Republic of Yemen

Knowledge & Modern Sciences University

Faculty of Humanities & Administrative Sciences
Department of Languages & Translation
Graduation Research

A Digital Application for Medical Students

A Research project to be submitted to the Department of Languages & Translation
Faculty of Humanities & Administrative Sciences, University of Knowledge & Modern
Sciences-in partial fulfillment to obtain a Bachelor Degree in Translation.

By :
Zainab Yahya Al-Moayed
Shaimaa Ahmed Al-Jabal
Fatima Shraf Al-Ddin
Malkh Hussain Sadan
Sultan Ahmed Al-Fakeh

Supervised by :
Prof. Hamed Al-Mogarry

2022 - 2023
 Dedication

We dedicate this project to God almighty our creator, our strong pillar,
and our source of inspiration, wisdom, knowledge, and understanding. He has
been the source of our strength throughout this program and on His wings
only have we soared.

To my great country, in which we hope will live peacefully soon.

To our family who has encouraged us all the way and whose
encouragement has made sure that we give it all it takes to finish that which
we have started.

To fellow researchers, without their help, this research had not have
been done.

i
 Acknowledgment

This study would not have seen the light without the support and efforts of
many people. We wish to express our deep gratitude to Dr. Hamed
ALMoqarry for his guidance, support, and invaluable advice during this
study. His encouragement and patience made it possible to through with this
thesis. Our deepest gratitude is also due to the Head of the Department of
English Language Dr. Jihan Oshish who was a great guide and a helpful and
patient instructor, and everything you have done for us after four years of
struggling, pain, efforts, entertainment, challenges, and acquiring various
skills and information, we have been through during our study at Knowledge
and Modern Science of University.

We, researchers, would like to thank every single doctor for the great and
mesmerizing effort that has been done by every one of them during the four
years, also indebted to our families for encouraging us, and allowing us time
to work on this research. Thank you to all my relatives who helped me with
this research like Dr. Mona AL-Moayed, a medical student Alaa AL-Moayed,
Sumaia AL-Moayed, duaa AL-Matoakal. Finally, we didn't forget to thank the
app engineer for all his efforts, and we are also very grateful for everyone or
any motivation even if it was a word

May ALLAH bless them all with happiness and prosperity in this life.

The researchers

ii
 Contents
Dedication ................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgment ....................................................................................... ii

Contents .................................................................................................... iii

Abstract ..................................................................................................... vi

Chapter One Introductory Observations ............................................... 0

1. Introduction: ......................................................................................... 1

2. Objectives of the study: ........................................................................ 4

3.2.1. The broad objective .................................................................. 4

3.2.2. The specific objectives.............................................................. 4

3. Significance of the research project: ................................................... 4

4. Hypothesis: ............................................................................................ 6

Chapter Two Literature Review ............................................................. 6

1. Introduction: ......................................................................................... 7

2. Theoretical Background: ..................................................................... 7

3.2.3. Definitions of Terms Translation: ............................................ 7

3.2.4. Medical Translation .................................................................. 7

3.2.5. Medical language ...................................................................... 8

3.2.6. Medical Terminology ............................................................... 8

3. Previous studies: ................................................................................... 9

Chapter Three Methodology of the Research Project ........................ 11

1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 12

The Sample: .......................................................................................... 12

Methodology of the research ................................................................ 13

iii
2. Application development steps: ......................................................... 14

Choosing the topic: ............................................................................... 14

Choosing the logo: ................................................................................ 14

Gathering information: ......................................................................... 15

Organizing the information:.................................................................. 15

Formatting the dictionary: .................................................................... 15

Publishing the dictionary: ..................................................................... 15

The Research Project Tools .................................................................. 16

Limitations of the Research .................................................................. 17

Population and Sampling ...................................................................... 17

Chapter Four Data Analysis & Discussion........................................... 18

4.1 Analyzing TEST .......................................................................... 20

Question number (1): ............................................................................ 21

Question number (2): ............................................................................ 22

Question number (3): ............................................................................ 23

Question number (4): ............................................................................ 24

Question number (5): ............................................................................ 25

Question number (6): ............................................................................ 26

Question number (7): ............................................................................ 27

Question number (8): ............................................................................ 28

Question number (9): ............................................................................ 29

Question number (10): .......................................................................... 30

Question number (11): .......................................................................... 31

Question number (12): .......................................................................... 32

iv
 Question number (13): .......................................................................... 33

Question number (14): .......................................................................... 34

Question number (15): .......................................................................... 35

Question number (16): .......................................................................... 36

Question number (17): .......................................................................... 37

Question number (18): .......................................................................... 38

Question number (19): .......................................................................... 39

Question number (20): .......................................................................... 40

Chapter Five Conclusion & Findings ................................................... 43

Works-cited ............................................................................................. 48

v
 Abstract
A current research project is a digital dictionary of the medical terms
"Trans-Med" which highlights the importance of having an easily accessible
and comprehensive resource for medical professionals and students. The
study is aimed to develop a user-friendly and interactive digital dictionary that
includes not only definitions but also examples, translations, word parts, and
audio pronunciations. The researchers utilized various sources such as
dictionaries, books, and online resources to gather information and ensure
accuracy.

The digital dictionary was tested by medical students and professionals

who provided feedback for further improvements.

They also emphasized the importance of developing a dictionary

application such as Trans-Med to help and facilitate understanding and
translation of terminology for medical students. The research study has been
proven by a questionnaire consisting of 20 questions, and 5 direct questions
for 100 students to know the difficulties and problems that they face in
studying medical terminology.

The research project contains five chapters. Chapter one includes an

introduction, significance, and so on. Chapter two is concerned with previous
studies. Chapter three is concerned with the methodology of research like a
sample of research and data collecting instruments. Chapter four is the data
analysis and discussion. Chapter Five deals with the conclusion, findings, and
recommendations.

It pointed out that medical students faced many difficulties in studying

medical terms at ALrazi University and the University of Science and

vi
Technology. They faced many difficulties and problems in understanding and
translating medical terminology, especially in anatomical terms, and word
parts. This is due to the paucity of specialized medical dictionaries translated
into Arabic, which contains an explanation of meaning and word parts. Some
recommendations are provided for students and teachers of medical colleges
to make benefit from the findings of this research. Overall, the research
showed that a digital dictionary of medical terms can be a valuable source for
education and practice.

vii
 Chapter One
Introductory Observations

0
 Chapter one

1. Introduction:

Words are used to symbolize, communicate and describe everything

around either obvious or ambiguous to clarify. Moreover, words such as
cardio and aerobics are used and associated with sports and exercises. In
addition, extra words used to express an overwhelming unrealistic state of
fear that is called phobia, for instance, fear of heights, confined spaces,
darkness, circles, and numerous more are known due to daily use, but what
are these words' etymology?

These words have Latin and Greek roots. As in the fourth century BC,
ancient Greek medicine dominated the field of science and knowledge. One
of the most famous scholars during that time was Hippocrates. He played a
major role in the development of medical science and he made it an
integrated science. And he studies more than 60 medical practices due to his
success and his major contributions to the development of medicine, the
terminology he used was established for use in the medical field. Despite the
attempts of some countries who wanted to replace them with their language.
All people whose English will not enable them to comprehend the medical
terminology and what the doctors are saying! Sometimes, at the end of some
of their words, we hear the term "itis" or we hear words starting with "hypo"
or 'hyper "All of these words fall under the study of medical terminology.

Medical terminology is the study of medical vocabulary used to describe

the human body or to identify a place or a specific organ in the body and
even the pathologies that affect the human body.

1
 Chapter one

Medical Dictionary Application is a capstone project to serve as a

source of information in terms of medical terminologies for Yemeni medical
students and translators. The application contains medical terms,
abbreviations, and their meanings. The application can be used by both iOS
and Android users.

In the modern world, the need for accessible information is very

important, especially information that deals with our health.it is also
important for medical students to know different medical terminologies that
are medically related. Students often rely on their professors and books for
information and this is not enough. What we need nowadays is an accessible
and portable source of information that deals with our health. The manual
way of attaining information is not efficient and inconvenient.

The Research project of Digital Application for medical students is a

reference dictionary that contains definitions of medical terms, word parts,
acoustics, and translation. It can be used by faculty of medical students in all
disciplines, and healthcare professionals and also can be used by the general
public to look up the meanings of medical terms. The application dictionary
may include terms related to anatomy, physiology, diseases and treatments,
medications, and other topics related to health and medicine. It was based on
the research of "Medical Terminology Book in Arabic" by Mubarak
Ahamed Abd al-Hadi who collected and translated it into Arabic. I added an
explanation of the meaning of the terms, word parts, and pronunciation.

The Research of Digital Application For Medical Students' main focus

is translating, explaining, and pronouncing the term, their word parts and is
the compilation of medical terms in Yemen and I think in the world a
medical dictionary is also the work of an application program on the internet
that facilities medical students in all disciplines, workers, and translators in

2
 Chapter one

the medical field who face many problems when they don't understand
medical terms, where it is a risk to commit major translation problems due
to a paucity of medical dictionaries, difficult access via the net, and the
gap that comes on the surface, simply, because they do not grasp the
meaning of medical terms, and also helps them to learn the correct
pronunciation of medical terms. This is beneficial for students who are
studying medicine or related fields, as they can easily understand the
terminology used in medical texts. Additionally, it can help them to
communicate more effectively with medical professionals and other
healthcare workers.
1.1 – Statement of the problem:

Translating medicine, as Fishback has argued is regarded as " the most

universal and oldest field of scientific translation because of the
homogeneous ubiquity of the human body " (cited in Pilegaard 160).
Medical translation as a branch of technical translation needs to enjoy a high
degree of consistency in transferring the source text to the target language.
For various reasons. Translation of medical terms into Arabic nowadays
suffers from terminological inconsistency, a matter that frustrates attempts
aimed at making medical terminology subjects easy and understandable for
students in medical colleges throughout the Arab world. "Having different
types of equivalence and different medical Arabic terms for the same
foreign English medical term might seem inevitable due to different factors.
For example, having different source languages (English and French) from
which medical Arabic seeks the largest portion of its corpora, different
bodies of translation that work individually, and multiple codified lexical
resources in terminological inconsistency". (Heba, Yaseen Xii)
Problems with a dictionary of medical terms could include issues with
accuracy, completeness, and accessibility. For example, if the dictionary

3
 Chapter one

contains outdated or incorrect information, it could lead to misdiagnosis or

improper treatment. Similarly, definitions, may not be useful for healthcare
professionals or patients. Additionally, if the dictionary is not easily
accessible or user-friendly, it may be difficult for a student in medical
college to find the information they need on time.

2. Objectives of the study:

3.2.1. The broad objective

The broad objective of this research project is to design and develop a

digital application that will store different medical terminologies, their
meanings, word parts, pronunciations, and translations for medical students
and workers in that field based on the difficulties faced by medical learners.

3.2.2. The specific objectives

The specific objectives of the study are the following:

1- To study the difficulties faced by medical learners at ALrazi University

and Science and Technology University.
2- To build up an electronic dictionary of medical terms needed.
3- To clarify the meanings of the medical terms.
4- To facilitate the task of researchers and medical workers.
5- To help provide medical translations to terms and accurate texts.
6- To serve as a repository of accurate information about medical terms.
3. Significance of the research project:

The significance of the research project lies in providing valuable

insight for guiding medical students by making an application containing
medical terminologies in Arabic and English Along with their
pronunciations and word parts. Moreover, the application could be

4
 Chapter one

improved in the future to have a sole interface for translating medical

reports or articles.

The following group or individuals will benefit from this project:

• For medical students, the success of this project will help them have a
dictionary on their smartphone which is very accessible in times of
difficulty in understanding their lesson.
• For medical l Experts\ Doctors, the application will help lessen the
number of people they need to attend to in explaining medical
information.
• Other users are those people who are not inclined to medicine but
wish to understand some information, especially about their health. It
is a challenge on the end of the researchers to set up a mobile
application that will be implemented in both the IOS and Android
platform. The researchers of this will gain knowledge and skills in
setting up a lot more helpful programs. Future researchers will only
focus on the dictionary terms related to the medical field. Future
researchers can use the idea in developing a dictionary in other fields
aside from medical terms. Furthermore, they can also add another
feature such as translating texts such as reports and articles or
assessments to make the app more interactive.
• The output of the capstone project will have a simple interface and
will be easy to use so that a wide range of people can use it.
• To provide convenience to the user in seeking medical information.
• To develop a mobile application that can be used in an offline setting
or without an internet connection.
• Application for both Android and IOS will be tested and installed on
their specific platforms and devices to test the functionalities of the
capstone project.

5
 Chapter one

4. Hypothesis:

There are many difficulties faced by medical learners in Yemeni

universities so there is a need to build up the electronic application of
medical terms for medical students and workers in the field.

6
 Chapter Two
Literature Review

6
 Chapter Two

1. Introduction:

This is concerned with the theoretical background and related studies that
have links to our research.

The use of digital dictionaries of medical terms has become increasingly

popular in recent years. Digital dictionaries provide a convenient way to
access medical conditions, treatments, and procedures. This review examines
the current literature on digital dictionaries of medical terms and their
potential applications in healthcare and students rely on digital apps for their
translation of medical terminology.

2. Theoretical Background:

3.2.3. Definitions of Terms Translation:

It is a linguistic activity that takes place between two languages; the first
language is called the source language (SL) and the second is called the target
language (TL). ( Newmark 7) views translation as a craft in which the
translator aims to "replace a written message and\or statement in one language
by the same message and\or statement in another language". While (Nida
166) defines translation as a "reproducing in the receptor language the closest
natural equivalent of the message of the source language; first in terms of
meaning and second in terms of style."

3.2.4. Medical Translation

Newmark's definition of translation medical terms is the process of

transferring medical terminology from one language to another while
preserving the meaning and accuracy of the original term, as well as finding
an equivalent term in the target language that conveys the same meaning.

7
 Chapter Two
3.2.5. Medical language

Medical discourse comprises a range of forms of communication. (Gotti

24) uses the term specialized discourse as "the specialist use of language in
the context which is typical of a specialized community stretching across the
academic, the professional, the technical and the occupational area of
knowledge and practice". Three factors are of crucial importance: the user, the
domain of use, and the special application of language. Medical language is
used in expert-expert and expert-lay communication, with characteristic
features varying from genre to genre, depending on the communication and its
participants.

3.2.6. Medical Terminology

Medical terminology refers to the words and language used specifically in

the medical and health fields. The proper definition describes medical
terminology as a language used to describe anatomical structures, procedures,
conditions, processes, and treatments in the medical field.

While memorizing terms across that many disciplines might seem

impossible, medical language can be simplified when you understand that
nearly all medical terms can be broken down into three parts: the prefix, the
root, and the suffix.

8
 Chapter Two
Prefix: "appears at the beginning of a term and indicates a location,
direction, type, quality or quantity"

Root: "can appear at the beginning of the word if a prefix is absent, but the
root indicates the primary meaning of the medical term".

Suffix: "appears at the end of the word and indicates a specialty,

procedure, function, disorder, or status. (1)

3. Previous studies:

Medical translation is one of the most important types of translation, so it

is required by the whole people. As a result, there are many types of research
about this type of translation, among them four that the research focused on.
The first is (Argeg, Gharsa 2). (2) In her study, she the elucidated problems of
translating medical terms from English into Arabic. The purpose of the study
is to display the difficulties of translating medical terms and how they are
tackled by postgraduate students and professional Arabic translators.

The study conducted by three points:

- Problems with translating.

- The lack of sufficient experience and practice in medical translation,

- Almost no professional translators use CAT (Computer-Assisted

Translation) tools or MT (Machine Translation) to help them to
translate medical terms. The second is (Heba Yaseen Xii). (3)
In her study, she explained the problem of terminological inconsistency in
translating English medical terms into Arabic, which is the lack of

1
(the University of San Diego, professional and continuing education)".
2
(The Problems of Translating Medical Terms from English into Arabic) by M. Argeg, Gharsa
(2015:2).
3
Terminological Inconsistency in Medical terms into Arabic' by Heba Yaseen (2013:Xii).

9
 Chapter Two
consistency in the selection of terms or assigning different translations to the
same SL terms thought a text or across relevant texts. The purpose of the
present study is to display how factors of terms usability and circulations, the
type of the target audience, and the context of translation have an important
role in lessening terminological inconsistency to a large extent.

The study has shown that there were five types of terminological
inconsistency about the three types of equivalence, i.e. transliterated,
Arabized, and descriptive equivalence. The third study is by (Nejat Fraji 103).
(1)
explains the steps of medical translation and the qualification of scientific
translators, and exposes the problems of medical terms translation in the
Arabic world that are the difficulties of objectivity and terminology to
develop the Arabic scientific language using modern means. The fourth study
that is one of the most important references to research is by (Mubarak
(2)
Ahamed Abd al-Hadi 5). The book deals with medical terms of Arabic
origin, which are adorned with foreign dictionaries. This was systematically
and gradually reviewed, starting with the terms that were recognized by the
compilers of foreign dictionaries as Arab, passing through the terms
mentioned by some Arabic studies of terms of Arab origins, and ending with
the main list, during which he explained the linguistic evidence. And medical
that proves to be Arabic origin of dozens of terms that have not been
addressed or disclosed before-as far as he reckons.
Previous researches on digital dictionaries of medical terms have had
several weaknesses. One of the main weaknesses is often limited in scope and
does not cover all medical terms. Additionally, the definitions provided in
these dictionaries may be outdated or incomplete. Furthermore, some of these
dictionaries may not be user-friendly, many of these digital dictionaries lack

1
"Medical Translation and Terms Crisis in the Arabic World", researcher Nejat Fraji
(2019:103)
2
"Medical Terminology Book in Arabic" by Mubarak Ahamed Abd al-Hadi(2011:5).

10
 Chapter Two
features such as search capabilities, audio pronunciations, abbreviations,
analysis (word parts), basics, and practice.

The current research project on a digital dictionary of medical terms has

attempted to address some of these weaknesses. Specifically, it has been
focused on creating a comprehensive dictionary that covers all medical terms
and provides up-to-date definitions. Additionally, the research project has
designed the dictionary to be user-friendly and intuitive to use with features
such as search capabilities, audio pronunciations, translation, explanation,
examples and explanation of the examples, abbreviations, analysis (word
parts), basics of medical terminology by Dr.Hamed AL-Mogarry, and
practice.

11
 Chapter Three
Methodology of the Research Project

11
 Chapter Three

1. Introduction

This chapter provides an overview of the sample, methodology,

research project tools, limitations of the research, population, and sampling of
the research. Furthermore, the Trans-Med application translates the medical
term and explains its meaning, word parts, and acoustics. To reach the final
goal of the research, the research project follows the quantitative, qualitative,
and descriptive methodology because it's a dictionary of medical terminology.
The researchers made a questionnaire and distributed it to (100) students from
the faculty of medicine at ALrazi University and the University of Science
and Technology after validation by five doctors in medicine.

The Sample:

The current research project sample contains medical and their translation
from English to Arabic, word parts, acoustics and an explanation of its
meaning relate to different fields of medicine.

For example:

Electrocardiogram:

Root: cardio (heart)

Prefix: electro (electrical activity)

Suffix: gram (a picture or a record)

Combining vowels: O

Records the electrical activity of the heart.

12
 Chapter Three

Methodology of the research

To reach the final goal of the research of a digital dictionary of medical

terms, the research project has followed the quantitative, and qualitative,
because it provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of medical
terminology. It allows us to gain insights into how medical terms are used in
different contexts, how they are understood by students, and how they are
evolving. Additionally, it provides a platform for further research into the use
and understanding of medical terms, which can help inform students and
healthcare, and descriptive methodology was utilized to answer the research
hypothesis. There are three tools used in this research, which will be
explained detailed on later pg. (22.23) as follows:

1- Validation

2- Questionnaire

3- Open questionnaire.

The research project has done a questionnaire and distributed it to (100)

students from the faculty of medicine at Alrazi University and the University
of Science and Technology after validation by five doctors in medicine who
emphasized the importance of the applied dictionary for medical students at
all levels. The percentage of the students' responses out of one hundred
matched the right responses. Whether a question went the correct answers or
incorrect answers or no answers. The research project hypothesis has been
validated in light of the questionnaire of students' responses and will be
described in the next chapter detail later.

The questionnaire aims to demonstrate the difficulty and problems

students face in translating and understanding medical terminology.

13
 Chapter Three
There is consequently a need for a high-quality, application dictionary of
medical terms.

2. Application development steps:

Choosing the topic:

The researchers decided what type of dictionary they wanted to set up and
what information it should include such as translation, explanation of
meaning, word parts, and acoustics of medical terminology. Dictionary
researchers identified a name that is ' Trans-Med'.

Choosing the logo:

The researchers decided on the logo of the dictionary. It has to be a

unique dictionary. The researchers selected a dictionary logo after submitting
proposals from the logo designer.

Dictionary logo.

Dictionary Logo

14
 Chapter Three
Gathering information:

They collected all the words and definitions they want to include in their
dictionary. The researchers collected the medical terminology in a book
entitled "Medical Terminology Book in Arabic" by Mubarak Ahamed Abd al-
Hadi, who collected and translated it into Arabic. The researchers added
definitions of the meaning of the terms, word parts, and acoustics.

Organizing the information:

They arranged the words and definitions in alphabetical order or by

category, depending on your preference. The researchers arranged the words
and definitions alphabetically and arranged by category of word parts,
keywords, supplementary, key clinical terms, and abbreviations. The number
of medical terms in an application is (4500) terms.

Formatting the dictionary:

They designed the layout of their dictionary, including font size, page
size, margins, and so on. The researchers made a spreadsheet and it was
divided into five parts, the term, pronunciation of the term, the definition of
the term, and word parts that are divided into three parts: prefix, root, and
suffix. It was then entered into the dictionary, including font size, page size,
margins, and so on.

Publishing the dictionary:

They printed or published their dictionary online for others to use. The
application of the dictionary has already been uploaded on Google.

15
 Chapter Three
The Research Project Tools

There are three tools used in this research project:

I. Validation: Validation of a questionnaire is the process of ensuring that

the questions in the questionnaire are valid and reliable. This involves
testing the questionnaire by five doctors in medicine to ensure that it
measures what it is intended to measure and that it produces consistent
results. Validation also involves checking for any potential sources of
bias or errors in the questionnaire. The validation results were
commendable by the validator and the questionnaire was appropriate for
research purposes, adding that the application was very useful for
medical students in all disciplines. However, errors were included in the
questionnaire and there was an error in the first question selections it
was amended.
II. Questionnaire: The questionnaire was used to collect much more
information and data from students of medicine about their problems in
understanding and translating medical terms. The questionnaire consists
of the test which is the first instrument used to achieve the aims of the
research project. it was given to the students of medicine to identify the
most problems and difficulties they face in understanding and translating
medical terminology.
III. The test consists of 20 questions in which students have to choose the
correct answer by focusing on terminology, word parts, and position.
The validation and questionnaire are considered as main procedures for
proving the research hypotheses because they offer more validity and
reliability. Also, the results elicited from the validation and
questionnaire are more precise than any other information we used.
IV. Open questionnaire (unspecified answer): the third research tools are
open questions that allow students to express their opinions in their

16
 Chapter Three
own words. Open questions enable the respondent to answer in as much
detail as they own words.

Limitations of the Research

The research project is concerned with all disciplines of medical students

in the faculty of medicine. This problem study has three limitations:

I. Place: The research project was conducted at ALrazi University and the
University of Science and Technology in the faculty of medicine. It
focused on the problems and difficulties of medical terminology,
especially at the first and second levels.
II. Time: This research project was conducted in the second semester
during the academic year 2022\2023.
III. Subject: This project includes the problems of medical students that
they face in learning medical terminology throughout their studying,
like medical terms prefixes, roots, and suffixes most of which are taken
from the Latin language.

Population and Sampling

The research project was conducted on all disciplines at the College of

Medicine, ALrazi University, and the University of Science and Technology.
About 100 students were involved in a test and the questionnaire. The
students of medicine are an ideal sample for the research of a digital
dictionary of medical terms because they are already familiar with the
language and terminology used in the medical field. They can provide
valuable feedback on how user-friendly the dictionary is, as well as how
accurate and comprehensive it is in terms of its content. Additionally, they
can provide insight into how useful a tool would be for medical professionals
and students alike.

17
 Chapter Three
These students were chosen as a sample of this research because they are
having courses in the English language, and they have faced many difficulties
and problems in translating and understanding medical terminology. Also,
since they are a part of this problem we chose level one as a sample of our
research because most of the first and second levels of students in medicine
have a lot of difficulties and problems in studying medical terminology.

18
Q

Chapter Four
Data Analysis & Discussion

18
 Chapter Four

This chapter presents the analysis of the results elicited from the test, and
questionnaire that was given to the population of the research. They
particularly give a logical discussion about the results and they show how
much these results support the hypotheses of the research. The percentage of
wrong answers was ….as well as correct answers percentage was…., but the
students that did not answer were…...

There were about half of the students made mistakes on the test. Below is
an analysis of the test results.

19
 Chapter Four

4.1 Analyzing TEST

The Students' answers to the test:

Correct Incorrect No
Questions Percent Percent percent total
Answers answers Answer

Posterior or Dorsal means 49 %49 50 %50 1 %1 100

Supination means 26 %26 69 %69 5 %5 100

Hyperthyroidism means 58 %58 41 %41 1 %1 100

Cartilage means 22 %22 76 %76 2 %2 100

Parenchyma is 38 %38 52 %52 10 %10 100

Large is 92 %92 8 %8 0 %0 100

Above is 86 %86 11 %11 3 %3 100

Normal is 83 %83 16 %16 1 %1 100

Below is 82 %82 13 %13 5 %5 100

Yellow is 95 %95 5 %5 0 %0 100

Cardiovascular means 67 %67 31 %31 2 %2 100

Pulmonologist means 48 %48 45 %45 5 %5 100

Myocardium means 35 %35 58 %58 7 %7 100

Histology means 62 %62 35 %35 3 %3 100

Nephrolithiasis means 40 %40 57 %57 3 %3 100

Colostomy means 51 %51 47 %47 2 %2 100

Pericardiocentesis means 42 %42 53 %53 5 %5 100

Lithotripsy means 25 %25 66 %66 9 %9 100

Electrocardiogram means 60 %60 37 %37 3 %3 100

Pulmonology means 48 %48 46 %46 8 %8 100

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 Chapter Four
Question number (1):

1-Posterior or Dorsal means............

Percentage

Correct Answer 49%

Incorrect Answer 50%

No Answer 1%

Total 100

About 49% of the answers are correct, and 1% have no answers, 50% of
the answer are correct. The percentage of incorrect answers is high here
because of the difficulty of the Anatomical position.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%1

%49
%50

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 Chapter Four

Question number (2):

Supination means..........
Percentage

Correct Answer 26%

Incorrect Answer 69%

No Answer 5%

Total 100

69% of the student made mistakes, whereas 26% are correct. The rate of
the incorrect answer is higher because students were confused about the right
answer due to the difficulty lies. After all, the term is an Anatomical position.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%5
%26

%69

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 Chapter Four

Question number (3):

Hyperthyroidism means...........
Percentage

Correct Answer 58%

Incorrect Answer 41%

No Answer 1%

Total 100

41% Of the students made mistakes in Q3, and 1% had no answer. 58%
Of answers are correct. The percentage of incorrect answers is high here
because of the difficulty of the condition term.

No Answer
1%

Incorrect
Answer
Correct Answer
41%
58%

23
 Chapter Four

Question number (4):

Cartilage means............
Percentage

Correct Answer 22%

Incorrect Answer 76%

No Answer 2

Total 100

We noticed that 76% Of the students had the wrong answers to this
question, whereas 22% had the correct answers. This is evidence of the
student's problems in studying medical

Correct Answer
7%

Incorrect
Answer
26%
No Answer
67%

24
 Chapter Four
Question number (5):

Parenchyma means..............
Percentage

Correct Answer 38%

Incorrect Answer 52%

No Answer 10%

Total 100

52% of the answers are incorrect, and 10% have answered, whereas only
38% are correct. The rate of incorrect answers is higher because of the root
used in the question, and that means medical students did not focus on the
meaning of prefixes or roots. 10% of students did not answer at all.

No Answer
10%

Correct Answer
38%

Incorrect
Answer
52%

25
 Chapter Four

(II) Choose the correct answer of the medical prefixes that match the
following?

Question number (6):

Large is.........
Percentage

Correct Answer 92%

Incorrect Answer 8%

No Answer -

Total 100

About 92% of the answers are correct, only 8% are incorrect. The rate of
the correct answer is higher because of the simplicity of the question.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%0

%8

%92

26
 Chapter Four
Question number (7):

Above means............
Percentage

Correct Answer 86%

Incorrect Answer 11%

No Answer 3%

Total 100

About 86% of the answers are correct, 3% have no answer and only
11% are incorrect, indicating that students have no difficulty in answering
this question.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%3

%11

%86

27
 Chapter Four
Question number (8):

Normal means.........
Percentage

Correct Answer 83%

Incorrect Answer 16%

No Answer 1%

Total 100

About 83% of the answers are correct, 1% have no answer and only
16% are incorrect. The rate of the correct answer is higher because of the
simplicity of the question.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%1

%16

%83

28
 Chapter Four
Question number (9):

Below means.........
Percentage

Correct Answer 82%

Incorrect Answer 13%

No Answer 5%

Total 100

82% of the students did not make mistakes, whereas 13% of the
students did. The rate of correct answers is higher because the prefix term
was easy.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%5
%13

%82

29
 Chapter Four
Question number (10):

Yellow means..............
Percentage

Correct Answer 95%

Incorrect Answer 5%

No Answer -

Total 100

This question has 95% of right answers, and 5% of answers are wrong
because the prefix term was easy.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%0
%5

%95

30
 Chapter Four

(III) Choose the correct answer of the medical roots that match the
following?

Question number (11):

Cardiovascular means........
Percentage

Correct Answer 67%

Incorrect Answer 31%

No Answer 2%

Total 100

Question 67% of the right answers, and 31% of answers are wrong.
Also, 2% of students did not answer.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%2

%31

%67

31
 Chapter Four
Question number (12):

Pulmonologist means.........
Percentage

Correct Answer 48%

Incorrect Answer 45%

No Answer 5%

Total 100

About 48% of the answers are incorrect, 5% have no answer, and only
45% are correct. The rate of incorrect answers is higher because of the root
used in the question, and that means medical students did not focus on the
meaning of prefixes or suffixes.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%5

%49
%46

32
 Chapter Four
Question number (13):

Myocardium means.........
Percentage

Correct Answer 35%

Incorrect Answer 58%

No Answer 7%

Total 100

About 58% of the answers are incorrect, and 7% have no answer,

whereas only 35% are correct. The rate of incorrect answers is higher
because of the root used in the question, and that means medical students
did not focus on the meaning of suffixes or roots. 7% of Students did not
answer at all.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%7
%35

%58

33
 Chapter Four
Question number (14):

Histology means...........
Percentage

Correct Answer 62%

Incorrect Answer 35%

No Answer 3%

Total 100

About 62% of the answers are correct, and 3% have no answer,

whereas only 35% are incorrect. This reveals the difficulty in using word
parts by students.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%3

%35

%62

34
 Chapter Four
Question number (15):

Nephrolithiasis means...........
Percentage

Correct Answer 40%

Incorrect Answer 57%

No Answer 3%

Total 100

About 57% of the answer are incorrect, and 3% have no answer,

whereas 40% are correct. The rate of incorrect answers is high because of
the roots used in the question. This means medical students face difficulties
in the meaning of the roots or suffixes.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%3

%40

%57

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 Chapter Four

(IV) Choose the correct answer of the medical suffix that matches the
following?

Question number (16):

Colostomy means...........
Percentage

Correct Answer 51%

Incorrect Answer 47%

No Answer 2%

Total 100

About 47% of the answers are incorrect, and 2% answer, whereas 47%
are correct. The rate of incorrect answers is high because of the suffix used
in the question. This means medical students face difficulties in the
meaning of prefixes or suffixes.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%2

%47 %51

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 Chapter Four
Question number (17):

Pericardiocentesis means.........
Percentage

Correct Answer 42%

Incorrect Answer 53%

No Answer 5%

Total 100

About 53% of the answers are incorrect, and 5% have no answer,

whereas 53% are correct. The rate of incorrect answers is high because of
the suffix used in the question. This means medical students face
difficulties in the meaning of prefixes or suffixes.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%5
%42

%53

37
 Chapter Four
Question number (18):

Lithotripsy is..............
Percentage

Correct Answer 25%

Incorrect Answer 66%

No Answer 9%

Total 100

About 66% of the answers are incorrect, and 9% have no answer,

whereas 25% are correct. The rate of incorrect answers is high because of
the suffix used in the question. This means medical students face
difficulties in the meaning of prefixes or suffixes.9% of students did not
answer at all.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%9
%25

%66

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 Chapter Four
Question number (19):

Electrocardiogram is..........
Percentage

Correct Answer 60%

Incorrect Answer 37%

No Answer 3%

Total 100

About 37% of the answers are incorrect, and 3% have no answer,

whereas 60% are correct. The rate of incorrect answers is high because the
suffix used in the question was easy.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%3

%37

%60

39
 Chapter Four
Question number (20):

Pulmonology is................
Percentage

Correct Answer 48%

Incorrect Answer 46%

No Answer 8%

Total 100

About 46% of the answers are incorrect, and 8% have no answer,

whereas 46% are correct. The rate of incorrect answers is high because of
the suffix used in the question. This means medical students face
difficulties in the meaning of prefixes or suffixes.

Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

%8
%47

%45

40
 Chapter Four

Analysis of the data

Based on the table of the questionnaire presents the analysis of the

results elicited from the questionnaire given to the population of the
research. They particularly give a logical discussion about the results and
they show how much these results support the hypotheses of the research.

1. As far as item number (1- Choose the correct answer of the following
medical terms?) is concerned, 92% of the sample students confirmed
this at a high rate for five different questions (1-Posterior or Dorsal
means, 2supination means, 3- Hyperthyroidism means, 4- Cartilage
means,5- parenchyma means) about problems and the difficulties of
Anatomical terminology that the medical students face throughout
their study.
2. As to item number (2- Choose the correct answer of the medical
prefixes that matches the following?) which consists of five questions
(1- large means, 2- above means, 3- normal means, 4- below means,
yellow means.), the data indicated that 78% of the sample chosen
affirmed that they have difficulties in the prefix of medical terms, that
is they have difficulties in understanding word parts of medical terms.
3. Following the data collected, item number (3- Choose the correct
answer of the medical roots that matches the following?) which
consists of five questions (1- Cardiovascular means, 2- Pulmonologist
means, 3- Myocardium means, 4- Histology means, 5- Nephrolithiasis
means.) in roots of word parts of medical terminology, all three
principal parts are alike is the one with the highest percentage of
difficulty with the average (89%).
4. The average of the overall difficulties faced by participants is (82%).
The highest percentage of difficulties faced by the participants were in
the suffixes of word parts of the medical terminology on the item

41
 Chapter Four
number (4- Choose the correct answer of the medical suffix that
matches the following?) which consists of five questions (1-
Colostomy means, 2- Pericardiocentesis means, 3- Lithotripsy means,
4- Electrocardiogram means, 5- pulmonology means.)
5. The results showed that most medical students have many problems
and difficulties in learning medical terminology especially since most
of their subjects are in Latin and Greek terms. The discussion and
analysis below will show the percentage of their answers.

Percentage
100%
90% 87%

80%
70%
60%
Correct Answer
50%
Incorrect Answer
40%
No Answer
30%
20%
9%
10% 4%
0%
Correct Answer Incorrect Answer No Answer

2- Direct questions:

For the direct questions results, there are 47 participants (or 76%)
admitted that they find it difficult to translate medical terms in Arabic, 57
participants admitted that they make a lot of errors when they translate
medical terms in some dictionaries like Google, 82 participants said that
they prefer Dict dictionary during translating medical terms, 58 participants
said that they have not studied abbreviations which showed their lack of

42
 Chapter Four
knowledge about abbreviations, and 52 participants admitted that they have
difficult in underrating word parts of medical terminology.
Having presented the above views, it is worth mentioning that this
study is mainly concerned with developing a digital dictionary of medical
terms and finding out the most successful equivalent terms that are both
accessible and in use. Thus, the findings of the interviews are deemed
adequate to gain some insight into the extent to which students understand
medical terminology.

In addition to the explanation and analysis of the validation carried out by

five doctors
Validation
No Question Percentage
agree Ok disagree

Are questions suitable for

1 100% 100%
such type of research?

Do you think the application

to translate and explain the
2 meaning of medical 100% 100%
terminology will benefit
medical students?
Do you think this app is only
suitable for the first and
3 0% 0%
second levels of medical
students?
Or is it suitable for all
4 100% 100%
levels?
The result was very supportive of the research project, where the
doctors gathered that this research that sets up a dictionary application is
important for solving the problems of medical students who have difficulty
studying medical terminology. Moreover, the doctors' input on the more
appropriate type of dictionaries they prefer to use and their comments and
recommendations toward translating medical terms into Arabic.

43
 Chapter Five
Conclusion & Findings

43
 Chapter Five
5.1 Introduction:

This chapter is concerned with the conclusion of the whole research

project. It includes findings, and recommendations for students, and doctors.

5.2 Conclusion

Beads on the research project conducted on digital dictionary applications

of medical terms, the researchers would like to draw some conclusions, as
follows the whole average of the difficulties faced by the students in
understanding and translating medical terms is very high (87%). it can be
concluded that these applications are highly beneficial for medical
professionals for students and medical professionals. They provide quick
access to accurate information, which can improve patient care and enhance
medical education.

After conducting the research and analyzing its statistics, the researchers
have arrived at many important findings.

Findings related to the hypothesis of the research that there is a need to

build up the electronic application of medical terms for medical students and
workers in the field.

This hypothesis is proven to be true it is clear from the high percentage of

wrong answers whose average is 87% besides 4% left without answers. So
this is clear evidence that half of the medical students have difficulties in
understanding and translating medical terms although they study most courses
in English. So they must avoid these difficulties because most medical
terminologies are Latin and Greek terms, related to the poor background in
schools, and also, to lack medical applied dictionaries that provide translation
and explanation of meaning and word parts.

44
 Chapter Five

The research project indicates that digital dictionaries, as can be accessed

on mobile devices and updated regularly. Additionally, they offer features
such as audio pronunciations and interactive quizzes, which can aid in
learning and retention of medical terminology. Accordingly, the results and
discussion related to the analyses and evaluations developed a digital
dictionary of medical terms. Developing a digital dictionary of medical terms
required specific strategies to render the meanings accurately, effectively, and
easily as the students used in show four points as follows:

1- Gathering information from various medical sources such as medical

dictionaries books, and online databases.
2- Consulting with medical experts in the field to ensure the accuracy and
relevance of the terms included in the dictionary.
3- Conducting surveys or focus groups with healthcare providers and
students provided valuable insights into the types of terms that should be
included and how they should be defined.
4- It was also helpful to analyze existing digital medical dictionaries to
identify potential gaps or areas for improvement. Overall, a
comprehensive approach that combines multiple research strategies
would likely result in a more effective and useful digital dictionary of
medical terms, as a digital dictionary application of medical terms Trans-
Med.

45
 Chapter Five
5.3 Recommendations:

5.3.1 Recommendations for Students

Students of medicine are recommended to improve and develop to make

this subject of medical terminology interesting and easy when studying. The
researchers explain the different methods as follows:

1- You will need to practice, listen to the words, and learn the correct
pronunciation, it's normal if you find it difficult or feel lost at first.
2- The second method is fragmentation. This means breaking down the
word and determining word parts.
3- The third method is the keyword method to understand and relate the
word parts to your life if you understand the meaning of each word part
and when to use it, you will be able here is a simple example. The prefix
"hyper" which we can associate with Hyper Hada'a because it's one of
the largest supermarkets, you now know that "hyper" means big or in
excess.
4- The fourth method is highlighting and summarization.
5- The fifth method is game-based learning consider this subject a game or
a puzzle you can find it like an examination in research digital dictionary
application of medical terms Trans-Med.
6- The sixth method is spaced repetition with this method, you will be
repeating the terms at different time intervals based on the complexity of
the topic by using an app like Trans-Med which is a useful app that will
make studying easier and it will help you a lot, write the phrases, correct
spelling, and you will also be able to pick the words that suit the
meaning.
7- The seventh method of retrieval practice. Test yourself at the end of the
week. This will allow you to identify weaknesses, whether it's to

46
 Chapter Five

do with the understanding of the term or with writing and spelling. In

addition, there are great practice questions in the app Trans-Med.

The medical terminology subject is very interesting and it's easy because it
consists of combinations and if you know them, you will be able to form
words and understand any phrases.

5.3.2 Recommendations of Teachers:

Beads on the research and feedback from medical terminology teachers It

is recommended that they use a variety of teaching methods such as lectures,
interactive activities, and hands-on exercises to help students understand and
retain the complex terminology.

It is also important for teachers to provide real-life examples and scenarios

to help students apply the terminology in practical situations. Additionally,
using visual aids such as diagrams and charts can also aid in the learning
process.

47
 Chapter Five

Works-cited

 Almoalilim, H, et al. Difficulties Facing First-Year Medical Students at

Umm ALqura University. Saudi Arabia, 2010.
 AL-Mogarry,H. Basics of Medical Terminology: A Course book. Sana'a:
Ajyal Library,2023.
 Andriesen, S. Quality Control in Medical Translations. Innovations in
Pharma-Ceutical Technology, 2006.
 Argeg, G. The Problems of Translating Medical Terms from English into
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 Burns, D.A. Illustrated Medical Dictionary. Institute library,
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 Heba, Yaseen. Terminology Inconsistency in Medical Translation from
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 Hutton, A. An Introduction to Medical Terminology: A Self-Teaching
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 Mubarak, Abdull-hadee. Medical terminology in Arabic. Saudi Arabia,
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 Nejat, Fraji. Medical Translation and Terms Crisis in the Arabic World:
Nina. polyglotte, 2019.
 Newmark, P. A layman's view of medical translation, 1405-1407, British
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 Newmark, p. A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall
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 Pilegaard, M. Translation of Medical Research Articles. In A.
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 O'Connell, Megan. "Linguistics of Medical Terminology as Applied to
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 Saraireh, M. Inconsistency in Technical Terminology: A Problem for
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49
Index

50
Index

51
Index

52
Index

53
Index

54
Index

55