Applications of gamma-scintigraphy to the evaluation of drug delivery to the gastrointestinal tract

Buccal cavity
Release characteristics of controlled release systems to include matrix tablets and chewing gum
Oesophagus
 Transit studies of pharmaceutical dosage forms (Robertson and Hardy 1988)
Transit measurements through the stomach and intestines
 Simultaneous gastric emptying of food and dosage forms (Coupe et al. 1991a) •
 Gastric emptying of dosage forms (Davis et al. 1984a, 1987, 1988a; O'Reilly et al. 1987; Khosla
and Davis 1989; 1990; Khosla et al. 1989; Coupe et al. 1991b) •
 Small-intestinal transit of dosage forms (Davis et al. 1986a)
 Colonic transit of dosage forms (Hardy et al. 1985a; Parker et al. 1988; Price et al. 1991)
 Studies of the physiological factors likely to affect gastrointestinal transit of dosage forms, e.g.
age, posture, time of dosing, exercise, bed rest (Ollerenshaw et al. 1987; Mundy et al. 1989;
Coupe et al. 1992a, b)
 Testing of pharmaceutical strategies intended to prolong gastrointestinal transit, e.g. dosage form
density (Bechgaard et al. 1985; Davis et al. 1986b)
 Effects of pathophysiology on gastrointestinal transit, e.g. irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory
bowel disease (Hardy et al. 1988 ; Davis et al. 1991)
 Combination of transit studies with measurements of pH (Hardy et al. 1987a) Dosage form
evaluations in the stomach and intestines
 Differential transit behaviour of single and multiple unit dosage forms (Davis et al. 1984b, c)
 Performance of enteric-coated dosage forms (Hardy et al. 1987b, c, 1991a)
 Disintegration rate of capsules and tablets (Daly et al. 1982; Wilding et al. 1991 a)
 In vitro-in vivo correlation of drug release from controlled release dosage forms, to include
osmotic pumps (Davis et al. 1988b; Wilding et al. 1991b)
 Absorption characteristics of drugs, in particular the use of slow release and pulsatile systems to
evaluate the relationship between position in the gastrointestinal tract and drug absorption
(Fischer et al. 1987; Wilding et al. 1992a)
 Correlation of pharmacokinetic data with gastrointestinal transit (Davis et al. 1986c, 1989, 1990;
Davis and Feely 1989; Wilding etal. 1991c, 1992b, c)
Rectal drug delivery
 Drug release and the spreading characteristics of enemas and suppositories (Hardy et al. 1987d)
Applications of gamma-scintigraphy to the evaluation of drug delivery to the respiratory tract
Pulmonary delivery
 Measurement of total and regional deposition of aerosolised drugs delivered by pressurised
metered dose inhaler (MDI), e.g. bronchodilators, corticosteroids, drugs for asthma prophylaxis,
mucolytics (Newman et al. 1981a, 1989a, 1991a, b; Hardy et al. 1991 b)
 Lung deposition of propellant-soluble drug (Ashworth et al. 1991)
 Effect of various inhalation modes on drug delivery from MDIs (Newman et al. 1982a)
 Use of holding chambers and spacer attachments to the MDI mouthpiece (Newman et al. 1981b,
1984a, 1986, 1989a, 1991a, c)
  Effects of breath-actuated MDIs and other devices on drug deposition (Newman et al. 1990,
1991b) • Changes in metered volume, propellant vapour pressure and other physicochemical
factors (Newman et al. 1982b, 1984b)
 Comparison of nebuliser systems in terms of total and regional deposition patterns (Johnson et al.
1989; Simonds et al. 1989)
 Assessment of nebulisers for delivery of inhaled antibiotics (Newman et al. 1988a)
 Total and regional lung deposition from powder inhalers (Newman et al. 1989b)
 Effects of different modes of inhalation on drug delivery from powder inhalers (Newman et al.
1991d)
 Techniques for the administration of inhaled drugs to neonates (O'Callaghan et al. 1992) •
Correlation of aerosol deposition with drug absorption (Borgstr6m et al. 1991)
 Correlation of drug deposition with clinical efficacy (Johnson et al. 1989; Newman et al. 1991b, c,
Nasal delivery
 Nasal deposition patterns and clearance of radiolabelled aerosol from MDIs, aqueous pump sprays
and dry powder insufflators (Newman et al. 1987a, b; Thorsson et al. 1992)
 Effects of changes in spray characteristics, inhaler position and breathing mode on nasal
deposition patterns (Newman et al. 1987a, 1988b)
 Use of inert insoluble particles to measure mucociliary clearance (Millar et al. 1986; Smelt et al.
1987)
 Effect of solution viscosity on nasal deposition and clearance (Pennington et al. 1988)
 Comparison of the deposition and spreading of nasal sprays and drops (Hardy et al. 1985b)
 Effects of pathophysiology on the clearance rates of nasal formulations (Bond et al. 1984; Lee et
al. 1984)