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CEEM’2006/Dalian 3A1-09
ln ( β ) − ln (α )
tmax = (5)
(β −α )
Substituting eqn.(5) into eqn.(2) yields
current waveform. The rise time tf and the As a result, the A-factor can be given as
pulse length tp are also illustrated here. −1
According to the waveform parameters tf, tp ⎛ −α ln ( β )−ln (α ) − β ln ( β )−ln (α ) ⎞
( β −α ) ( β −α ) ⎟
A (α , β ) = ⎜ e −e (7)
and I, the formula constants α and β need ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
to be determined for obtaining an analytic
expression of the lightning current According to eqs. (2)~(7), it is possible to
waveform. create arbitrary double exponential
expression for lightning current waveform
Ⅲ. Expression for A-factor by changing α , β and A.
In the previous double-exponential
formula, the constants α and β are usually Ⅳ. Determination of the Formula
difficult to fit the impulse waveforms of Constants
lightning currents. For this reason, an The following rough approximation is
additional A-factor must be introduced to given frequently in the literature [3].
create different impulse waveforms in a
more accurate way. A-factor is important to 1
tf ≈ (8)
create the double-exponential impulse β
waveforms with different parameters and
1
amplitudes. tp ≈ (9)
α
With respective to eqn.(1), the modified However, if the values of α , and β ,
formula for lightning current is written as respective to tf and tp are becoming similar,
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CEEM’2006/Dalian 3A1-09
the results are increasingly poor. The reason protection design [6, 7]. The calculated
is that the correlation of the mathematical waveforms are illustrated in Fig. 2 (a)~(d),
constants α and β with the rise time tf where the corresponding standard
and pulse length tp is non-linear relationship. waveforms are simultaneously given for
This relationship is described by the comparison. As seen from Fig. 2, a better
following equations. agreement appears between calculated and
I
(
I ( t50% ) = = AI e −α t50% − e− β t50%
2
)
(10)
standard waveforms.
I ( t30% ) =
3I
10
(
= AI e −α t30% − e − β t30% (11) ) 1.2
I
(
I ( t10% ) = = AI e −α t10% − e− β t10% (12) ) 0.9
I (p.u.)
10
standard
I ( t90% ) =
9I
10
(
= AI e −α t90% − e− β t90% (13)) 0.6
calculated
Based on eqs.(10) ~ (13), the formula 0.3
constants α , β and A can be determined
numerically by a trail and error procedure. 0
0 1 2 3 4 t (us)
Then, the double-exponential expression for
lightning current waveforms can be obtained
from the formula constants α , β and A. We (a) 0.25/100 µs
chose four standard lightning current
waveforms and then calculate their
1.2
correlated constants α , β and A. Table 1
gives the numerically determined values of 0.9
standard
the four standard lightning current
I (p.u.)
0.6 calculated
waveforms which are taken from Chinese
national standards [6,7]. 0.3
2.6/50 µs 1.2
1.058 1.50×104 1.86×106
10/350 µs
0.9
1.025 2.05×103 5.64×105
I (p.u.)
0.6 standard
Ⅴ. Numerical Examples 0.3 calculated
In order to check the validity of the
0
algorithm proposed in this paper, typical
0 10 20 30 40 t (µs)
numerical examples are delivered here. The
waveform parameters tf and tp are taken
(c) 2.6/50 µs
from the standard data related to lightning
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CEEM’2006/Dalian 3A1-09
Ⅶ. References
[1] K.Berger, R.B.Anderson, and H.Kroninger,
“Parameters of lightning flashes,” Electra,
No.41, 1975, pp.23-37.
[2] J.C.Willet and J.C.Bailey, “Submicrosecond
Intercomparison of Radiation Fields and
Currents in Triggered Lightning Return
Strokes Based on the Transmission-Line
Model,” J.GeophysRes. Vol.94, No.D11, 1989,
pp.,275-13,286.
[3] R.Thottappillil and M.A.Uman, “Comparison
of Lightning Return Stroke Models,” J.
Geophys.Res. Vol.98, No.D112, 1992,
pp.903-914.
323
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