Student Name- NITIKA

Student ID-202100686

-3PL VS 4PL
3PL 4PL
Has control over their own processes, Contracts out the work and has no say in the
technology, people, service, and operations operations or quality of work being done

Allows direct communication with your Acts as a middleman and speaks to your 3PL
logistics team on your behalf

Gives more control over your logistics Takes over full operation of your logistics
processes processes

— Push Logistics- In the push logistics the products are made available to the retailers from the
production. This type of method is advantageous, if there is a large amount of inventory and the
demand of the product is also rising. In this concept, the stock is prepared beforehand in order to
meet the demand and works on the basis of just-in-case concept.
Pull Logistics- inches cyber system all the concepts like production, procurement, distribution
Are done only when the demand arises. This concept is based on just-in-time concept is useful
for low economies of scale.

— Warehouse management system-it basically means the software which helps in maintaining
the warehouse and operating it efficiently. Yeah, this software assesses from the time the goods
enter into the records all the activities until the goods leaves the Centre.It has access to every
facet of the warehouse including receiving, put-away, and pick, pack, and shipping processes to
inventory tracking and replenishment.
On the other hand, transportation management system implies the usage of technology
that keeps into account or the activities related to the transportation whether it is planning,
implementing, maintaining control,to and fro of inventory and keeping in check whether the
documents are legitimate or not. The companies which use this concept are -
* Blue Yonder.
* Kuebix.
* Manhattan

— Import documents- while importing of goods, there are certain documents required, which are
as follows-
* Ocean bill of lading, inland bill of lading, through bill of lading, air waybill (air cargo)
* Proof of insurance
* Certificate of pre-shipment inspection (when applicable)
* Port expenditures (when applicable)
* Transportation invoice
* Packing list
* Certificate of origin

Export Documents- well exporting goods requires different documents which includes-
- [ ] Commercial Invoice
- [ ] Packing List
- [ ] Certificates of Origin
- [ ] Certificate of Free Sale
- [ ] Shipper's Letter of Instruction 
- [ ] Inland Bill of Lading
- [ ] Ocean Bill of Lading
- [ ] Air Waybill 
- [ ] Bank Draft
- [ ] Dangerous Goods Forms

— Commercial documents - commercial documents are put down accounts of business

exchanges portraying different parts of those exchanges. They might incorporate requests,
solicitations, delivering reports, transport papers, and authentications of beginning. This
includes-
- [ ] Pro forma invoice
- [ ] Packaging list
- [ ] Letter of credit
- [ ] Commercial invoice
Transportation documents - it basically includes the documents which are necessary for the
execution of transportation. The documents are as follows -
- [ ] bill of lading
- [ ] a tariff
- [ ] a tender
- [ ] a contract
- [ ] a Government Transportation Request
- [ ] any transportation bills

— Land transportation-Mera abuse their vantages of line transportation are as follows-

- [ ] Maximum traceability
- [ ] Door-to-door service
- [ ] Easy paperwork
- [ ] It is the fastest and most agile
- [ ] Flexibility of schedules and volumes
Disadvantages
- [ ] Traffic restrictions
- [ ] High accident rate
- [ ] low capacity of load

— Marine Transportation- the benefits of water transport are :

- [ ] The upkeep cost is less.
- [ ] It is comparitively more affordable that the rail and street transport.
- [ ] It is really great for conveying weighty merchandise.
- [ ] Water transportation is utilized in guard in the structure Naval force.
- [ ] A significant job is played by the water transport in unfamiliar exchanges.
Coming up next are the weaknesses of water transport:
- [ ] Route becomes troublesome during the storms.
- [ ] The feeling of dread toward ships sinking is consistently a worry.
- [ ] It is a sluggish method for transport.
- [ ] It isn't reasonable for private ventures.
- [ ] The products must be stacked at the particular spots because of the distinction inside and out
and water volumes.

— Air transportation- the advantages of a transportation, are as follows -

- [ ] High Speed
- [ ] Low level of risk of loss of heavy items
- [ ] Natural Route
- [ ] Less requirement of heavy packing

The disadvantages are

- [ ] More risky
- [ ] High cost
- [ ] Product carrying limitation
- [ ] High investment

—Importance of Government Regulation on transportation- the government regulation plays an

indispensable role in the transportation :
- [ ] It sets regulations to ensure there's combating of the negative impact of the transportation
activities on the environment.
- [ ] Regulations helps in ensuring that the supply chain activities are conducted in a way that
facilitates fair trading amongst the parties involved.
- [ ] Regulation has also been established to prevent illegal activities from being conducted
through the supply chain.

— Dangerous goods classification-

Class 1: Explosives
Class 1 goods are explosives - products that possess the ability to alight or detonate during a
chemical reaction. Explosives are dangerous because they have molecules designed to rapidly
change their state, which is usually a solid state into a very hot gas. There are 6 sub-divisions of
explosives, which relate to the product's behaviour when initiated.

Class 2: Gases
Class 2 consists of compressed gases, gases in their liquefied form, refrigerated gases, mixtures
of gases with other vapours and products charged with gases or aerosols. These sorts of gases are
often flammable and can be toxic or corrosive. They're also hazardous because they can
chemically react with oxygen..

Class 3: Flammable liquids

A flammable liquid is defined as a liquid, a mixture of liquids, or liquids containing solids that
require a much lower temperature than others to ignite. These temperatures are so low that there
is a high risk of the liquids igniting during transportation. This makes flammable liquids very
dangerous to handle and transport, as they are very volatile and combustible.

Class 4: Flammable solids

Class 4 dangerous goods are classified as products that are easily combustible and likely to
contribute to fires during transportation. Some goods are self-reactive and some are liable to
spontaneously heating up. There are 3 sub-divisions for Class 4 dangerous goods:

Class 5: Oxidising Agents and Organic peroxides

Class 5 dangerous goods are subdivided into 'oxidising agents' and 'organic peroxides'. These are
often extremely reactive because of their high oxygen content. They react readily with other
flammable or combustible materials, which means fires may break out and continue in confined
spaces. These materials are also incredibly difficult to extinguish, which makes them even more
dangerous.

Class 6: Toxins and Infectious substances

Class 6.1 Toxins: Toxic substances are liable to cause death because they're, as the name
suggests, toxic. They can cause serious injury or harm to human health if they enter the body
through swallowing, breathing in, or absorption through the skin. Some toxics will kill in
minutes, however, some might only injure if the dose isn't excessive.
Class 6.2 Infectious substances: These are goods that contain micro-organisms that cause
infectious diseases in humans or animals, otherwise known as pathogens.
Examples include medical waste, clinical waste, and acids.

Class 7: Radioactive material

Radioactive materials contain unstable atoms that change their structure spontaneously in a
random fashion. They contain 'radionuclides', which are atoms with an unstable nucleus. It's this
unstable nucleus that releases radioactive energy. When an atom changes, they emit ionising
radiation, which could cause chemical or biological change. This type of radiation can be
dangerous to the human body. Examples include smoke detectors and yellowcake.

Class 8: Corrosives
Corrosives are highly reactive materials that produce positive chemical effects.. Due to their
reactivity, corrosive substances cause chemical reactions that degrade other materials when they
encounter each other. If these encountered materials happen to be living tissue, they can cause
severe injury. Examples include batteries, chlorides and flux.

Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous goods

This category covers substances that present a danger not covered in the other classes. Examples
include dry ice, GMO's, motor engines, seat belt pretensioner, etc.

— Transportation of dangerous goods- The TDG Regulations are a set of rules that prescribe
safety standards and shipping requirements for thousands of different dangerous goods. The
Regulations also provide a means of communicating the nature and level of hazard and risk
associated with these dangerous goods. The key elements of TDG Regulations are:

- [ ] Training
- [ ] Classification
- [ ] Preparation of documents such as shipping papers
- [ ] Using dangerous goods safety marks to communicate hazards that the product may pose to
the public or the environment
- [ ] Selection of appropriate containment (packaging)
- [ ] Emergency response assistance plans (ERAP) if required
- [ ] Reporting incidents
- [ ] Training is the most important element. Employees must receive training before they handle
dangerous goods.

References

https://dgiglobal.com/classes/

https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/legisl/tdg/tdg_classification.html

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/transportation-regulation

https://navata.com/cms/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-air-transport/

https://byjus.com/question-answer/five-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-water-transport/

https://www.shippingsolutions.com/blog/documents-required-for-international-shipping?
hs_amp=true
https://www.google.co.uk/amp/s/slideplayer.com/amp/5711404/