at
upscnotessuggestions@unacademy.com

Prem Kumar Reddy, Rahul Patil and Suraj Singh have contributed to the creation of the
content in the book. With their profound experience in the field of UPSC and in the field,
they were responsible for selection of topics, content creation and editing of the content
in the notes.

We wish you all the success in your efforts towards UPSC CSE Examination.

Team UNACADEMY

UPSC | Internal Security

107
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UPSC | Internal Security