SCIENCE 9 POINTERS / REVIEWER

1. Atomic Models
(Refer to the PowerPoint sent as your reviewer for the different models)

Principal Energy Levels and the sublevels of electrons

Principal energy Number of Type of sublevel Maximum number

level sublevels or and number of of electrons
subshells orbitals
1 1 1s 2
2 2 2s , 2p 8
3 3 3s , 3p , 3d 18
4 4 4s , 4p , 4d , 4f 32

Electrons (e-)

Neutrons (n0)
Protons (p+)

 Electrons in each orbit have a definite energy which increases as the

distance of the orbit from the nucleus increase.
 There is no absorption or emission of energy as long as the electron stays
in its orbit.
 There is an absorption of energy when an electron moves to a higher
energy level and emission of energy when an electron moves to a lower
energy level.

2. Electron Configuration
– Describes the distribution of the electrons in the different orbitals around
the nucleus.
– The elements in the periodic table is arranged based on their increasing
atomic number which corresponds to the number of electrons.
– For an atom to be considered as neutral, they must have an equal number
of electrons and protons.
 Ex.
Boron has an atomic number of 5, thus its electron configuration is shown
below:
B5 – 1s2 2s2 2p1

3. Lewis structure
– Dots are often used to represent the valence electrons in an atoms and
molecules and results to as the Lewis structure

Valence electrons
– electrons in the outermost energy level involved in forming chemical bonds
to form compounds. Those elements who has a total number of 8 valence
electrons are considered as stable element which mean that they do not need
to undergo sharing or gaining electrons.
– This determines whether an atom will transfer, share or accept electrons to
become stable.

4. Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonds – attractive forces which held together atoms of
elements when they combine to produce compounds.

Three classes of chemical bonds

A. Ionic bonds – formed when a metal bonds with a nonmetal by
transfer of electrons
Ex. NaCl or Sodium Chloride
Ions are atoms or group of atoms that are electrically charged formed
when a neutral atom gains or loses an electron.
Cations are positively charged ions while anions are negatively
charged ions.
B. Covalent bonds – formed between or among nonmetals by sharing of
electrons
Ex. H2O
C. Metallic bonds – formed by the overlapping of the orbitals of an atom
in metals in their uncharged elemental states.

Characteristics of Metals
A. Metals are dense.
B. Metals have high melting point and boiling point.
C. Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat.
D. Metals are malleable and ductile.
E. Metals are lustrous.
 5. Carbon Compounds
Organic Chemistry – study of carbon containing molecules known an
organic compound
 Organic compound or Carbon compounds are carbon containing
compounds while inorganic compounds are compounds that do not
contain alcohol.
 Carbon atom has special abilities to form chemical compounds.

Characteristics of Organic and Inorganic Compound

Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds

Mostly solid at room temperature.
High melting point and boiling
point.
Generally soluble in water and
rarely soluble in nonpolar solvents. solvents and most are not soluble
Conduct electric current
Generally nonflammable.
Mostly liquid or gas at room
temperature.
Low melting point and boiling
point.
Generally soluble in nonpolar
in water.
Do not conduct electric current.
Usually flammable and
combustible.

Hydrocarbons – organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms

only. They make up the simplest class of organic compounds.
a. Saturated hydrocarbons – hydrocarbons linked by single bond
b. Unsaturated hydrocarbons – hydrocarbons linked by at least a carbon –
carbon double or tripled bond

Hydrocarbons are also group / classified into families;

a. Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons that contains only single bonds between
carbon atoms
b. Alkenes – hydrocarbons that contain double bonds between carbon atoms
c. Alkynes – hydrocarbons that contain triple bonds between carbon atoms
Common uses of some organic compounds
Organic compound Uses
Calcium carbide (CaC2) Ripening agent
Alcohols Antiseptic disinfectant, cleaning
agents, components of liquors, fuel for
portable stoves
Ethyne Ripening agent
(Refer to your science book for some additional uses of carbon compounds)