Sports physiology and

medicine

P E TA R S TA N I Ć

MEDICAL ENGLISH III

10 words to highlight
1. Hypertrophy (hipertrofija) - increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its
component cells

2. Muscle strength (mišićna snaga) - measure of the application of muscular force on objects

3. Cardiac output (srčani minutni volumen) - total volume of blood that exits hearth in one minute

4. Heat shock (toplinski udar) – the state of pathologically heightened body temperature by the outer elements

5. Hyponatraemia (hiponatrijemija) – the state of low sodium concentrations in blood and tissue
 10 words to highlight
6. Sprains (uganuće) - overstretching or tearing the ligaments that results with weakening of connective tissue

7. Strains (istegnuće) - overstretching or tearing of muscles and tendons

8. Chronic injury (kronična ozljeda) - injury developed because of the long-term repetitive motion or activity

9. Doping (doping) - use of banned substances in competitive sports to enhance the performance

10. Medical committee (medicinski odbor) – council that discuss and invent the rules and regulations
of medical practice
Effects of
sport on
human
body
 Effects of sport on the muscles
• Long-term exercise can lead to signific gain in muscle mass, and
therefore to increased strength

• Depends on proper nutrition

• Strength = muscle force x distance of effect

• Effectiveness and endurance

• The main restrictions:  limited amount of oxygen

 limited amount of nutrients

 unwanted metabolites

restrictions of biological matter

• Changes caused by exercise:

increase of myofiber number

increased enzymes activity

higher rate of ATP synthesis

 Increased glycogen and fat storage

• Increase of muscle mass and strength by constant, progressive

exposure of muscles to their load limit

• strength increases by about 30% during the first 6-8 weeks of

exercise with maximal load
 Effects of sport on the lungs
• A vital role of ventilation

• The maximum minute respiratory volume is about 50% greater than

actual pulmonary ventilation during maximal muscle work

 safety factor in case of: 1)work on high altitudes,

2)work on high temperatures
3) respiratory disorders

• Oxygenation limits due to maximum minute respiratory volume and

oxygen diffusion capacity

• Those limits can be adjusted in case of long-term professional athletes,

with high oxygenation demands
 Effects of sport on the cardio-vascular system
• Tissue supply with oxygen and nutrients

• Blood flow

• Blood flow changes:

 under effort, flow rises up to 13 times
 each muscle contraction decreases the flow

• Blood flow connected to cardiac output

• Cardiac output

• Depends on hearth rate and stroke volume

• Hypertrophy of athlete's hearth

 Effects of sport on the other body functions
Body temperature

• All energy in our body is eventually transformed to heat

• Normal increase in body temperature caused by exercise is +2 ̊ C

• Its crucial to have functional temperature regulation centre

• Dangers of exercise with elevated basic body temperature

• Heat shock  state of febrility over 41 ̊ C

 symptoms like dehydration, altered mental status,...
 Effects of sport on the other body functions
Electrolytes disbalance

• During increased sweating and extended muscle activity our body is

losing high amounts of sodium and chlorides

• Hyponatraemia and hypochloraemia

• Disbalance affects quality of neuron impulse transmission, causing

difficult moving and awareness disorders

• Electrolytes needs to be replaced regularly during physical activity

Sport
related
injuries
 Common sport injuries
• The most common sport injuries are:

1. Sprains - overstretching or tearing the ligaments that

results with weakening of joint

2. Strains - Overstretching or tearing muscles or tendons

3. Dislocations – movement of bone out of joint socket

4. Fractures – full or partial breaking of solid bone mass

5. Achilles tendon rupture – inability to keep posture or walk

6. Rotator cuff injury – tear among any of 4 muscles that

surrounds the shoulder joint

7. Knee injury – usually due to the rupture of cruciate lig.

 Specific sport injuries

Skiers thumb - A fall on an outstretched hand with a ski

pole in the palm creates the force necessary
to stretch or tear the ligament of thumb

Tennis elbow - Type of tendinitis that occur on muscles

connecting upper arm with elbow

Golfer elbow - Tendinitis that strikes the muscle group

between elbow and the forearm

Turf toe - sprain of the ligaments around the big toe joint
Doping
 Doping
• Use of banned substances in competitive sports

• “PED” - Performance enhancing drugs

• Except because of enhancing performance, drug can be

banned due to its ability to mask the presence of a different
banned drug during testing

• “TUE” - Therapeutic Use of Exemption

- statement that the athlete needs some type of
banned drug to treat their medical condition
- needs to be validated by official medical committee
• Health hazard
Questions

1. What is the muscle hypertrophy?

2. Which are the most common sport injuries?

3. What is doping?
THE END