Soybean Oil Guide To Process Refinery Department

Soybean oil Guide to Process Refinery Department
1
Contents
Preface 3
Soybean ingredients 4
Specification of soybean oil 7
Smoke point, flash point 7
Methods Of Oil Refining 8
Physical Refining 8
Neutralizing 9
Chemistry Refinery 9
Calculating caustic soda 10
Bleaching 17
Deodorizer 25
flowchart 28
Mixer 33
Flowmeter 35
Reference 36
2
Soybean oil
is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean . It is one of the most widely
consumed cooking oils and the second most consumed vegetable oil. As a drying oil, processed
soybean oil is also used as a base for printing inks (soy ink) and oil paints.
Chinese records dating prior to 2000 BCE mention use of cultivated soybeans to produce edible soy
oil. Ancient Chinese literature reveals that soybeans were extensively cultivated and highly valued as a
use for the soybean oil production process before written records were kept.
Production, 2018
Country
(tons)
1 China 16,167,100
2 United States 10,884,000
3 Brazil 9,305,295
4 Argentina 7,249,000
5 India 1,507,700
6 Mexico 797,224
7 Paraguay 755,700
8 Russia 744,383
9 Netherlands 648,700
10 Germany 644,900
3
Soybean oil ingredients
Composition of oil:
Molecular Formula C11H9N3O2.Na
Density: 0.917 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Glycerol + fatty acids triglyceride + water

Soybean seeds includes about 20% oil
- Ingredients:
1-Tocopherols
Tocopherols are naturally occurring antioxidants in vegetable oils, and one nature’s protections against oil
oxidation.
- four types of tocopherols are present:
tocopherols function content (ppm)
tocopherol provides protection to the oil

Alpha against photooxidation (oxidation under 90-120 ppm.
visible light).
beta tocopherol found at very low

Beta concentrations in oils, are not fully ND (Nondetectable)
known.
Gama protect oil against autoxidation. 740-1020 ppm
Delta protect oil against autoxidation. 240-300 ppm.
2-phospholipids
Oil type Phospholipids Phosphorous
Crude soybean 1-3 % 317-950 ppm
Degummed soybean 0.32-0.64 % 100-200 ppm
4
Phosphorous (ppm) = phosphatide % x 10
31.7
4
- Phospholipids are split into two parts:

- Hydratable:
Treatment with water at 140- 150 F °, 60-70 C ° hydrates some of the phospholipids in crude oils – which
settle out or can be separated by centrifugation.
For example: 600-800 ppm phosphorous in crude soybean oil can be reduced to 200 ppm or less by
simple water degumming.
- Nonhydratable:
Phospholipids which are not removed by water alone are considered ‘’ Non hydratable ‘’. the objective of
acid-pretreatment of crude oil is to convert non hydratable phospholipids into hydratable forms by drawing
away absorbed bivalent cations (like calcium, magnesium metals) which interface with their hydratability.
3-Free Faty Acid (FFA)
Properties of soybean oils
Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated
Smoke point
fatty acids fatty acids
Saturated
Type
fatty acids α- ω-6:3
Oleic Linoleic
Linolenic ratio
Total acid Total acid
acid
(ω-9) (ω-6)
(ω-3)
Soybean 15.6 22.8 22.6 57.7 7 51 7.3:1 238 °C (460 °F)
The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat.
4-Trace Metals
- The most common, metals found in crude oil are
iron, calcium, magnesium, and sometimes very low of copper.
Trace metals are removed from the crude oil by bleaching clay and bound by citric acid after
deodorization process.
- (trace metals are removed by citric acid after deodorization).
5
Trace metals are initiators antioxidant
5-Sterols
- It works as a natural anti-cholesterol in the blood.
It is known that cholesterol is only found in food products of animal origin, and is not found in any
vegetable product or in any vegetable oil at all. What is found in plants and their products is another
substance similar in composition to cholesterol and opposite to it in its work, it also acts as an anti-
oxidant.
Sterol compounds and their levels in common crude soybean oil:

Total sterols: 1800 – 4100 ppm
6-Color Compounds
-The main color compounds in vegetable oils are
carotenes and chlorophylls, although other color compounds also present.
- Note that Soybean oil contain the highest amounts of chlorophylls.
6
smoke point, flash point
Smoke point is directly related to the amount of FFA in the oil, and also to the amounts of monoglycerides
and diglycerides present in the oil.
Flash point of crude oil: higher than 330 F° – 149 C°
Smoke point for degummed soybean: 250 F° – 121 C° maximum
According to the trading rules of NIOP.
NIOP (National Institute of Oilseed Products) specification on soybean oils
Specification Degummed Soybean Fully Refined Soybean Oil

FFA 0.75 max 0.05 max
PV 2.0 max
Cold Test 5.5 min
Moisture 0.3 max 0.1 max
Phosphorous 200 max
Flash Point 121.1 per min
Unsaponifiable Matter 1.5 max
7
Methods Of Oil Refining

There are two primary methods for refining soybean oils. They are:
1.Physical refining.
2.Chemical refining.
-selection of a specific method of crude oil refining process depends on several factors, such as:
1-Type of crude oil.
2-Quality of the crude oil to be refined, especially its phospholipids (phosphorous) content.
1-Physical Refining
-Physical refining process has been difficult for any oil, which contains high levels of non-hydratable
phospholipids, until the enzymatic degumming process was improved with the help of the new and more
effective enzymes and fine tuning of the enzymatic degumming process that took place in recent years.
-Steps of physical refining:

1.The crude oil is pretreated with phosphoric acid or citric acid to hydrate the non-hydratable
phospholipids and chelate trace, metals impurities. This helps reduce the total phospholipids in the oil to a
lower level.
2.The oil is bleached in a vacuum bleacher using acid activated clay. This removes the remaining
phospholipids, trace metals, oil decomposition products, and color bodies, such as chlorophyll, carotene,
etc. from the oil.
3.The bleached oil is filtered. The filtered oil is called refined and bleached oil (RB oil).
4.The RB oil is deodorized at high temperature under very low pressure. using live steam stripping to
remove the FFA, monoglycerides, oil decomposition products, etc. The oil at this stage is called RBD oil.
5.The RBD oil is cooled. Citric acid is added to the deodorized oil chelate metal ions to minimize oil
oxidation and stored.
- Critical control point in the physical refining process:

1.determination of the phosphorous (or phospholipids) content of the crude oil.
2.amount of phosphoric acid added to the crude oil.
3.acid addition temperature.
4.degree of mixing between the acid and the oil.
5.contact time between the acid and the oil.
8
6.type of clay.
7.amount of clay.
8.degree of contact between the acid treated oil and the acid activated clay.
9.contact time between the oil and the clay.
10.bleacher temperature.
11.absolute pressure in the bleacher.
12.type of filter.
13.oil temperature after bleaching.
14.storage period between bleaching and further processing of the bleached oil.
15.deodorization.
2-Chmestiry Refinery
Units Sequence (Step by Step)
1.Neutralizing
-The soybean comes to crude tank at refinery department, then is heated to 35° (to flow easily).
-it’s transferred to heat exchanger up to 85°.
-it’s injected by phosphoric acid H3PO4(H3PO4 temperature 35°),
(added phosphoric acid: 1 kg per 100 phosphorous)

Phosphoric acid converts nonhydratable phospholipids to hydratable by break the bond between
(calcium, magnesium and oil).
-soybean and phosphoric acid flow at high share mixer to mix.
- then they flow to Acid Reactor, Retention time: (15 minutes).
-it’s injected by caustic soda NAOH (NAOH temperature 45°) …. To neutralize Free Fatty Acid by NAOH.
Recommended Percent Excess Treat for

Various Crude Oils for Refining
Oil type Recommended percent excess caustic

Crude soybean oil 0.05–0.15
Degummed soybean oil 0.01–0.05
Super degummed oil 0.05–0.1
9
Calculating caustic soda:
-It consists of two parts:

a. Theoretical amount of caustic needed to neutralize the FFA and form soap.
b. Additional amount of caustic needed to convert the nonhydratable phospholipids
to a hydratable one. This is referred to as percent excess caustic
treat.
10
Sample calculation:
FFA in the crude oil = 1.0%
Excess treat used = 0.15%
Total caustic treat (0.142 X 1 + 0.15) = 0.292 kg / 100 kg of oil
(Caustic solution = 16°Be = 11.09%NaOH)
Caustic treat (0.292 / 11.09) X 100 = 2.63 kg /100 kg of oil
Supposedly flowrate: 12000 of crude oil / h
16 Baume caustic solution needed
(12000 / 2.2) X (2.63/100) = 143.45 kg/h
- Then they flow to high share mixer.
-Then they flow to heat exchanger to cool by water to 45°.
-Then they flow to ley reactor to mix oil with NAOH (Retention time 90 minutes).
11
-they flow to separator (Westphalia or Alpha Laval) to separate soap and other purities in oil, (separator:
4500-5900 RPM/min), soap flow to soap storage, oil flow to next step.
-injected by citric acid C6H8O7 to neutralize remain soap, high share mixer to mix.
-flow to washing separator to wash oil from soap remaining.
. Neutralizing breaks some color bonds in the oil: xanthophyll that make yellow color, chlorophyll
make the green color, carotenes make red color.
-the oil flow to drier tank (oil flow with a centrifugal pump to drier tank, drier have a nuzzle discharge the
oil by increase exposed surface to vacuum ... to evaporate the moisture from oil) his temperature ranging
86°:89°.
… in this case, the oil can be stored as degummed oil.

-then the oil flow to next step (bleaching).
Critical Control Points
The critical control points for the process are as follows:
12
1. Acid dosage
2. Temperature of reaction with the acid (also temperature of reaction with
caustic in neutralization
3. Vacuum in the vacuum dryer (moisture of the oil in the vacuum dryer)
4. Agitation in the vacuum dryer
5. Time of contact between the acid and the oil
6. Caustic treat and excess caustic in neutralization
1. Acid dosage
Acid dosage is higher than what is normally used in acid conditioning. It
requires an acid dosage of roughly 0.3% (dry basis).
2. Temperature of reaction with the acid
It appears that a reaction desirable temperature of 80–100°C is the range
for obtaining good results and the range of 90–95°C is the desirable range.
Below 80°C the precipitated chlorophyll begins to redissolve in the oil and
higher green color oil is obtained after caustic refining. At temperature above
100°C the deodorized oil color begins to get darker.
3. Vacuum/moisture
The vacuum must be <10 mm of mercury to reduce the moisture in the oil
to <0.1% and preferably to <0.07% in order to achieve improved crystallization
of the chlorophyll so as to achieve better chlorophyll reduction in
the oil.
4. Agitation in the vacuum dryer
The agitation must be as gentle as possible in order to retain the structure of
the crystallized chlorophyll.
5. Time of contact between acid and oil
It is important to have a minimum contact time of 15 min at the reaction
temperature of 194–203°F (90–95°C). At lower temperature a longer contact
time would be necessary.
6. Caustic treat and excess caustic in neutralization
Due to the high phosphoric acid dosage in the reaction step a higher caustic
treat as well as excess caustic is needed
Troubleshooting Chemical Refining Process
problem cause solutions

Check the caustic strength and
Caustic treat may be low the treat and adjust, if
FFA in refined oil >0.03 necessary
% FFA in the incoming oil Check crude oil FFA and
might have increased increase caustic treat if needed
13
due to new lot of crude oil because of higher FFA in the

in the day tank crude oil
Check the high shear mixer. Fix
it if it is not working. Also check
Inadequate mixing of the retention mixers to make
caustic and crude oil sure they are working. Shut
down the line if either or both
need to be repaired.
Install a work tank to divert the
Too many startups and
oil from the primary separator
there is no work tank
during start up.
Increase back pressure and
Back pressure on the oil check for ppm soap in the
exit at the primary refined oil. Also check and
separator is too low make sure the neutral oil in the
soap has not changed
Check crude oil FFA, flow rate
and the caustic treat. Reduce
Soap in the refined oil Caustic treat is too high the caustic treat if it is high and
is >500 ppm recheck ppm soap in the
refined oil after a few minutes
Reduce crude oil flow rate and
Crude oil quality is poor and
adjust caustic treat. Recheck
requires higher caustic treat
ppm soap
Shut down and clean the
Separator bowl is dirty
separator bowl
Caustic strength may be
Increase caustic strength
weak
Lab-bleach color is high Conduct lab-bleach color to
Crude oil quality may be
verify the best attainable oil
poor
color
Back pressure on the oil Reduce the back pressure and
exit line on the recheck ppm soap in the
separator is high refined oil
Reduce crude oil flow rate,
Crude oil quality is poor adjust caustic treat and recheck
Neutral oil in soap is high ppm soap
Caustic treat is too high for
Check caustic treat and reduce
the FFA in the
it if it is high
crude oil
Shut down and clean the
Separator bowl is dirty
separator bowl
Verify and increase the caustic
Phosphorus is >3 ppm in Caustic treat is low
treat
the
High shear mixer may not Check and fix the high shear
refined oil
be working mixer if it is not working
14
Increase dwell time by

increasing the number of
Low contact time in the
vertical
vertical mixer
mixers if not all of them are on
line
Check the mixer and fix it.
Vertical mixer agitator may
Shut down the line, fix the
not be working
mixers and restart.
High caustic treat
FFA in the water washed
oil is
Verify if the high shear mixer
>0.05% while FFA in the and fix it
Inadequate mixing
refined
oil is 0.03% or less
Check soap in the refined oil.

Refined oil contains >500 Increase back pressure on the
ppm of soap oil exit line and recheck ppm
soap in the refined oil
Insufficient wash water
Increase wash water without
(<10%–15% as
exceeding the 15% limit
recommended)
Soap in the water washed
Low water wash Increase water wash
oil is temperature temperature
>50 ppm
Inadequate mixing of wash
Check the oil water mixer and
water and
fix it if it is not working
refined oil
Wash water hardness is Check for the water hardness
high and properly treat the water
Water wash centrifuge bowl Shut down and clean the water
is dirty wash centrifuge
Decrease back pressure on the
Back pressure on the oil
Neutral oil in the oil exit from the water wash
discharge line is
discharge water separator, Recheck neutral oil
high
from water wash in the wash water
separator is Check soap in the refined oil
>0.1% High soap in the refined oil and reduce it if found to be
high
Check vacuum ejector or
Operating pressure of the vacuum pump to reduce the
vacuum dryer is absolute
Oil at the exit of vacuum >50 mm of Hg pressure in the vacuum dryer to
dryer <50 mm of Hg
is not dry (Moisture Water washed oil
Increase water washed oil
content is temperature is <82°C.
temperature
>0.1%) This must be 82–88°C
Spray nozzles in the
Shut down and clean vacuum
vacuum dryer may be
dryer nozzles
dirty
15
The separator bowl is dirty.

Moisture in the water Shut down and clean the
washed oil is >0.5% separator
bowl
2. Bleaching
Bleaching operation that called the last line of defense
So, it can remove the color bonds (chlorophyl, carotenes, xanthophyll) and remove some moisture from
oil.
Ability to reduce the soap content in the feed oil to zero ppm
High efficiency in removal of trace metals, phospholipids, etc.
16
-the degummed oil flow to slurry with added a dosing of bleaching earth (tonsil or supreme or activated
carbon etc...) by adsorbing the colors from oil and discharge it with clay.
-slurry would be under vacuum.
-then the oil flow to bleacher.
(Bleacher contains to tray and coil to heat)
First tray: his temperature ranging 98°:102°.
Second tray: his temperature ranging 106°:110°.
And both they exposed to sparge steam to mix the oil with bleaching earth
17
-then they flow to leaf filter to filtration clay from oil by form the cake of clay and discharge the clear oil.
Leaf filter
18
- then the oil flow to buffer tank (production tank).

- then flow to polishing filter to remove any purities at oil.
Polishing filter
19
-the measure of filter 10 micron.

… in this case, the oil can be stored bleaching oil.
However, it is undesirable to store bleached oil because it exposed to oxidation easily (because it losing
tocopherols).
-then the oil flow to next step (Deodorizer).
Notes:
1. Moisture in the feed oil
Moisture in the feed oil must be 0.2%–0.4%. The benefit of wet bleaching
is not accomplished at moisture content <0.2%. On the other hand, a higher
than 0.4% moisture increases the risk of having wet oil (moisture content
>0.1%) leaving the vacuum dryer. This can cause premature blinding of the
filter screens.
2. Absolute pressure in the bleacher reactor
The operating pressure in the bleacher reactor is 500 Torr. At higher pressure,
the oil would have higher moisture content. At lower pressure, the oil
might be too dry to derive the benefit of the wet bleaching process.
3. Operating pressure in the vacuum dryer
The maximum operating pressure in the vacuum dryer is 50 Torr. This allows
the oil to be dried to moisture level of <0.1% before filtration.
20
Troubleshooting Dry Bleaching Process
problem cause solution
• Make sure the vacuum-

The vacuum-dried oil has
dried oil
the
has a moisture content of
following:
<0.1%
• Moisture level is >0.1%
• Check for the high soap in
• Soap content is >0 ppm
the
Oil filtration • Phosphatide
primary or water wash
rate is slow (phosphorus)
centrifuge
although the level is >1 ppm
and correct it
filter has been • The flow control through
• Phosphorus level must be
freshly cleaned the
<1 ppm. Make sure that the
filter is not adjusted
oil is
properly
properly degummed and
allowing higher oil flow
refined
and
• Check and correct the flow
blinding the screens
rate
• The filter was not

properly
precoated causing • Check and follow proper
premature precoating procedure
blinding of the screens • Clean the screens
Filtration cycle • The screens may have • Check and correct the oil
time is too been flow
short blinded due to • Increase oil temperature
accumulation by 5°C
of material inside them without exceeding 239°F
• The oil flow may be too (115°C)
high
• Oil temperature is low
21
• Make certain that sufficient

time
• Insufficient time allowed
is allowed for oil
for
recirculation to
oil recirculation
obtain clarity
• Improper precoating of
• Follow the required steps
the
for
filter screens
precoating as discussed in
• One or more screens
Section
may
6.4
have been torn
• Replace the damaged
Filter grade is • The “O” ring on the
screens. It is
unacceptable screen
not advisable to repair
socket at the bottom of
screens by
the
the oil processor
screen may be worn out
• Replace the “O” ring
• The socket at the
periodically
bottom
to avoid this issue
of screen may not have
• Check every screen to
been sitting properly on
make sure
the
they are sitting properly on
manifold
the
manifold
1. Check and correct the
high soap
in the water-washed oil
2. Increase the amount of
bleaching
Soap in the clay
• High soap in the
bleached oil is 3. Add additional amount of
vacuum-dried oil
not zero phosphoric acid or citric
acid
in the bleaching process to
hydrolyze the extra soap in
the
water-washed oil
22
• Increase the amount of

bleaching
clay
• Check agitator and make
sure
all impellers are in place
and
• Insufficient amount of
the motor is drawing the
bleaching clay
rated
• Inadequate contact
amperage. Fix the agitator if
between
needed
the oil and bleaching clay
• Increase recirculation time
• Bleaching temperature
through the filter
Bleached oil is low
• Increase oil temperature
color is too • The caustic strength
without
dark may be
exceeding 239°F (115°C)
low especially if the crude
• Increase the caustic
oil
strength
is of poor quality
without increasing the total
• Possibly crude oil is of
caustic treat
very
• Check the lab-bleach color
poor quality
of the refined oil. If the color
is as dark as that produced
at
the plant, then the color of
the oil is fixed and cannot
be
reduced.
23
• Select the appropriate acid

activated
clay for chlorophyll
removal
• Increase the oil
temperature by
• The bleaching clay used 5°C, without exceeding
may 239°F
not have high selectivity (115°C)
for • Make sure the vacuum in
chlorophyll the
Chlorophyll • Bleaching temperature bleacher is <50 Torr
level is high in is low • Follow the appropriate
the bleached • Insufficient contact time steps listed
oil (>30 ppb between the oil and the previously under “Bleached
for soybean or clay oil
canola oil) • The crude oil may have color is too dark”
higher than normal level • Do one or more of the
of following:
chlorophyll because of: • Use most active acid-
• early harvest activated
• wet harvest condition clay and at a higher dosage
• Blend with less green oil
before
or after bleaching
• Follow the procedure
discussed
under Very Green Oil.
24
3.Deodorizer
(Under vacuum)
-the oil flow to drier tank before flow to deodorizer to evaporate moisture and easily heating with vacuum.
-then the oil flow to chill and tube heat exchanger to heat oil by steam up to 150°C.
-then the oil flow to exchange tray (inlet with outlet oil) to heat inlet oil and cooling outlet oil.
-the hot oil flow to firs tray at deodorizer (first tray connect with a coil outside from high pressure steam
boiler or thermal oil boiler) to heat oil 240°:255°C.
Coil of H.P.S
25
The vacuum with heating can clear most purities and free fatty acid, peroxide, moisture, color bonds,
vapors and chemicals remaining etc.…
-the oil flow to other tray by over flow until it reaches to exchange tray.
Notes: free fatty acid evaporate and condensate by a shower at scrapper of free fatty acid.
(Then free fatty acid flow to plate and frame heat exchanger to cool by water up to 50 °C, flow to storage)
-at every tray the free fatty acid, color bonds, most impurities, peroxide, moisture and chemical remaining
etc... evaporate by vacuum system.
-Then the oil flows into the exchange layer, and the oil outside the deodorizer is exchanged with the oil
inside the deodorizer.
26
-then the oil flow to production tank, added citric acid (C6H8o7) at tank (oil temperature about:
135:140°C) to clear all soap remaining and trace metals, and it also a Preservatives.
-then the oil flow to basket filters (strainer) to clear it from any purities.
-dosing by NITROGEN to store at inert atmospheric (to protect it from oxidation).
-then the oil pass-through chill and tube heat exchanger (the oil comes to unit with the refining oil).
-then its pass-through heat exchanger (the refining oil with water) to cooling oil.
-then its pass-through plate and frame heat exchanger (the refining oil with water) to cool it (35°:40°C).
-then the refining oil pass through polishing filter to clear it from any purities.
-then the refining oil flow to storage (tank farm).
And finally, we are having a refining oil
27
flowchart of soybean process:
28
Start oil from Water Loading

Soybean Oil Storage tank
extraction Degummed crude oil
Refining
(No)
department
Steam for (Yes)

heating oil
up to 85 º
heat exchanger
Refining
type
Chemical refining Physical refining
Added : H3PO4 to
Neutralizing Neutralizing conversion
Added : H3PO4 to nonhydratable
conversion phosphatides to
nonhydratable hydratable by break
phosphatides to the bond .
hydratable by break
the bond .
Acid Reactor
Added : NAOH to
neutralize oil acidity(
FFA ) and neutralize
H3PO4 acidity.
Heat Steam for
exchanger heating
Ley Reactor
Steam for
heating
Heat
exchanger
29
Separator (s1) : to
separate soap from oil
output from adding
NAOH
Soap storage
Steam for
heating
Heat exchanger
Hot water 85 º to
washing oil from traces
of soap
Washing
Separator
Water treatment
(s2)
Steam for
heating
Heat
exchanger
(No) In case of degummed oil
Bleaching
adding Citric
Drier
Acid (C6H8O7)
85:90 º
To remove the
remaining traces
of soap
Acid reactor mixer
Slurry Bleaching
Earth
Steam :
to mixing oil
Bleacher
with
First tray : 98:102 º
bleaching
Second tray : 106:110 º
earth
Leaf filter
30
Production Tank
Polishing filter
In case of
(No)
Bleaching oil
Deodorizing
Drier
105:110 º
In cause of
Heat Steam for
continues (No)
production exchanger heating
H.P Steam
(yes)
First tray at
deodorizer
240:245 º
Production tank
(No)
Citric Acid
C6H8O7
Quality result
31
Safety filters
(crude oil)
heat exchanger
low
Chill and tube
temperature
Water to cool
oil
heat exchanger
(To be packed
in an inert
atmosphere
Polishing filters
Injected by
nitrogen
Storage
32
Mixer types:
33
34
Flowmeter types:
35
Reference:
-PARTICAL GUIDE TO VEGETABLE OIL PROCESSING.
– WIKIPEDIA.
– OIL AND FATS TECHNOLOGY BOOK.
– BAILEY’S INDUSTRIAL OIL AND FAT PRODUCTS.
36

Soybean Oil Guide To Process Refinery Department

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Soybean oil Guide to Process Refinery Department

2 United States 10,884,000

Soybean oil ingredients

Glycerol + fatty acids triglyceride + water

tocopherols function content (ppm)

tocopherol provides protection to the oil

beta tocopherol found at very low

Gama protect oil against autoxidation. 740-1020 ppm

Delta protect oil against autoxidation. 240-300 ppm.

Oil type Phospholipids Phosphorous

Crude soybean 1-3 % 317-950 ppm

Degummed soybean 0.32-0.64 % 100-200 ppm

- Phospholipids are split into two parts:

3-Free Faty Acid (FFA)

Properties of soybean oils

Soybean 15.6 22.8 22.6 57.7 7 51 7.3:1 238 °C (460 °F)

Trace metals are initiators antioxidant

Sterol compounds and their levels in common crude soybean oil:

- Note that Soybean oil contain the highest amounts of chlorophylls.

smoke point, flash point

Flash point of crude oil: higher than 330 F° – 149 C°

Smoke point for degummed soybean: 250 F° – 121 C° maximum

According to the trading rules of NIOP.

NIOP (National Institute of Oilseed Products) specification on soybean oils

Specification Degummed Soybean Fully Refined Soybean Oil

Methods Of Oil Refining

-Steps of physical refining:

- Critical control point in the physical refining process:

-it’s transferred to heat exchanger up to 85°.

-it’s injected by phosphoric acid H3PO4(H3PO4 temperature 35°),

(added phosphoric acid: 1 kg per 100 phosphorous)

Recommended Percent Excess Treat for

Oil type Recommended percent excess caustic

Calculating caustic soda:

-It consists of two parts:

FFA in the crude oil = 1.0%

Excess treat used = 0.15%

Total caustic treat (0.142 X 1 + 0.15) = 0.292 kg / 100 kg of oil

(Caustic solution = 16°Be = 11.09%NaOH)

Caustic treat (0.292 / 11.09) X 100 = 2.63 kg /100 kg of oil

Supposedly flowrate: 12000 of crude oil / h

16 Baume caustic solution needed

(12000 / 2.2) X (2.63/100) = 143.45 kg/h

- Then they flow to high share mixer.

-Then they flow to heat exchanger to cool by water to 45°.

… in this case, the oil can be stored as degummed oil.

Critical Control Points

The critical control points for the process are as follows:

Troubleshooting Chemical Refining Process

problem cause solutions

due to new lot of crude oil because of higher FFA in the

Increase dwell time by

Check soap in the refined oil.

The separator bowl is dirty.

- then the oil flow to buffer tank (production tank).

-the measure of filter 10 micron.

Troubleshooting Dry Bleaching Process

problem cause solution

• Make sure the vacuum-

• The filter was not

• Make certain that sufficient

• Increase the amount of

• Select the appropriate acid