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xL = (W + w) (t2 – t1)
L = (W + w) (t2 – t1) cal/gms------------------------------------(1)
x
L = (W + w) (t2 – t1) 4.2 J/kg ----------------------------------(2)
x x10 -3
Net Calorific Value = L – latent heat of steam
Net Calorific Value = L – 0.09 H x 587 ------------------------------- (3)
Where H = % of hydrogen within the fuel.
Principle:
Calculations:
The following readings are noted when steady conditions are established.
Volume of gas burnt @ STP in a particular interval of time = V cm3
Mass of water used for cooling in the same interval of time = W kg
Temperature of incoming water = t1°C
Temperature of outgoing water = t2°C
Mass of water condensed in the same interval of time = m
Let gross cal value = L
Heat produced by the fuel = heat grained by the water
VL = W(t2-t1)
L= W(t2 – t1) cal/m3
V
Mass of water condensed/m3 of the fuel = m/v kg
Latent heat of steam/m3 of the fuel = m/v x 587
Net Calorific Value = L – LHS
Net Cv = L – m/v x 587 cal /cm3
Fluidized (moving) bed catalytic cracking: In this process, the solid catalyst
is finely powdered so that it behaves as a fluid which can be circulated along
with the vapors of heavy oil. The vapors of heavy oil are mixed with finely
divided catalyst and this mixture is passed into the reactor maintained at
500°C. Cracking of heavy oil occurs. A centrifugal separator called cyclone
is provided in the reactor which allows only cracked vapours to pass into the
fractionating column. The catalyst gets separated in the reactor, is collected,
regenerated and reused. The different fractions like gasoline kerosene,
diesel etc. are collected in the fractionating column.
+ 3H2
H3C –CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 + H2
Hexane cyclo hexane
+ 3H2
Knocking of IC engines:-