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INTRODUCTION
Ke y Te r m s
• Physical Activity
• Physical Fitness
• Maximum Oxygen Consumption
• Endurance
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Physical Activity
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Physical Fitness
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1. Cardiovascular Changes
C h a n ge s at Re st :
• Reduction in resting pulse rate.
• Apparent increase in vagal tone
and decrease in sympathetic
tone.
• Decrease in blood pressure.
• Increase in blood volume and
hemoglobin.
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C h a n ge s d u r i n g E xe rc i s e :
• Increased stroke volume.
• Increased cardiac output
• Increased extraction of
oxygen by working muscles.
• Decreased blood flow per kg
of working muscle.
• Decreased myocardial oxygen
consumption.
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2. Respiratory Changes
C h a n ge s at Re st :
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C h a n ge s d u r i n g E xe rc i s e :
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3. Metabolic Changes
C h a n ge s at Re st :
• Muscle hypertrophy.
• Increased capillary density.
• Increase in number and
size of mitochondria.
• Increase rate of oxygen
transport.
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C h a n ge s d u r i n g E xe rc i s e :
• Glycogen sparing.
• Lower blood lactate level
at sub maximal work.
• Increased capability to
oxidize carbohydrates.
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Therapeutic Uses
• Improves circulation.
• Increases energy.
• Increases endurance.
• Helps reduce the risk of developing heart disease.
• Helps reduce the risk of developing diabetes.
• Helps reduce body fat.
• Helps you reach and maintain a healthy weight.
• Helps reduce stress, tension, anxiety, and
depression.
• Improves sleep.
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Stress Testing:
Po i nt s ta ke n i nto co n s i d e rat i o n :
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Principles:
• Changing the workload by
increasing speed of treadmill or
resistance of bicycle.
• Maintain each workload for 1
min or longer.
• Terminating test on onset of
symptoms.
• Measuring maximum oxygen
consumption when available.
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Purpose:
• Establish a diagnosis.
• Evaluates cardiovascular
functional capacity.
• Determine physical work
capacity (kg-m/min).
• Increase individual
motivation.
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Preparation:
• Have had a physical
examination.
• Monitored by ECG.
• Closely observed at rest,
during exercise and during
recovery.
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Precautions:
• Abnormal increase in heart rate.
• Increase in blood pressure with
exercise up to 7-10 mmHg.
• Systolic not >220mmHg
• Diastolic not >120mmHg
• Respiration is labored.
• Perception of shortness of breath.
• Skin changes : Pink, moist and
warm.
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Termination:
• Progressive angina.
• Significant drop in systolic pressure.
• Lightheadedness, confusion, pallor,
cyanosis, nausea.
• Abnormal ECG response >4mm.
• Excessive rise in blood pressure.
• Subject wishes to stop.
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Fitness Testing:
D e te r m i n a nt s o f E xe rc i s e P ro g ra m :
1. FITT Principle.
2. Overload Principle.
3. Specificity Principle.
4. Reversibility Principle
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FITT Principle:
1. FREQUENCY : How often you exercise.
Optimal is 3-4 times a week.
2. INTENSITY : How hard you exercise.
Determined on bases of overload and
specificity.
3. TIME : How long you exercise for. 20-30
min session at 60%-70% maximum
heart rate.
4. TYPE : What kind of exercise you do.
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Overload Principle:
• 70% max heart rate and 50% Vo2
max is minimal level stimulus for
eliciting a condition response.
• Maximum Heart Rate: 220 – age.
• Exercise Heart Rate: Karvonen’s
Formula (Heart Rate Reserve) (HRR)
• HRR = HRrest +60-70% (HRmax – HRrest)
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Specificity Principle:
• Muscle strength without
significant increase in total
oxygen consumption.
• Aerobic training without
training anaerobic system and
vice versa.
• Aerobic training specific to type
of activity.
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Reversibility Principle:
• Only 2 weeks of detraining shows
significant reduction in work
capacity.
• Frequency and duration of activity
required to maintain aerobic fitness
is less than that required to improve
it.
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Exercise Program
T h e re a re t h re e co m p o n e nt s :
1. Warm-Up Period.
2. Aerobic Exercise Period.
3. Cool-Down Period.
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Warm-Up Period:
• Time lag exists between onset of
activity and body adjustments.
• Enhance adjustments that should
take place before activity.
• To decrease musculoskeletal injury,
occurrence of ECG changes and
arrhythmias.
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• Increase muscle temperature.
• Increase need for oxygen to meet
energy demands.
• Dilatation of previously constricted
capillaries.
• Adaptation to sensitivity of neural
respiratory center.
• Increase in venous return.
• 10 min total body exercises like
walking slowly.
• Attaining heart rate within 20
beats/min of target heart rate.
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Aerobic Exercises:
1. Continuous Training.
2. Interval Training.
3. Circuit Training.
4. Circuit – Interval Training.
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1. Continuous Training
• Sub maximal energy requirement.
• Sustained throughout training
period.
• Stress placed on slow twitch fibers.
• Prolonged for 20-60mins without
exhausting oxygen demand.
• Most effective way to improve
endurance in healthy individuals.
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2. Interval Training
• Exercise followed by properly
prescribed rest interval.
• It is either passive recovery or
active recovery.
• Total amount of work completed
with active recovery is greater
than the passive recovery.
• Tends to improve strength and
power in healthy individuals.
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3. Circuit Training
• A series of exercise activities.
• At end of last activity, start from
beginning and move through the
series.
• Uses large and small muscle groups.
• Mixture of static and dynamic effort.
• Improve strength and endurance by
stressing aerobic and anaerobic
systems.
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Purpose:
1. Maintain venous return.
2. Prevent fainting.
3. Enhance recovery period.
4. Prevent cardiovascular
complications.
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AE
AEROBIC EXERCISES
Thank You.
Florence Macwan
Final Year B.P.T.
Sarvoday College Of Physiotherapy