BT Worksheets PST 1

TASK SHEETS
ISSUE DATE : OCT 2020

REVISION NO : 04
LEARNING WORKSHEETS REVISION DATE
PREPARED BY
: SEPT 2020
: COURSE CHAIR
(As per STCW’78 AS AMENDED) Validated by
REVIEWED BY
: 2E ESALOC
: CAPT. PERRY PAGDILAO
BT PST APPROVED BY : MS. ELISA ABUID CAYAB
Name:Sinay,Denmark E. Date:
Course: BSMT DURATION: Deadline OF SUBMISSION:
Course link:______________________________
Instruction: Answer each of the following questions, computer generated illustrations

are allowed, a short explanation will also be required on some questions.
Day 1:
I- Types of emergency situations
1. Identify the types of emergency situations that may occur onboard ship
 Propulsion/Steering/Essential Equipment Failure
 Collision
 Fire
 Foundering
 Man Overboard
 Abandon ship
 Pirates Attack or Stowaways
 Hot work incidents
 Gangway slips
 Explosions
 Mooring accidents
2. Explain the common causes of each type of emergency situation

 Propulsion/Steering/Essential Equipment Failure - Also been caused due to electrical
system failure, improper maintenance, collisions/ accidents etc.
 Collision - Human error is the most common cause of maritime collisions. Weather: Next to
human error, weather conditions have the biggest impact on maritime accidents. Fog
obstructing vision, high winds exerting force on vessels, ice flows colliding with vessels all
fall under this category.
 Fire - Leaky high-pressure pipes, puddles of fuel or oil and exhaust gases all contribute to
the risk of an onboard fire. Other causes of onboard fires include oily rags and a type of heat-
producing bacteria known as thermophilic bacteria.
 Foundering - Also may be a human error because of the negligence of a person on duty
especially at bridge.
 Man Overboard - Negligence of a person, alcoholism, or not in a right condition of a crew
can be a cause of man overboard.
 Abandon ship - It is one of the most critical point during emergency cause by collision,
grounding or fire. It will be announce by the master.
 Pirates Attack - Pirate attacks have been kept in check in recent months by an increased
U.S. Navy presence around the Horn of Africa. Nonetheless, every ship should have
procedures in place for responding to attacks.
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TASK SHEETS
REVISION NO : 04
PREPARED BY
: SEPT 2020
: COURSE CHAIR
REVIEWED BY
: 2E ESALOC
Course link:______________________________

 Hot Work Incidents - Ships are hotspots for gases, oils and other explosive materials. So
when a crew member is performing hot works repairs, he or she is at risk for burns, toxic
fume inhalation or even death due to explosions. Whenever someone is working with
flammable materials, it’s imperative that proper safety procedures be followed.
 Gangway Slips - Gangway slips occur for many reasons. Improper maintenance,
inattentiveness and bad weather. When they happen, crew members can find themselves laid
up for days or weeks.
 Explosions - Crankcases that are not properly maintained are prone to explosion, which not
only wastes time and money in repairs, but also puts crew members at risk. Again, a planned
maintenance system can reduce the risk of explosions aboard ships.
 Mooring Accidents - Winches and ropes are inherently dangerous. It only takes a second for
clothing to become tangled. Even though the journey is nearly over, it’s important for the
deck crew to remain vigilant throughout the operation to avoid a major accident.
3. Explain the contents of the muster list

 It contains the functions each member of a ship crew is required to perform in case of
emergency. Also, it has the details of the general emergency alarm and other emergency
signals and the corresponding action to be taken by the crew. Where appropriate,
communication equipment, channels and reporting chain to be used during an abandonment
or other emergency should be specified.
II- Types of life-saving appliances normally carried on ships

4. Identify the types of life-saving appliances normally carried on ships
 Lifeboats
 Davit Systems
 Rescue Boats
 Line-throwing devices
 GMDSS equipment
 Intelligent fire alarm systems
 Portable fire extinguishers
 Thermal Suits
 Gas detectors and spares
 Ladders
 Jason’s Cradles
5. Explain SOLAS requirements on each type of life-saving appliance
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TASK SHEETS
REVISION NO : 04
PREPARED BY
: SEPT 2020
: COURSE CHAIR
REVIEWED BY
: 2E ESALOC
Course link:______________________________

 Lifeboats - They are further classified into free-fall boats, partially-covered lifeboats and
totally-covered lifeboats. Abiding by the SOLAS convention, each vessel must have enough
lifeboats to secure 1.5 times the number of people on board.
 Davit Systems - Davit systems are used for hoisting, lifting, and storing lifeboats so that they
stay secure at all times but can be easily removed when necessary.
 Rescue Boats - Rescue boats are used to rescue people from drowning, near the shore, or in
the deep sea. Rescue boats are rigid, inflatable or hybrid structure with a minimum length of
3.8m. They can capacitate 6 people: 5 seated and 1 lying down.
 Line-throwing devices - Line-throwing appliances are used to project a from the boat to the
person overboard or from one boat to another and pull the object in distress to safety. Per the
SOLAS regulations, every ship has to carry at least 4 line-throwing devices at all times.
 GMDSS equipment - The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) is an
internationally established set of safety procedures, types of equipment, and communication
protocols used to increase safety and make it easier to rescue distressed ships, boats and
aircraft.
 Intelligent fire alarm systems - They are high-performing devices that allow for fast
detection and management of fires. The mechanism uses a series of control and relay
modules and probes and provides an advanced warning to protect lives.
 Portable fire extinguishers - Portable fire extinguishers are invaluable tools to protect
seafarers in case a fire breaks out on the ocean. They are further classified based on the type
of extinguishing material used in the fire extinguisher as well as the different causes of fires.
 Thermal Suits - Thermal suits are waterproof suits that protect the wearer from hypothermia
from immersion in cold water, after abandoning a sinking or capsized vessel, especially in
the open ocean. They are designed to have a conductivity of less than 0.25 W/mK and are
used to conserve body heat in extreme temperatures up to -30 degrees Celsius.
 Gas detectors and spares - Gas detectors are highly useful in finding the presence of toxic
and combustible gases on ships. These are especially popular in mining, oil and gas,
chemical, and industrial sectors, where there is a high possibility of noxious leaks.
 Ladders - Ladders are a means of getting on or off ships safely, along the ships’ side
whenever necessary. Various types of ladders can be used to get on or off a ship, depending
on the urgency and location.
 Jason’s Cradles – Jason’s cradles are strong nets woven from cloth webbing, used to rescue
a person in distress and aid him overboard. They are available in different formats such as –
standard units, scramble nets, stretcher units, etc. These appliances are easily grabbable and
can be used to tow the person in the water towards the boat.
3/1
TASK SHEETS
REVISION NO : 04
PREPARED BY
: SEPT 2020
: COURSE CHAIR
REVIEWED BY
: 2E ESALOC
Course link:______________________________

III- Equipment in survival craft

6. Identify the various equipment in survival craft
 Bilge pumps
 Compasses
 First-aid kits
 Fishing kits
 Hatchets
 Jackknives
 Signaling mirrors
 Sea anchors
 Emergency drinking water
7. Explain the use of 5 equipment in a survival craft

 Bilge pumps - A bilge pump gets unwanted water off or out of a raft.
 Fishing kits - Life raft fishing kit was designed as an emergency fishing solution to be stored
in life rafts in order to keep the occupants nourished and sustained until rescue arrives.
 First-aid kits - A medical kit consisting of basic medicines, bandages, and first aid required
to treat minor injuries must be present on every lifeboat.
 Signaling mirrors - A signaling mirror is a device that reflects light to grab the attention of a
vessel passing by or a rescue plane. Any reflective object can be used, but signal mirrors are
designed to make targeting your flash a lot easier.
 Sea anchors - A sea anchor also known as a drift anchor is a device used to stabilize a raft in
heavy weather.
IV- Location of personal life saving appliances

8. Give example of Location of personal life saving appliances onboard
 The location of life buoys on ship can always be found in the fire control and safety plan of
the ship which is always posted on bridge and other conspicuous places. Personal life saving
appliances onboard are normally located on a place where it can be easily access and usually
it is in the port and starboard of a vessel were the lifeboats/liferafts are also located. Some
personal life appliances can also be found inside the lifeboats.
9. Explain 5 personal life saving appliances and it’s uses
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TASK SHEETS
REVISION NO : 04
PREPARED BY
: SEPT 2020
: COURSE CHAIR
REVIEWED BY
: 2E ESALOC
Course link:______________________________

 Life jacket (inflatable or non-inflatable) - Life jackets are designed to keep you afloat in
water. They will automatically turn you into a face-up position, keeping your mouth and
nostrils clear of the water to prevent the risk of drowning.
 Life raft - It enables life rafts to turn automatically from a capsized position to an upright
position on the surface of the water, regardless of whether they inflate in the inverted position
underwater or on the surface of water, or capsize for any reason proceeding inflation.
 Lifebuoy - A lifebelt, lifebuoy, water wheelie, ring buoy, life ring, lifesaver, life donut or life
preserver, also known as a “Kisbee ring,” or “Perry buoy,” is a lifesaving buoy designed to
be thrown to a person in the water, to provide buoyancy and prevent drowning.
 Immersion Suit - A survival suit, or as it is more accurately and currently referred to as, an
immersion suit, is a special type of waterproof dry suit that can protect the wearer from
hypothermia if immersed in cold water, after abandoning a sinking or capsized vessel,
especially in the open ocean.
 Thermal Protective Aid - A Thermal Protective Aid (TPA) is an aluminized polyethylene
suit with heat sealed seams that protects from the elements and prevents hypothermia.
10. Identify the location of 5 personal life saving appliance

 Life jacket (inflatable - non inflatable) - The lifejackets carried for persons on replica
watch should be stowed on the bridge, in the engine control room and at any other manned
copy watch station
 Life raft - are stored in a fiberglass container, incorporated with a high-pressure gas used for
inflating life raft at the time of emergency. It is also located at the both sides of the vessel.
 Lifebuoy - Are located in easily accessible places on both sides of the vessel, on all open
decks extending to the side of the ship.
 Immersion Suit - Immersion suits shall be so placed as to be readily accessible and their
position shall be plainly indicated.
 Thermal Protective Aid - The Thermal Protective Aids are located within each life raft,
normally contained within the emergency packs.
V- Survival principles
Value of training and drills
11. Explain the value of training and drills
 Proper preparation and knowledge can give a person a strong psychological edge to
overcome a survival situation. Training and drills are conducted on board to make sure that
all crew members constantly know their duties in an emergency. It is during drill that
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TASK SHEETS
REVISION NO : 04
PREPARED BY
: SEPT 2020
: COURSE CHAIR
REVIEWED BY
: 2E ESALOC
Course link:______________________________

defective equipment are detected. Drills are to be held at an interval of at least not more than
one month. On passenger vessels, drills are conducted depending on the voyage of the vessel.
12. Explain the requirements for conducting drills onboard ships

 In ships in which the voyage exceeds one week in duration a complete drill shall be held
before leaving port and others thereafter at least once a week during the voyage. 2.2 All
watertight doors, both hinged and power operated, in main transverse bulkheads, in use at
sea, shall be operated daily. When you are new in a vessel within 24 hours you must have
been properly taught about the emergency drills.
Personal protective clothing and equipment

13. Explain the procedures in donning a lifejacket
 When putting a life jacket you must make sure that you cloths are warm enough, wear extra
layers. The first thing when you wear a life jacket is, pull the life jacket over your head and
grip the extra collar. Second, fasten the extra collar and close the vest. Third, fasten the click
belt. And lastly, tighten the belt.
14. Explain the procedures in donning and using an immersion suit

 STEP 1. Roll suit out on deck and sit on it. Insert your legs into suit using plastic bags to
make it easier. Leave on boots and other clothing for insulation and protection in the water.
 STEP 2. Place non-dominant arm into suit first (lefties-right and righties-left). Pull hood
over head with free hand.
 STEP 3. Place dominant arm in last. Pull the zipper up with care and secure flap over your
face.
 STEP 4. Make sure that all straps and hoses are secure to avoid being snagged or injured. Do
not inflate air bladder until you are in the water.
Preparedness to any emergency

15. Explain the importance of being prepared to any emergency situation
 Emergency is any situation or accident that causes or is likely to cause loss of life,
environment and property. Being prepared and conducting drills regularly can minimize the
risk and casualties during emergency. It can reduce fear, anxiety and panicking. If we are
well prepared we can act immediately and do the right thing with maintaining the safety of
all crew onboard the ship. It can save our lives and we can also save other’s life.
6/1
TASK SHEETS
REVISION NO : 04
PREPARED BY
: SEPT 2020
: COURSE CHAIR
REVIEWED BY
: 2E ESALOC
Course link:______________________________

Actions to be taken when called to survival craft stations

16. Explain the actions to be taken when called to survival craft stations
 The person in charge of the lifeboat shall immediately, after clearing the ship, organize the
following:
 look for and pick up other survivors from the water;
 marshal liferafts;
 secure survival craft together, distribute survivors and equipment between survival
craft;
 stream sea-anchor; and
 if appropriate, rig exposure cover or foldable canopy.
 Post a look-out.
 Issue anti-seasickness medicine and seasickness bags.
Actions to be taken when required to abandon ship

17. Explain the precautions to be observed in jumping from the a height into the water
 Look before you leap. Do not jump onto other people, into a lifeboat, or onto a lower deck.
Jump feet first as far from the boat as possible. Swim away from the boat as soon as you hit
water; the vacuum effect created as the ship goes down can suck you under. Find a lifeboat or
something to float on ASAP. Float with a group of survivors for warmth and encouragement
if no lifeboat is reachable. Kick and punch anything that brushes you from below.
Actions to be taken when in water

18. Explain the proper way of keeping afloat without a lifejacket
 Do the water treading. Your body has to stay upright, and your head should be above the
surface. You need to move your arms and legs to keep yourself afloat. You can use your
arms and legs together, just your legs, or just your arms. Remember that one of the most
important things about treading water is being calm and breathing slowly.
19. Explain the proper technique in swimming while wearing a lifejacket

 The proper technique in swimming while wearing a lifejacket is position yourself in water up
to your neck. Lift your legs up and tilt your head back toward the water. Your mouth should
not be in the water and you should be floating without having to make an effort. If the life
jacket rides up on you, you need to tighten the straps and snaps.
 Kick your legs. Fully extend your legs while keeping them underneath the water. Kick them
up and down. Kick slowly to move yourself through the water at a slow and steady pace. To
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TASK SHEETS
REVISION NO : 04
PREPARED BY
: SEPT 2020
: COURSE CHAIR
REVIEWED BY
: 2E ESALOC
Course link:______________________________

move quickly through the water, kick at a more rapid pace. The act of kicking should be
enough to propel you through the water without the use of your arms.
 Use your arms. Should your legs become tired or if you need an extra boost to get through
the water, incorporate the use of your arms while swimming with a life jacket. Extend your
arms out in front of your in the water. Slowly fan your arms out to your sides making a large
half-circle motion. Repeat.
20. Explain the procedures in righting an inverted life raft while wearing a lifejacket
 Get onto the inverted floor of the life raft, at the gas bottles. Standing on top of the gas
bottles, heave the raft over by pulling the righting strap. Hold your arms folded above your
head as the raft comes over, to form a pocket of air. Recover your breath before swimming
out from under the raft.
Actions to be taken when aboard a survival craft

21. Explain actions on boarding survival craft to enhance chance of survival based on SMS Manual
Instructions for immediate action in a liferaft
1. Cut painter and get clear of ship.
2. Look for and pick up other survivors.
3. Ensure sea-anchor streamed when clear of ship.
4. Close up entrances.
5. Read survival instructions.
Instructions on how to survive a liferaft

1. Identify person in charge of liferaft.
2. Post a look-out.
3. Open equipment pack.
4. Issue anti-seasickness medicine and seasickness bags.
5. Dry liferaft floor and inflate, if appropriate.
6. Administer first aid, if appropriate.
7. Manoeuvre towards other liferafts, secure liferafts together and distribute survivors
and equipment between survival craft.
8. Arrange watches and duties.
9. Check liferaft for correct operation and any damage and repair as appropriate
(ventilate if CO2 leaking into liferaft).
10. Check functioning of canopy light and if possible conserve power during daylight.
8/1
TASK SHEETS
REVISION NO : 04
PREPARED BY
: SEPT 2020
: COURSE CHAIR
REVIEWED BY
: 2E ESALOC
Course link:______________________________

11. Adjust canopy openings to give protection from weather or to ventilate the liferaft as
appropriate.
12. Prepare and use detection equipment including radio equipment.
13. Gather up any useful floating objects.
14. Protect against heat, cold and wet conditions.
15. Decide on food and water rations.
16. Take measures to maintain morale.
17. Make sanitary arrangements to keep liferaft habitable.
18. Maintain liferaft including topping up of buoyancy tubes and canopy supports.
19. Make proper use of available survival equipment.
20. Prepare action for: arrival of rescue units; being taken in tow; rescue by helicopter;
and landing and beaching.
22. Explain the proper way of steaming a drogue or sea-anchor

 Ensure none of your rode is tangled and that it is ready to pay out from coil. Make sure
everyone is standing clear so that legs won’t get caught in lines. All line segments should be
secured with shackles or swivels and seizing wire should be used for added safety.
 The trip line and floats go out first, remember to deploy sea anchors from the bow and
drogues from the stern. Allow the trip line to drift out and clear.
 Toss the drift anchor in next, making sure to toss it into clear water.
 As the boat drifts away from the anchor, pay out about 50’ of rode and snub the line with half
a turn on the cleat just to hold it momentarily. Wait a minute or so for the drift anchor to
open.
 Keep tension on the road, snubbing as necessary, while paying out the rest of your rode to
achieve the desired scope.
 Secure your rode to your cleat or a prepared bridal if you have a multi-hulled vessel.
 Add chafe guards where necessary
23. Explain the procedures in operating survival craft equipment based on SMS manual
 don a lifejacket correctly; safely jump from a height into the water; board a survival craft
from the water while wearing a lifejacket;
 right an inverted liferaft while wearing a lifejacket;
 interpret the markings on survival craft with respect to the number of persons they are
permitted to carry;
9/1
TASK SHEETS
REVISION NO : 04
PREPARED BY
: SEPT 2020
: COURSE CHAIR
REVIEWED BY
: 2E ESALOC
Course link:______________________________

 make the correct commands required for launching and boarding the survival craft, clearing
the ship and handling and disembarking from the survival craft;
 prepare and launch survival craft safely into the water and clear the ship's side quickly;
 deal with injured persons both during and after abandonment;
 row and steer, erect the mast, set the sails, manage a boat under sail and steer a boat by
compass;
 use signaling equipment, including pyrotechnics;
 use portable radio equipment for survival craft;
24. Explain the procedures in operating location devices, including radio equipment
 EPIRBs can either be operated automatically after an incident by fitting them to an auto-
house which releases the EPIRB once submerged allowing the units water contacts to active
the signal. EPIRBs can also be carry in ditch or emergency bags and activated manually in an
emergency.
Main dangers to survivors

25. Identify main dangers that survivors may experience
 Heat stroke and sun stroke
 Exposure to cold and hypothermia
 Effects of seasickness
 Failure to maintain body fluids correctly, causing dehydration
 drinking sea water
 fire or oil on water
 sharks
 immersion drowning
 hunger and despair
26. Explain the measures to be taken to prevent exposure to danger

 Working alone: Avoid working alone, but if you have to, maintain good communications
with someone responsible for checking on your safety and always notify someone else of
your intentions and location before you start. Remember to check your radio before leaving
the office.
10/1
TASK SHEETS
REVISION NO : 04
PREPARED BY
: SEPT 2020
: COURSE CHAIR
REVIEWED BY
: 2E ESALOC
Course link:______________________________

 Lighting: If adequate light is not available, e.g. by opening hatches or doorways, a suitable
IS torch or working light may be used.
 Slips and falls: Wear appropriate anti-static non-slip shoes/boots. Pay particular attention in
the vicinity of deck machinery, where lubricants may be spilt, or if leaking cargo is
identified.
 Machinery: Keep well away from moving machinery and wear high-visibility clothing and a
safety helmet. Remember: the operator may have a limited view, particularly in the hold.
You must observe any instructions from officers or crew.
 Remember: in tidal basins the ship’s mooring lines may require frequent adjustment using
winches. Keep well away from these operations.
11/1

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TASK SHEETS

ISSUE DATE : OCT 2020

Instruction: Answer each of the following questions, computer generated illustrations

2. Explain the common causes of each type of emergency situation

Instruction: Answer each of the following questions, computer generated illustrations

3. Explain the contents of the muster list

II- Types of life-saving appliances normally carried on ships

5. Explain SOLAS requirements on each type of life-saving appliance

Instruction: Answer each of the following questions, computer generated illustrations

Instruction: Answer each of the following questions, computer generated illustrations

III- Equipment in survival craft

7. Explain the use of 5 equipment in a survival craft

IV- Location of personal life saving appliances

9. Explain 5 personal life saving appliances and it’s uses

Instruction: Answer each of the following questions, computer generated illustrations

10. Identify the location of 5 personal life saving appliance

Instruction: Answer each of the following questions, computer generated illustrations

12. Explain the requirements for conducting drills onboard ships

Personal protective clothing and equipment

14. Explain the procedures in donning and using an immersion suit

Preparedness to any emergency

Instruction: Answer each of the following questions, computer generated illustrations

Actions to be taken when called to survival craft stations

Actions to be taken when required to abandon ship

Actions to be taken when in water

19. Explain the proper technique in swimming while wearing a lifejacket

Instruction: Answer each of the following questions, computer generated illustrations

Actions to be taken when aboard a survival craft

Instructions on how to survive a liferaft

Instruction: Answer each of the following questions, computer generated illustrations

22. Explain the proper way of steaming a drogue or sea-anchor

Instruction: Answer each of the following questions, computer generated illustrations

Main dangers to survivors

26. Explain the measures to be taken to prevent exposure to danger

Instruction: Answer each of the following questions, computer generated illustrations

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