History of Radio

December 1906
Reginald Fessenden
Brant Rock Massachusetts
History of Radio
World War I
1920-21
History of Radio
France and Soviet Union-1922
Chinese Radio 1923
Italy 1924
Japan, Mexico, Norway- 1925
RADIO BROADCASTING

Activity
SCRIPT WRITING
and

RADIO
BROADCASTING
What is Radio Broadcasting?

 Radio is a one- way

wireless transmission
over radio waves
intended to reach wide
audience.
 RADIO
BROADCASTING
The very idea of
broadcasting sound
from one area to
another was a marvel
in itself, uncomplicated
by endless types of
frequencies,
transmitters, programs,
stations and more.
Radio Broadcasting
 Radio is
immediate.
 Radio is

accessible.
Radio Broadcasting
Radio allows people
to interact with each
other.
Radio is most
effective when it
connects on a human
level.
Radio Broadcasting
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a technique
used in electronic communication, most
commonly for transmitting information via
radio carrier wave.

Frequency Modulation (FM) is commonly

used at VHF radio frequencies for high-
fidelity broadcasts of music and speech.
Normal (analog) TV sound is also broadcast
using FM. A narrow band form is used for
voice communications in commercial and
amateur radio settings.
Types of Radio Stations

 Community
 Commercial
 Public
Radio Broadcasting
 Radio Broadcast
Journalists identify,
research and present
news stories for a wide
range of audiences.
-3 core skills
-conducting interviews
-writing
-presenting
Radio Broadcasting
Journalists, are
expected to adhere
to basic principles.
 Accountability
 Balance

 Independence
WRITING A RADIO
SCRIPT
The first step in
developing a news story
is to find the angle, or
the main point of the
story.
WRITING A RADIO
SCRIPT

Who are
they?
WRITING A RADIO
SCRIPT

The story
from all its
perspectives
Radio Broadcasting
Keep the following tips in mind:
Clarity is the goal.
Say aloud what you've written to
make sure it makes sense.
Imagine that someone is listening
while you are writing and pretend
you are talking to that listener.
Keep it short and simple by
using just one idea per sentence
and avoiding long words.
Radio Broadcasting
a. Always be careful to
use correct grammar.
b. Use simple words.
c. Imagine talking to one
listener.
d. Do not fit too many
ideas in one sentence.
 Radio Broadcasting
RIGHT
Two people were killed today
when a light plane, which had just
taken off from Jeffersonville
Regional Airport, crashed into a
mountainside
“The President said, and I quote . “The president praised crew
. . .”
WRONG
Two people died in a plane crash
near Jeffersonville this morning.
The Cessna two-seater slammed
into a mountain just after taking
off from the regional airport.”
members for handling themselves
— as he put it – ‘with such class
and dignity.’”
Radio Broadcasting
The best voice for radio is natural
and relaxed. The more
comfortable you are with yourself
and your voice, the clearer your
voice will be.
Voice exercises can help build
confidence and promote speaking
clearly.
Radio Broadcasting
Before going on the
air:
Avoid stressful situations.
Get plenty of rest to feel free and
alert.
Allow plenty of time to prepare.
Check for necessary items, such
as script, reading glasses, water,
etc.
Wear loose, comfortable clothing.
Do some relaxation exercises.
Radio Broadcasting
Avoid fizzy drinks and milky
liquids. They can cause a film
on the throat, which causes
throat clearing.
Don't eat sweets or
chocolate. Sugar thickens
saliva.
Allow time for voice warm-
ups and breathing exercises.
Radio Broadcasting
Use these guidelines for reading
scripts:
Prepare. Unless there's a real
emergency, never read anything
on air that hasn't been practiced
aloud. Tongue-twisters are not
always apparent until they are
spoken aloud.
Understand. Never read
anything that could be confusing
to your listener. Your voice will
reflect it. Take the time to re-write
the script before reading.
Radio Broadcasting
Look ahead. Don't look at the
script word by word. Train yourself to
take in whole blocks of words.
Handle mistakes professionally.
If you make a mistake, don't panic. If
it's a big error--one that could cause
confusion or misunderstanding--
apologize and correct it.
Otherwise, take a breath and carry on.
Don't draw attention to stumbles.
Radio Broadcasting

Mark the script. Underline key

words, mark pauses (with "/" or
another symbol), write phonetic
pronunciations for foreign words.
Choose the appropriate tone
of voice. How much
emotion/feeling should be
conveyed? Should the tone be light-
hearted or serious?
Radio Broadcasting
TIMING THE PROGRAM: list down
first all the prepared features and non-
news report with the corresponding
timing just like the following:

05:00 (5-minute newscast program)

-01:30 ads and infomercials
-00:10 station ID
-00:30 intro, bumpers and teases
02:50 time left for news
 Radio Broadcasting

No dead air
Substantial News
Well Prepared Script
Audible voices of broadcasters
No over time
Lively Infomercial
 Radio Broadcasting
Each TEAM shall field a team of 7 members. The
team shall decide who shall acts as a newscaster,
scriptwriters, anchorperson, field reporters etc.
2. Individual awards include BEST ANCHOR,
BEST NEWS PRESENTER and TECHNICAL
APPLICATION while group awards include BEST
SCRIPT, BEST INFOMERCIAL and BEST RADIO
PRODUCTION
 Radio Broadcasting
1. One hour is provided for the teams to write the
broadcast script.
2. Each team shall select 4 news item from the given
newspaper. The team shall be responsible for
selecting these items according to news values.
3. All materials including the infomercial shall be
prepared on the spot and shall not be pre-recorded
and shall be aired live.
 Radio Broadcasting
After 5 minutes, the presenting team may continue
its radio broadcast, however, a corresponding
deduction shall be made by the judges. A team that
incurs under time in its radio broadcast shall also
receive a corresponding deduction.
One point shall be deducted by the judges from the
team score of 3 points under the time management
criterion for the first 30 seconds over/ under time and
2 points for every 30 seconds over / under time
thereafter.
Radio Broadcasting
Technical Necessities

1ST RULE: Printed text

should be ALL CAPS

STUDENTS FROM
QUEZON NATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOL
Radio Broadcasting
2nd Rule- The written
Broadcast must be in
double space.
 Radio Broadcasting
3rd Rule- if the written broadcast is too long and it
requires an extra page, it is very important to write :

-MORE-
at the lowest left corner of the paper
 Radio Broadcasting

4th Rule- to indicate that

the written broadcast ends.
Put an asterix.
 Radio Broadcasting

5th Rule- to indicate that the page is the last page,

you need to write

-30-
 Radio Broadcasting
6th Rule- Spell out numbers
Ex. 3,333,345- three million three hundred
thirty-three thousand three hundred forty-
five

Exemption to the rule- Dates and Address

-January 8, 2010
-#22 Tacay Road
 Radio Broadcasting
7th Rule- Do not erase the error with the elementary
way. Do it the right way

How to correct
Slash the letters diagonally from left to
right-\ \ \ \ \ \
Slash the letters diagonally from right to
left-/ / / / / / \
8th Rule-Staple the papers at the left lowest
corner
 Terms for Directorial Instructions
Fade Up : refers to the gradual volume increase of the broadcast content or
material especially music or sound effects
Fade Under: or sometimes Fade to Bed, is the gradual volume decrease of
the broadcast content or material and it being played in background level
Fade Out: refers to the gradual volume decrease of the broadcast content
up to its cutting
Establish: refers to the broadcast content being played at a steady level for
a period of time
Cross Fade with : an example of a creative maneuver on music where the
second music material is played following the irst without immediately
being noticed.
 Terms for Directorial Instructions
Segue to: contrary to cross fading, this technique is using the second
material to establish a different scene or perspective
Sneak in: Another example of a creative maneuver where a material is being
played to steal attention or emphasize a particular scene
Off Mike: intentionally done as a creative maneuver to elicit an impression on
being far from the scene
Taping time: refers to the actual airing or production time where the
audience are expected to observe utmost silence so as not to disrupt,
destroy, or destabilize the production concept
Cueing: is the preparation of the canned materials prior to taping time so as
to ensure that it is being played as scheduled
Dead Air: is the silent gap of more than three seconds not necessary or
required by the script
Pinning the Meter: means excessive volume level
Radio Broadcasting

THANK YOU PO!!!

Vhan :)