Assignment No 1

Problems of Pakistan

Submitted To

Dr.Tahira parveen

Submitted By

Ahsaan Ashraf (005)

Hafsa Zafar (004)

Maham Saeed (001)

Esha Afzal (016)

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND

POLITICAL SCIENCE
 Table Of Contents

1. Food Security
2. Energy Crises
3. Water Crises
4. Ethnic Conflicts
5. Terrorism
6. Radicalization and Extremisms
 1-Food security

 Food security refers to the state in which all individuals have access to sufficient,
Ssafe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and preferences for an active

and healthy life.

Stability Components of food security

 According to food first information and action

networks “Food insecurity exist when all people
live with hunger and food starvation”
 Low income families are more prone to food
insecurity
 The main determinant of food security is
malnutrition

Causes of food insecurity:

 Food insecurity can arise from a combination of various causes, including:

 Low production due to famine
 Low socio-economic status
 Increasing prices
 Low production due to famine
 Low socio-economic status
 Increasing prices
Effects of food insecurity:

 Food insecurity has wide-ranging effects on individuals, communities, and societies,

encompassing various dimensions. Here are some of the key effects of food insecurity:
 Resource deprivation
 Slow economic development
 Expanding/elevating poverty
 Reduced lifetime productivity
 Induce considerable economic status

Factors promoting food insecurity:

 Several factors contribute to the promotion of food insecurity. These factors can vary
across regions and countries, but some common ones include:
 Incomplete supply chain
 Food demand due to population
 Temporary climate change
 Price instabilities
 Inadequate production

CHALLENGES AHEAD IN ACHIEVING FOOD SECURITY:

 Achieving food security continues to face several challenges globally. Some of the key
challenges include:
 Environmental pollution
 Corruption Political instability
 Access to adequate food supply
 Malnutrition Agricultural production
 Environmental pollution Corruption
 Political instability
 Lack of purchasing power Access to adequate food supply

Conclusion:

 It’s time that government of Pakistan should take step to improve food security because
it is not a war against nations, ideologies but it’s a war against poverty and hunger
which bring happiness among poor people of the country.
 2-ENERGY CRISES IN PAKISTAN
INTRODUCTION:

 An energy crisis refers to a situation characterized by a significant and widespread

shortage or disruption in the availability and access to energy resources, leading to
severe consequences for individuals, industries, and societies.

ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN:

 Pakistan has been facing significant energy

challenges, often referred to as an energy crisis, for
many years.
 The country's energy sector has been characterized
by a combination of factors that have contributed to
a shortage in energy supply and created various
issues for individuals, industries, and the overall
economy.

CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISIS:

1. Economic and political instability.

Effect our GDP and Energy growth…

2. Fluctuation of oil prices in international market.

WAPDA & KESC purchase expensive oil and transfer cost to customers….

3. Faulty Distribution system.

We waste to 15 to 20 percent energy through poor distribution system

4. Aging of equipment.

Unable to generate required electricity.

5. Unproductive efforts.

Seminars & conference but no implementation.

 6. Silting Process.

It is a naturally caused

RECOMMENDATION:
 Govt. must pay circular debt.
 Govt. must invest to cover up line losses.
 Industries that consume 32% of our electricity, must apply Energy Conservation Systems
and Management measures.
 They can start producing their own energy with their own investment without depending
upon the grid.
 Industrialists and new investors must consider the Energy Sector as good an investment
as any other. Needs image building.
 Govt. must convert from inefficient gas plants to efficient ones in order to conserve
electric energy.
 Govt. must consider investing in Solar Energy plants to produce Electricity as they
provide free energy, and are less mechanical than Wind Energy Plants.

CONCLUSION:
 This study recommends government of Pakistan to take strong steps to over hall its
existing infrastructure and transformed it to utilized renewable energy for future needs.
Government should also take steps to utilized the coal reserves through it will give us
energy for next 25 years.

3-Water crises in Pakistan

Introduction:

 The water crisis refers to a situation where there is a shortage of clean and safe water for
human consumption, sanitation, and agricultural use.
 It is characterized by a lack of access to sufficient quantities of water to meet basic needs
or a significant deterioration in water quality that poses risks to human health and the
environment.
 The water crisis can manifest as water scarcity, water stress, or water scarcity combined
with poor water quality. It affects both developed and developing regions, impacting
individuals, communities, and ecosystems.
Causes of water crisis in Pakistan:

 Pakistan faces several causes of the water crisis, which contribute to water scarcity and
inadequate access to clean water. Some of the main causes of the water crisis in Pakistan
include:
 Water Scarcity: Pakistan is classified as a water-stressed country, with an
inadequate supply of water to meet the growing demands of its population.
 Population Pressure: Pakistan has a rapidly growing population, which puts
immense pressure on the available water resources.
 Unequal Water Distribution: Water resources in Pakistan are not distributed
equitably, leading to disparities in water access between different regions and
socioeconomic groups.
 Dependence on Indus River System: Pakistan relies heavily on the Indus River
system for its water supply.
 Groundwater Depletion: Over-extraction of groundwater for agriculture and
domestic purposes has led to the depletion of aquifers in many parts of Pakistan.
 Inefficient Irrigation Practices: Outdated and inefficient irrigation practices, such
as flood irrigation and open canals, result in significant water losses.
 Water Pollution: Water pollution is a pressing issue in Pakistan, resulting from
industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and inadequate wastewater treatment.
 Climate Change Impacts: Pakistan is highly vulnerable to climate change,
experiencing increased frequency and intensity of droughts and floods.
Water management strategies:

International Level:

 Pakistan should take the issue to International court of Justice in order to urge India not to
make dams on Western rivers.

At National Level:

a) Construction of dams and improvement of existing canal system.

i. Construction of Kalabagh Dam [It will create a reservoir with usable storage
capacity of 6.1 MAF].
ii. Raising Mangla Dam, Gomal Dam, Satpara dam, and Sabakzai Dam should be
the top priority.
iii. Canlas should be cemented in order to stop the seepage of water.
iv. Creation of Think tank (planning commission, HEC, universities, PEC) for water
Resources Development and Management.
b) Water pricing reforms tariff reform is critical to ensure sustainable water use as canal
water is heavily underpriced.
c) Bringing the agriculture within the tax net.
d) Sufficient and sincere political will is required to implement water pricing reforms.
e) Nationwide campaign to raise awareness.

Conclusion:

 Public consensus on national issue to defeat the nefarious aims of enemies.

 Provinces should reform the agriculture taxation system in the context of NFC award in
order to entrance the political interest of powerful land owners.
 Control of excessive groundwater exploitation is imperative.

4-Ethnic Conflicts
  The common characteristic of a people especially a group sharing a common and
distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like.” So, an ethnic group is a group of
people who have a common characteristic in terms of language, region, culture,
ansestors, religion etc.

What are ethnic conflicts?

 Knowing that ethnicity forms a group of people using a common characteristic. It is

quite clear that various such groups may not get along.
 The act of treating someone differently based on their ethnicity is called an ethnic
divide.
 It can be because one ethnic group is not treated par to others.
 One example is the sepration of Bangladesh (West Pakistan) in the year 1971.
 The Bengalis separated because they felt neglected, this is an ethnic divide based on
culture or region. The picture shows one of the many rallys of the Bengali Language
Movement from the 1950s.
 Let’s analyze the various divisions present in Pakistan.

SHIA'S;

Population: 5 to 20% of the total population are Shia's. -Estimated to be 40 million in the
year 2015.
Beliefs: Shia's are Muslim’s. The only sepration is on the matter of Caliphs. They think the
Caliph should have been chosen by God. They believe Hazrat Ali (RA) was the one who
deserved the honour first

SUNNI'S:

Population: 75% of the Pakistani Muslims are Sunni’s.

Beliefs: Sunni's believe that new Caliph should be elected from among those capable of the
job. -Hence they are okay with the fact that Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) was the first Caliph.
Further AHMADI'S:

Population: There are approximately 4 million Ahmadi Muslims in the country. -This
equates to 2.2% of the population.

Beliefs: Ahmadis believe in Muhammad (pbuh) as the best law bearing prophet and Mirza
Ghulam Ahmad as the Christ of Muslims. -This means that they don’t believe in the finality
of Prophet Hood of Muhammad (pbuh).

Non-muslims in Pakistan:

After discussing the Muslim sects it is important to discuss the non-muslim minorities of
Pakistan.

Hindus: 2.5 to 4.5 million in total. Which makes approximately 1.6% to 1.9% of total
population. -Most Hindus live in Sindh while a few live in the other provinces. -They mostly
speak Sindhi, some also speak English or Punjabi.

Christians: 2.5 million which makes about 1.6% of the total population. -Most of them
speak Urdu, Punjabi and English. -The picture is of the Sacred Heart Cathedrel in Lahore.

Jews: There is a small minority of Jews in Pakistan too.

SINHDI:

Population: About 35,700,000.

Language: Sindhi
Culture: Sindhi culture is highly influenced by Sufi doctrines and principles. Some of the
popular cultural icons are Raja Dahir, Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar,
Jhulelal, Sachal Sarmast and Shambumal Tulsiani.

Religion: Hindus constituted about 6.5% of the total population of Sindh province. This
group can be regarded as concurrently following Hinduism and Sikhism. -Many Sindhis are
converted Muslims.

PUSHTO:

Population: about 30,699,037 (Not included Pashtun Afghan refugees) constitute the
second-largest ethnic group of Pakistan.

Language: Pushto: main language -Dari and Urdu: secondary languages

Culture: Pashtun culture is mostly based on Pashtunwali (self-governing tribal system) and
the usage of the Pashto language. Pashtun culture is a unique blend of native customs with
some influences from South and Western Asia.

Religion: Islam

PUNJABI:

Population: approx. 93,500,000

Language: Punjabi, Urdu and English.

Location: Mostly in the Province of Punjab.

Culture: The culture of Punjab derives its basis from the institution of Sufi saints. The fairs
and festivals of Punjab reflect the entire gamut of its folk life and cultural traditions.

Religion: Islam mainly.

BALOCHI:

Population: approx. 6,900,000

Language: Mainly Balochi. But regional languages are also spoken.

Culture: The Balochi generally live in remote mountainous and desert regions, which have
protected them from invasion and allowed them to form a distinct cultural identity.

Religion: Predominantly Sunni Islam

Language Conflict:

 Language is like the unified separate identity of a group.

 In fact, language was the key point in the alienation of Bengalis.
 They insisted on the recognition of Bengali as the national language along with Urdu.
 Their demand was ignored and they felt neglected.
 The linguistic groups, Sindhi, Mohajirs, Punjabis, Pathans, Baloch, and Gujrati have
been involved in conflicting situation with each other on various occasions.
 In 1972 Sindhis retaliated the dominance of Urdu and Sindhi was declared as the
official language of Sindh.
 The Mohajirs demonstrated against this and the Government through issued an
ordinance in favour of Urdu.

Conclusion

 Interethnic group conflict in Pakistan has destabilized the political system and
undermine foundations of the state.
 The things like inter-tribal conflict in the tribal areas, the Sindhi and non-Sindhi
violent conflict in Sindh, Shia-Sunni cruel and regressive activities have become a
norm of Pakistani society.
 The key is to not only promote unity but treat everyone equally.
 No discrimination of any kind should be done to a group.
 When everyone feels like they are being heard, conflicts don’t arise

5-Terrorism
 The word terrorism is derived from a Latin word “terror” which means ‘great fear,
dread or to frighten’. TERRORISM has no global definition yet it can be termed as:
“Unlawful act of violence in such a way as to achieve a certain goal.”
What is terrorism:

 The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets that
symbolize what they oppose. The effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in the act
itself, but in the public’s or government’s reaction to the act. For example, in 1972 at
the Munich Olympics, the Black September Organization killed 11 Israelis. The
Israelis were the immediate victims. But the true target was the estimated 1 billion
people watching the televised event. Those billion people watching were to be
introduced to fear - which is terrorism's ultimate goal.

Islam and terrorism:

 Islam and terrorism are often topics of discussion due to the association of certain
terrorist acts with individuals or groups claiming to act in the name of Islam.
 However, it is crucial to understand that Islam as a religion does not promote or
endorse terrorism. Terrorism is a complex issue influenced by various factors,
including political, social, economic, and ideological motivations..

PAKISTAN TOURISM:

 Pakistan tourism industry suffered a loss of 54 million dollars from 2001-1010.

Major problems of terrorism:

 Political Instability:
 Lack of law and order
 Bad governance
 Corruption
  Unequal distribution of wealth
 Economic conditions:
 Low purchasing power
 Social Injustice:
 Due to suppression by Zamindars and Jagirdars, a suppressed community
often rises violently against the injustice leading to extremism in the society
 Class Differences:
 Huge gap between rich and poor
 Religious extremism:
 Suicide bombings and terrorist’s activities are carried out by the people who
claimed to be Muslims
 The so called scholars of Islam are responsible for these acts
 Who are gravely mistaken in their understanding of the issue of jihad?
 Madrassas centers of hate-preaching to young minds is the critical part of
the problem.

STEPS taken by PAKISTAN:

 Ban on Terrorism organization

 Operation Rah-e-Rast (May 2009)
 Operation Rah-e-Nijat (June 2009)
 Government also take step for reforming of Madrassas.
 Operation Zarb-e-Azb (June 2014)

Conclusion

 The improvement of law and order and elimination of corruption and nepotism must
remain high on our priority list. At the same time, a strict check has to be maintained
on the use of religious seminaries to breed and spread sectarianism and extremism.
The relative Terrorism in expediency and weight of any particular approach has to be
decided based on ground situation and impact based on accurate feedback.
 6-Radicalization and Extremism in Pakistan

Radicalization:

 Radicalization refers to the process by which individuals adopt extreme beliefs,

ideologies, or viewpoints that may involve supporting or justifying violence,
terrorism, or other forms of violent extremism.
 It is important to note that radicalization can occur in various contexts and is not
limited to any specific ideology, religion, or group.

The process of radicalization typically involves several stages:

Pre-Radicalization:

 In this stage, individuals may experience various personal, social, or political

factors that make them susceptible to radical ideologies.

Identification:

 Individuals start identifying with an extremist ideology or cause. This may involve
seeking out like-minded individuals or groups that share their beliefs, often
facilitated through online platforms, social networks, or radical influencers.
 Indoctrination:

 During this stage individual are exposed to extremist narratives, propaganda, and
ideologies that reinforce their beliefs.

Acceptance:

 Individuals fully embrace and internalize the extremist ideology.

Action:

 In some cases, radicalized individuals may move from holding extreme beliefs to
taking action to further their cause. This can include planning or carrying out acts
of violence, supporting or joining terrorist organizations, or engaging in other
forms of violent extremism.

Radicalization in Pakistan:

 has been a significant concern and has had various implications for the country
and the region. Pakistan has experienced the rise of extremist ideologies and
militant groups, which have resulted in acts of terrorism, violence, and sectarian
tensions. Here are some key points about radicalization in Pakistan:

Extremism:

 Extremism refers to the advocacy, support, or implementation of extreme

ideologies, beliefs, or actions, often involving political, religious, or social views.
Extremist individuals or groups typically hold radical and uncompromising
positions that go beyond the accepted norms of society.
 Extremism can manifest in various forms, including political extremism, religious
extremism, and ideological extremism.

Extremism in Pakistan:

 Pakistan has faced various forms of extremism over the years, including religious
extremism, political extremism, and sectarian violence. It's important to note that
while extremism exists within certain segments of Pakistani society, it does not
represent the views or actions of the majority of the population.
Types of Extremism:

Religious extremism:

 Particularly associated with radical interpretations of Islam, has been a significant

challenge in Pakistan.
 Extremist groups such as the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and sectarian
organizations have carried out acts of violence, targeting religious minorities,
shrines, mosques, and even educational institutions.
 These acts of extremism have caused significant loss of life and have had a
destabilizing effect on the country.

Political extremism:

 Political extremism in Pakistan often manifests through radical political ideologies

and movements.
 Various political parties and groups have at times resorted to violence, protest
movements, and disruptive activities to advance their agendas

Sectarian violence:

 Is another form of extremism that has affected Pakistan. Tensions between

different sects within Islam, such as Sunni and Shia, have occasionally
escalated into violent conflicts.
 Extremist groups affiliated with specific sects have carried out attacks on
places of worship and individuals from opposing sects, leading to a significant
loss of life and further deepening sectarian divisions.

References:

1. https://www.pakistangulfeconomist.com/2022/11/28/the-
problem-of-food-insecurity-in-pakistan/
2. https://pide.org.pk/research/water-crisis-in-pakistan-
manifestation-causes-and-the-way-forward/
3. https://www.paradigmshift.com.pk/pakistan-energy-crisis-and-
its-solution/
4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41259986
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan