Final Document11

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF SUBSTATION
POWER TRANSFORMER AT ADELE HARAMAYA SUBSTATION

A
Thesis
Submitted to Haramaya Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree
In
Electrical and Computer Engineering
(Electrical Power Stream)
By
Hewan Shimelis ………………………………….. 0803/11

Iyasu Tariku…………………….………………….0962/11
Robera Belay…………………..…………………. 0617/11
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Haramaya Institute of Technology
Haramaya University
Ethiopia
June 2023
Performance analysis of automatic load sharing of substation power Transformer 2023
CERTIFICATE I
This is to certify that Thesis entitled “PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC LOAD
SHARING OF SUBSTATION POWER TRANSFORMER AT ADELE HARAMAYA
SUBSTATION” Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree. In Electrical and Computer
Engineering (Power Stream) submitted to the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University. This thesis work is carried out by
Hewan Shimelis ………………………………….. 0803/11
Iyasu Tariku…………………….………………….0962/11
Robera Belay…………………..…………………. 0617/11
Under my supervision and that no part this project has been submitted for any others. The
assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged.
Name of advisor Signature Date
Mr. Amanuel Kachiko ……….. …….
I|Page Haramaya university School of ECE

CERTIFICATE II
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC LOAD
SHARING OF SUBSTATION POWER TRANSFORMER AT ADELE HARAMAYA
SUBSTATION” submitted by
Hewan Shimelis ………………………………….. 0803/11
Iyasu Tariku…………………….………………….0962/11
Robera Belay…………………..…………………. 0617/11
To department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology,

Haramaya University, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree. In Electrical and
Computer Engineering (Power Stream) has been approved by the student’s advisor along with
School Dean of the Department after an oral examination of the same.
Name of School Dean Signature Date
Mr. Wehib Abubeker ……….. …….
Name of Advisor Signature Date
Mr. Amanuel Kachiko ……….. .……
II | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

DECLARATION
This is to declare that the thesis entitled “PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC
LOAD SHARING OF SUBSTATION POWER TRANSFORMER AT ADELE HARAMAYA
SUBSTATION” submitted by
1. Hewan Shimelis ……………………………………………………………….... 0803/11
2. Iyasu Tariku…………………….…………………………………………………0962/11
3. Robera Belay…………………...………………………………………………. 0617/11
To School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya

University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree. In Electrical and Computer
Engineering (Power stream) is record of identified work carried out by him under our guidance
and supervision. The results embodied in this have not been submitted to any other university or
institute.
Name of School Dean Signature Date
Mr. Wehib Abubeker ………… ………
Name of Advisor Signature Date
Mr. Amanuel Kachiko ……….. ……….
III | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
During the course of this project work, many peoples and friends have contributed greatly and we
would like to take this opportunity to thank them all. First and fore most thanks to the Almighty
of God for allowing us to do this work. Next, we would like to express our deep and sincere
gratitude to our advisors, Mr. Amanuel Kachiko for their expert guidance, constructive comments,
suggestions and encouragement without which this project work could have not been completed.
Our sincere thank also goes to all the people who willingly and genuinely completed the
questionnaire. Last but not least, we thank Adele Haramaya substation for their cooperation for
providing all the necessary data that are helpful to complete this project.
IV | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

ABSTRACT
This thesis analyzed the automatic load sharing mechanism of the power transformers at Adele
Haramaya substations, also identified any performance issues and proposed recommendations for
improvement. Through a comprehensive analysis of substation’s load sharing system and relevant
data. The performance analysis of automatic load sharing of substation power transformer is a
critical aspect of insuring efficient and reliable operation electrical power systems. The Adele
Haramaya substation in Ethiopia’s Electrical power system has experienced a significant increase
in the demand for Electrical power. Therefore, it’s necessary to evaluate the efficiency, reliability,
and effectiveness of the automatic load sharing technique used in the substation to identify any
challenges and limitations of the current system. The objective of this thesis is to perform a
performance analysis of the automatic load sharing of substation power transformer, with case
study of the Adele Haramaya substation, and propose potential solutions for improvement. The
data for the study is collected through interviews the substation engineers, analysis of the
substation’s operating data, and simulation studies. The study involves the reliability, efficiency
and cost analysis of existing load sharing of Adele Haramaya substation and proposed system,
from the data the current system is not reliable and efficient when compared to proposed system.
Also the cost effectiveness and payback period is also assessed and the result is obtained
demonstrate that 3,807,844.1362ETB can be saved each years.
V|Page Haramaya university School of ECE

Table of Content
CERTIFICATE I .............................................................................................................................. I
CERTIFICATE II ........................................................................................................................... II
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................... III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ IV
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... V
Table of Content ........................................................................................................................... VI
LIST OF FIGURE......................................................................................................................... IX
LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................................................... X
Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... XI
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of problem .................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 General Objective ................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.2 Specific Objective ................................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Significance................................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Scope ............................................................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................... 4
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 4
2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................... 6
METHODS AND TOOLS.............................................................................................................. 6
3.1 Description of Study Areas ........................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Method ................................................................................................................................................ 7
3.2.1 Simulation Study .......................................................................................................................... 7
3.2.2 Operating Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 7
3.2 Data Collected ............................................................................................................................... 8
3.4 Materials (Tools) ........................................................................................................................... 9
3.4.1 Arduino UNO R3 ....................................................................................................................... 10
3.4.2 Relay .......................................................................................................................................... 10
3.4.3 Power Supply ............................................................................................................................. 10
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3.4.4 Transformer................................................................................................................................ 11
3.4.5 Bridge Rectifier .......................................................................................................................... 11
3.4.6 Filter ........................................................................................................................................... 12
3.4.7 Capacitor .................................................................................................................................... 12
3.4.8 IC Regulator ............................................................................................................................... 13
3.4.9 Liquid Crystal Interface ............................................................................................................. 13
3.5 System block Diagram ................................................................................................................ 15
3.6 System Flow Chart ...................................................................................................................... 16
3.7 Substation Transformer ..................................................................................................................... 17
3.7.1 Parallel operation of transformer ............................................................................................... 17
3.7.2 The combinations that will not operate in parallel ..................................................................... 29
3.7.3 To check Synchronization of Transformers ............................................................................... 29
3.7.4 Advantages of Transformer Parallel Operation ......................................................................... 30
3.7.5 Disadvantages of Transformer Parallel Operation ..................................................................... 31
3.8 Importance of Protection System ...................................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................................. 32
SIMULATION AND RESULT .................................................................................................... 32
4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 32
4.2 Adele-Haramaya Substation ............................................................................................................. 32
4.2.1 Existing System ......................................................................................................................... 32
4.2.2 Designed system ........................................................................................................................ 35
4.3 Result and Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 40
4.4 Cost Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 40
4.4.1 Maintenance cost........................................................................................................................ 41
4.4.2 Interruption cost loss .................................................................................................................. 41
4.4.3 Price of automatic load sharing power system ........................................................................... 42
4.5 Comparison of Existing Load sharing system of Adele Haramaya substation and proposed system
................................................................................................................................................................ 43
4.5.1 In terms of cost........................................................................................................................... 43
4.5.2 In terms of reliability.................................................................................................................. 43
4.5.3 In terms of Efficiency ................................................................................................................ 43
4.6 The factors contributing to the suboptimal performance of the load sharing system at Adele
Haramaya substation ............................................................................................................................... 44
4.7 challenges and limitations of the current system .............................................................................. 44
VII | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................. 47
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION ......................................................................... 47
5.1 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 47
5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 47
Reference ...................................................................................................................................... 48
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................... 51
VIII | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

LIST OF FIGURE
figure 3. 1: Single Line diagram of Adele Haramaya Substation ................................................... 6
figure 3. 2: Arduino UNO R3 ....................................................................................................... 10
figure 3. 3: block diagram of power supply .................................................................................. 11
figure 3. 4: transformer ................................................................................................................. 11
figure 3. 5: Output of rectifier ....................................................................................................... 12
figure 3. 6: filter ............................................................................................................................ 12
figure 3. 7 : Capacitor ................................................................................................................... 13
figure 3. 8: IC regulators ............................................................................................................... 13
figure 3. 9: Shows the LCD display from proteus software ......................................................... 15
figure 3. 10: Block diagram of the thesis ...................................................................................... 15
figure 3. 11: System flow chart ..................................................................................................... 16
Figure 4. 1: Single Bus Diagram................................................................................................... 33

Figure 4. 2: Simulation block diagram of the Proposed System................................................... 35
Figure 4. 3: Simulation under normal condition ........................................................................... 37
Figure 4. 4: Simulation under overloaded condition .................................................................... 38
Figure 4. 5: Simulation if load exceeds limit of both Transformer .............................................. 39
IX | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

LIST OF TABLE
Table 3. 1:Detail two month load flow data of 33 KV Basbar Adelle- Haramaya Substation. ..... 8
Table 3. 2: Interruption data of 33 KV Basbar Adelle- Haramaya Substation. ............................. 8
Table 3. 3: Detail two month load flow data of 15 KV Basbar Adelle- Haramaya Substation. .... 9
Table 3. 4: Interruption data of 15 KV Basbar Adelle- Haramaya Substation. ............................. 9
Table 3. 5: Substation Component Reliability Data ....................................................................... 9
Table 3. 6: Summary of Parallel Operation of Transformer ......................................................... 27
Table 3. 7: operating combinations............................................................................................... 28
Table 3. 8: non operative combination ......................................................................................... 29
Table 3. 9: Protection system ........................................................................................................ 31
Table 4. 1: maintenance cost ......................................................................................................... 41

Table 4. 2: Interruption cost .......................................................................................................... 42
Table 4. 3: Total Cost of Automatic load sharing ......................................................................... 42
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Acronyms and Abbreviations

AC Alternating current
ACB Air circuit breaker
ADC Analog to digital converter
ASCII American standard code for information interchange
AVR Automatic voltage regulator
CAIDI Customer average interruption duration index
CT Current transformer
DC Direct current
EEPCO Ethiopian Electric power corporation
EMF Electromotive force
GND Ground
IC Integrated circuit
IOC Instantaneous over current
KVA Kilo volt ampere
LED Light emitting diode
LCD Liquid crystal diode
LT Low tension
MCCB Moulded case circuit breaker
MVA Mega volt ampere
OLTC On load tap changer
PEF Permanent earth fault
PMW Pulse modulating width
PSC Permanent short circuit
PSO Particle swarm optimization
RTCC Remote tap changer control
SAIDI System average interruption duration index
SAIFI System average interruption frequency index
SPI Serial peripheral interface
TEF Temporary earth fault
TF Transformer
XI | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

TOC Time overcurrent

TSC Temporary short circuit
TTL Transistor-transistor logic
TWI Two-wire interface
UNO Arduino
XII | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Load sharing is a technique that allows multiple transformers to share the load instead of a single
transformer handling the entire load. Load sharing can be achieved by various methods, including
manual or automatic load sharing. In manual load sharing, a human operator controls the load on
each transformer. on the other hand, automatic load sharing uses a controller to monitor the load
on each transformer and adjust the load sharing accordingly. Load sharing provides several
advantages including increase reliability, enhanced efficiency, cost savings. Load sharing also has
some disadvantages including complexity and cost[1]. The automatic load sharing system relies
on the use of a controller that monitors the load on each transformer and adjusts the load sharing
accordingly. The controller uses sensors and monitoring equipment to determine the load on each
transformer and adjusts the load sharing to insure that each transformer operates with in its optimal
load range. The most commonly used technology for automatic load sharing is the microprocessor
based controller. The controller uses advanced algorithms to monitor the load on each transformer
and communicate with other controllers in the system to coordinate the load sharing[2].
Overloading protection means detecting problems with power transformer and isolating from the
load. Fuzzy logic controller is an intelligent tool that serves as an overloading protection for power
transformers. It has a logical rule which protects power transformers against overloading
conditions. Overloading protection for the power transformer can reduce around 20% of electric
power interruption. Protection and overloading protection in a particular, is one of the
measurement strategies to improve power system’s reliability status[3]. In Ethiopia, many
customers were suﬀering from electric power interruptions. There were many malfunctions
substation power transformers at Adele Haramaya substation. Major causes of this malfunction of
the power transformer was overloading conditions which can be easily prevented through
overloading protection[3]. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a performance analysis of the load
sharing system at Adele Haramaya substation to identify any issues and propose recommendations
for improvement. This thesis presents the findings of the performance analysis of the automatic
load sharing mechanism of the substation’s power transformers and proposes recommendations to
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improve the system’s performances. The automatic load sharing mechanism might not be
functioning effectively, leading to imbalances in the distribution of the electrical load among the
transformers. This imbalance can cause excessive stress on some transformers, potentially
resulting in their failure and subsequent outages.
1.2 Statement of problem
The load sharing system of power transformers at Adele Haramaya substation is not functioning
optimally, resulting in uneven distribution of load among the transformers and causing operational
and reliability issues. The substation is experiencing frequent outages, reduced system efficiency,
and increased downtime due to equipment failure or malfunction, lack of maintenance, un balanced
load, lack of communication, and inadequate protection system, which are affecting the quality
and reliability of the electrical power supply to its customers. Therefore, the problem that this
thesis seeks to address is the suboptimal performance of the load sharing system of power
transformers at Adele Haramaya substation, and the resulting operational and reliability issues.
The thesis aims to identify the root causes of the problem and propose recommendations to
improve the efficiency and reliability of the load sharing.
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General Objective
The general objective of this thesis is to conduct a performance analysis of the automatic load
sharing mechanism of the power transformers at Adele Haramaya substation.
1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To identify the factors contributing to the suboptimal performance of the load
sharing system at Adele Haramaya substation.
 To evaluate the efficiency and reliability of the load sharing system of power
transformer at Adele Haramaya substation.
 To identify any challenges and limitations of the current system.
 To propose potential solutions for improvement.
 To use theoretical and empirical methods to improve the performance, efficiency,
and reliability of the existing load sharing system.
 To Provide low cost and reliable system
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1.4 Significance
 The significance of this thesis will lies in its potential to improve the efficiency and
reliability of the load sharing system at Adele Haramaya substation.
 The substation play a vital role as a crucial infrastructure facility, ensuring a
consistent supply of electricity to the town of Adele Haramaya and its neighboring
regions.
 The reliability operation of power transformer is crucial to ensure the uninterrupted
delivery of electricity to the customers.
 The performance analysis of the load sharing system and the recommendations
proposed in this thesis will help identify the root causes of the suboptimal
performance and propose practical solution to enhance the system’s efficiency and
reliability.
1.5 Scope
The scope of this thesis is limited to the performance analysis of the automatic load sharing
mechanism of the power transformers at Adele Haramaya substation. The analysis focused on
substation’s load sharing system’s efficiency and reliability. The recommendations of the thesis
based on the analysis’s findings and improved the substation’s operational efficiency, reduce
downtime, and enhance customer satisfaction within the context of the load sharing system.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Distribution transformers are an important part of power system which distributes power to the
low-voltage users directly, and its operation condition is important for the entire distribution
network operation. However, their life is significantly reduced if they are subjected to overloading
and over temperature resulting in unexpected failures and loss of supply to a large number of
customers thus effecting system reliability. Protection against fault in power systems is very
essential and vital for its reliable performance.
[4], The transformer is very costly and bulky equipment of power system. It operates for 24 hours
of a day and feeds the load. Sometimes the situation may occur when the load on the transformer
is suddenly increased above its rated capacity. When this situation occurs, the transformer will be
overloaded and overheated and damage the insulation of transformer resulting in interruption of
supply. The best solution to avoid the overloading is to operate the number of transformers in
parallel. According to K. V Shashankkumar, R. Naik, N. Nayak, and P. A. Mudhol, a slave transformer
shares the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature. A sensor
circuit is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload
condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master
transformer and the load is shared. Initially when we switched ON the load that load will be shared
by the first transformer. Once load has been increased on first transformer above its rated capacity
then the stand by transformer (second) will share the load automatically.
[5], claimed that Power failure is a short or long term loss of electric power to an area mostly cost
cause by short circuit, damage to electric transmission line, overvoltage, faults at power stations
and more commonly failure due to overloading. The possible damage areas are affected by losing
power. The one inherent problem with standard power sharing and monitoring units is their
broadcast strength. Since you have to be physically close to the alarm to hear it, you might not get
notified in time to actually prevent overload. M Baba Lawn compared the performance of
traditional droop control algorithm with more advanced techniques, such as fuzzy logic- based
load sharing. Through simulation and real world experiment, M Baba Lawn evaluated the accuracy
of load sharing under various load conditions and identified the strengths and limitations of each
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algorithm. Their findings highlighted the importance of selecting an appropriate load sharing
algorithm based specific system requirement and load characteristics. M Baba Lawn also
conducted a notable study focusing on the stability analysis of load sharing systems in substation
transformers. They examined the effects of load variations and disturbances on the performances
of the load sharing mechanism. By employing mathematical models and simulations, M Baba
Lawn quantified the system’s stability under different operating conditions and load scenarios.
Their research revealed that, the critical factors that influence the stability of load imbalances,
communication delays, and system parameter variations.
[6] claimed that load sharing makes the prevision of adequate protection to distributed systems
under the overloaded condition. Due to the overloading the system may fail. Nebey delved into
the stability analysis of load sharing systems, focusing on the impact of fault occurrences. Faults
in the power system, such as short circuits or equipment failures, can disrupt load sharing
operations and jeopardize the stability of substation transformers. Nebey. investigated fault
detection, isolation, and recovery mechanisms within load sharing systems to ensure timely and
effective responses. Their research involved comprehensive fault simulations and evaluations to
assess the system's stability during fault conditions.
Overall, the literature suggests that load sharing system’s performance can be enhanced through
the implementation of advanced monitoring and control systems, regulator preventive
maintenance, and the installation of additional equipment. This factors should be considered when
analyzing the performance of load sharing systems and proposing solutions to enhance their
efficiency and reliability. The studies conducted by M Baba Lawn and Nebey offer valuable
recommendations and solutions to enhance system resilience and stability.
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CHAPTER 3
METHODS AND TOOLS
3.1 Description of Study Areas
Haramaya is an east town in east-central Ethiopia, which is located in East Hararge Zone in the
Oromia region; the town has a latitude and longitude of 9◦24⸍N42◦ 01⸍E with an elevation of 2047
meters above the sea level. Haramaya city is the home to Haramaya University. Adele is the main
road to Harar and Dire Dawa. The center along that road is connected to Haramaya. Adele
Haramaya substation has been supplied from the national grid. With the growth of cities,
Haramaya University, which is a higher institute in Ethiopia and high demand for Electric power,
supplying continuous electric power is the pressing task of the electric utility.
Figure 3. 1: Single Line diagram of Adele Haramaya Substation
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3.2 Method
The performance analysis of automatic load sharing of substation power transformer can be
evaluated using various methods, including
 Simulation studies
 Operating data analysis
3.2.1 Simulation Study

Simulation study involve the creation of a model of power system and the automatic load sharing
technique using software tools such as Proteus. The model is then used to simulate the performance
of the system under different operating conditions and evaluate the performance of the automatic
load sharing technique.
3.2.1.1 proteus
This tool is an electrical power system design and analysis software, and can be used to simulate
and analyze the load sharing performance of the substation power transformer, as well as to
perform system optimization and design. The Proteus design suit is proprietary software tool suit
used primarily for electrical design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design
engineers and technicians to create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed
circuit boards. It was developed in Yorkshire, England by LabCenter electronics Ltd and is
available in English, French, Spanish and Chinese language.
3.2.2 Operating Data Analysis

Operating data analysis involves the analysis of data collected from the power system’s operating
records. The data is analyzed to identify any abnormalities or inefficiencies in the system’s
performance and evaluate the effectiveness of the automatic load sharing technique.
Overall, a combination of these methods can be used to evaluate the performance of the automatic
load sharing technique used in substation transformers and identify any potential improvements to
the system.
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Statistical Analysis: This method can be used to analyze the operating data of the substation
power transformer, such as the load demand, transformer rating, and load sharing performance,
and to identify patterns and correlations in the data.
Data Mining Techniques: This method can be used to extract useful information and insights
from the operating data of the substation power transformer, such as identifying anomalies or
predicting future behavior based on historical data.
3.2 Data Collected

No Bay/Feeder Peak Load Minimum load
Line Name Power(MW) Current Power(MW) current
R S T R S T
1 Main Feader 4.96 114 113.2 115.7 1.11 23. 22. 23
.5 4 6
2 Haqa 0.60 13. 12.1 13.5 0.17 3.2 3.4 2.8
2
3 Girawa 2.46 53. 54 52.5 0.57 11. 13. 12.1
6 9 1
4 Harer Water 1.78 40 41.4 42.2 0.27 5.6 3.9 5
Table 3. 1:Detail two month load flow data of 33 KV Basbar Adelle- Haramaya Substation.
No Bay/Feeder MWh MVAR TSC PSC TEF PEF

line name
1 Main 3091.4 617.121
Feader
2 Haqa 297.563 36.654 F=0.71 F=1.91 F=0.691 F=2.9934
T=0.0063 T=12.7 T=0.0097 T=19.830
3 Girawa 1012.767 386.441 F=4.12 F=6.23 F=2.112 F=4.91
T=0.069 T=26.77 T=0.231 T=25.112
4 Harer 714.3228 161.672 F=0.96 F=1.4118 F=1.231 F=1.327
Water T=0.021 T=21.453 T=0.0465 T=36.88
Table 3. 2: Interruption data of 33 KV Basbar Adelle- Haramaya Substation.
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No Bay/Feeder Peak Load Minimum load

Line Name Power(MW) Current Power(MW) Current
R S T R S T
1 Main Feader 5.7 202.7 201.6 203.3 2.26 66.4 64.4 68.8
2 Finkile 0.76 49..7 51 51.5 0.63 15.3 13.9 17.5

3 H/university 1.16 48.6 47.1 48.1 0.3 7.6 9.3 7.7
4 Haromaya 3.08 93.4 95.4 96 1.23 41.2 40.6 41.4
city
Table 3. 3: Detail two month load flow data of 15 KV Basbar Adelle- Haramaya Substation.
Bay/Feeder MWh MVAR TSC PSC TEF PEF

line name
1 Main - -
Feader
2 Finkile - - F=5.76 F=9.657 F=1.371 F=2.03
T=0.873 T=31.1206 T=0.074 T=17.658
3 H/university - - F=6.54 F=2.711 F=0.654 F=0.342
T=0.0076 T=5.338 T=0.0098 T=0.221
4 Haromaya - - F=3.54 F=6.772 F=4.421 F=5.238
city T=0.0931 T=21.119 T=0.175 T=26.88
Table 3. 4: Interruption data of 15 KV Basbar Adelle- Haramaya Substation.
Component λT (/2m) λA (/2m) λM (/2m) MTTR(hr) MTTM(hr)

Line 0.046 0.046 0.5 8 8
Transformer 0.015 0.015 1.0 15 120
Breaker 0.006 0.004 1.0 4 96
Busbar 0.001 0.001 0.5 2 8
Table 3. 5: Substation Component Reliability Data
3.4 Materials (Tools)

Since our project is simulation based, we use Proteus software for simulation part and Arduino to
write the programming part of the project for the microcontroller 16f877A.
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3.4.1 Arduino UNO R3

The Arduino UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. If this is your first
experience tinkering with the platform, the UNO is the most robust board you can start playing
with. The UNO is the most used and documented board of the whole Arduino family. The Arduino
is a microcontroller based 14 digital input output pins and 6 analogue inputs, USB connecting and
a reset button. it is used to control the automatic operation this project. The analogue pin 1 is
connected to sense voltage drop. Pins 4 and 5 are connected to LCD. The output is taken from pin
8 and ground pin. These two pins extend their connection to relays; thus, relay senses voltage drop
and sends signal to control mechanism for adding the transformer. It is used as main component
of the project as it connects with a relay to connect the slave transformer in parallel.
Figure 3. 2: Arduino UNO R3
3.4.2 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which
can be completely separate from the first. In this project we are using electromagnetic relay
consists of a multi-turn coil, wound on an iron core, to form electromagnet. When the coil is
energized, by passing current through it, the core becomes temporarily magnetized. The
magnetized core attracts the iron armature.
3.4.3 Power Supply

Power supply circuit design is one of the important parts of this project, without a power supply
the electronic devices such as arduino, relay, LCD etc. display will not function.
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Figure 3. 3: block diagram of power supply
3.4.4 Transformer
Power supply input voltage is obtained from the main supply 220VAC outlet and then
connected to the transformer. A step down transformer is used in stepping the 220VAC to a
12VAC.The 12VAC serves as an input voltage to the bridge rectifier.
Figure 3. 4: transformer
3.4.5 Bridge Rectifier

When four diodes are connected the circuit is called as bridge rectifier. One advantage of a bridge
rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a given
transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the
conventional full-wave circuit.
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Figure 3. 5: Output of rectifier
3.4.6 Filter
Filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove
unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both.
Figure 3. 6: filter
3.4.7 Capacitor
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that stores electrical energy in an
electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists
between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component
designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as a condenser. Most
capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces
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separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or
an electrolyte. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity.
Figure 3. 7: Capacitor
3.4.8 IC Regulator
An IC regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage
level.
Figure 3. 8: IC regulators
3.4.9 Liquid Crystal Interface

It is used to show the results of project. We used 16*2 LCD to display the results
of “TRANSFORMER ADDED IN PARALLEL". The LCD is connected with Arduino UNO R3
with the help of I2C module.
The alphanumeric 16character X 2line LCD requires 8data lines and also 3 control signals. By
using 2 ports, port 0&3 data pins are connected to LCD as data bus. Port0 can be basically used
as I/O port i.e. it can be programmed as an input or as an output port. That means if it is
programmed as output port, suppose if it is required to read data from LCD immediately it is not
possible. Before reading the data it is required to make the port as an input port.
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Data reading from LCD gives an erroneous reading & should not be implemented. Because of
this port5 is made as input / output port depending on the situation. The control signals are
connected to port 3 pins.
They are EN bar & RS bar, RW bar. At different instance such as data write / command write /
data read etc. Various signals are to be provided as indicated by the by the LCD
manufacturers. To interface the LCD, to the arduino it require an 8 bit and also three
control signals differentiate the data from the control words send to the LCD.
The Arduino has to send the necessary control words followed by the data to be
displayed. Depending on the operation to be performed the control words are selected and passes
to the LCD. The data to be displayed on the LCD is to be sent in the ASCII format. Thus all the
character to be displayed are converted into ASCII form and then sent to the LCD along with
different control words.
The control word differentiated the various operations and is executed. It is also possible to read
the LCD data if required. The control signals to the LCD are also provided by the Arduino.
3.4.9.1 Pin Description

Vcc, Vss and Vee While Vcc and Vss provide +5V and ground respectively, Vee is used
for controlling LCD contrast. RS, register select. There are two very important registers inside
the LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command
code register is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at
home, etc., If RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on
the LCD.
R/W, read/write R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information
from it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing. EN, Enable the LCD to latch information
presented to its data pins uses the enable pin. When data is supplied to data pins, a high-to-low
pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins.
The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of the
LCD’s internal registers.
To display letters and numbers, ASCII codes are sent for the letters A-Z, a-z, and numbers 0-9
to these pins while making RS=1.
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Figure 3. 9: Shows the LCD display from proteus software
3.5 System block Diagram

In this Chapter we are going to Explain about the system Design construction through simulation.
POWER Transformer Bridge IC Blocking

SUPPLY one Rectifier Regulator Diode
LCD
Arduino Uno R3
Relay1
Relay 2
Load
Transformer Bridge IC Blocking Diode

two Rectifier Regulator
Figure 3. 10: Block diagram of the thesis
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3.6 System Flow Chart
START
Under normal
condition
Main Transformer: ON
Reserve Transformer: OFF
Apply Load
If load exceeds the limit of both

If not
transformer
If load exceeds
the limit of
Main
Transformer
Main Transformer: ON
System shutdown
Reserve Transformer: ON
Main Transformer: OFF
Reserve Transformer: OFF
Figure 3. 11: System flow chart
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3.7 Substation Transformer
A Substation Transformer is designed for installation on three-phase transmission and distribution

systems. Substation transformers are constructed for in-door or outdoor mounting on a concrete
pad with high and low voltage cables entering operating compartments through enclosed sidewall
mounted bushings (unit-type transformers) or through cover or sidewall mounted bushings
(opentype transformers).
Liquid-filled substation transformers are used in a wide variety of utility and industrial
applications. These step-down transformers are usually manufactured in accordance with
applicable IEEE standards. Substation transformers are most often offered with one of 3 different
fluids: Mineral oil or silicone transformer oil. Primary voltages of a substation transformer usually
ranges from 2.4 kV to 69 kV in 225 through 20,000 kVA sizes, but 600 volt through 35 kV
secondary voltage ratings are also available.
A substation is a part of the installation that includes the terminations of the transmission or
distribution lines and switchgear, and which may also include transformers The substation also
typically includes all the necessary devices for control and protection. Depending on the function
performed, it can be defined as a transforming, conversion, transmission or distribution substation.
A MV/LV transformer substation consists, therefore, of the set of devices dedicated to the
transformation of the voltage supplied by the distribution network at medium voltage (e.g. 20 kV),
into voltage values suitable for the power supply of the low voltage lines (e.g. 400 V).
3.7.1 Parallel operation of transformer

For supplying a load in excess of the rating of an existing transformer, two or more transformers
may be connected in parallel with the existing transformer. The transformers are connected in
parallel when load on one of the transformers is more than its capacity. The reliability is
increased with parallel operation than to have single larger unit. The cost associated with
maintaining the spares is less when two transformers are connected in parallel.
It is usually economical to install another transformer in parallel instead of replacing the existing
transformer by a single larger unit. The cost of a spare unit in the case of two parallel
transformers (of equal rating) is also lower than that of a single large transformer.
In addition, it is preferable to have a parallel transformer for the reason of reliability. With this at
least half the load can be supplied with one transformer out of service.
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Condition for Parallel Operation of Transformer:

For parallel connection of transformers, primary windings of the Transformers are connected to
source bus-bars and secondary windings are connected to the load bus-bars. Various conditions
that must be fulfilled for the successful parallel operation of transformers:
1. Same voltage Ratio & Turns Ratio (both primary and secondary Voltage Rating is
same).
2. Same Percentage Impedance and X/R ratio.
3. Identical Position of Tap changer.
4. Same KVA ratings.
5. Same Phase angle shift (vector group are same).
6. Same Frequency rating.
7. Same Polarity.
8. Same Phase sequence.
Some of these conditions are convenient and some are mandatory. The convenient are: Same
voltage Ratio & Turns Ratio, Same Percentage Impedance, Same KVA Rating, Same Position of
Tap changer. The mandatory conditions are: Same Phase Angle Shift, Same Polarity, Same
Phase Sequence and Same Frequency. When the convenient conditions are not met paralleled
operation is possible but not optimal.
1. Same voltage Ratio & Turns Ratio (on each tap):
If the transformers connected in parallel have slightly different voltage ratios, then due to the
inequality of induced emfs in the secondary windings, a circulating current will flow in the loop
formed by the secondary windings under the no-load condition, which may be much greater than
the normal no-load current. The current will be quite high as the leakage impedance is low.
When the secondary windings are loaded, this circulating current will tend to produce unequal
loading on the two transformers, and it may not be possible to take the full load from this group
of two parallel transformers (one of the transformers may get overloaded).
If two transformers of different voltage ratio are connected in parallel with same primary supply
voltage, there will be a difference in secondary voltages. Now when the secondary of these
transformers are connected to same bus, there will be a circulating current between secondary’s
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and therefore between primaries also. As the internal impedance of transformer is small, a small
voltage difference may cause sufficiently high circulating current causing unnecessary extra I2R
loss. The ratings of both primaries and secondary’s should be identical. In other words, the
transformers should have the same turn ratio i.e. transformation ratio.
2. Same percentage impedance and X/R ratio:
If two transformers connected in parallel with similar per-unit impedances they will mostly
share the load in the ration of their KVA ratings. Here Load is mostly equal because it is possible
to have two transformers with equal per-unit impedances but different X/R ratios. In this case the
line current will be less than the sum of the transformer currents and the combined capacity will
be reduced accordingly.
A difference in the ratio of the reactance value to resistance value of the per unit impedance
results in a different phase angle of the currents carried by the two paralleled transformers; one
transformer will be working with a higher power factor and the other with a lower power factor
than that of the combined output. Hence, the real power will not be proportionally shared by the
transformers.
The current shared by two transformers running in parallel should be proportional to their MVA
ratings. The current carried by these transformers are inversely proportional to their internal
impedance.
From the above two statements it can be said that impedance of transformers running in parallel
are inversely proportional to their MVA ratings. In other words percentage impedance or per unit
values of impedance should be identical for all the transformers run in parallel.
When connecting single-phase transformers in three-phase banks, proper impedance matching

becomes even more critical. In addition to following the three rules for parallel operation, it is
also a good practice to try to match the X/R ratios of the three series impedances to keep the
three-phase output voltages balanced. When single-phase transformers with the same KVA
ratings are connected in a Y-∆ Bank, impedance mismatches can cause a significant load
unbalance among the transformers.
Let’s examine following different type of case among Impedance, Ratio and KVA.
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If single-phase transformers are connected in a Y-Y bank with an isolated neutral, then the
magnetizing impedance should also be equal on an ohmic basis. Otherwise, the transformer
having the largest magnetizing impedance will have a highest percentage of exciting voltage,
increasing the core losses of that transformer and possibly driving its core into saturation.
Case 1: Equal Impedance, Ratios and Same kVA:
The standard method of connecting transformers in parallel is to have the same turn ratios,
percent impedances, and kVA ratings.
Connecting transformers in parallel with the same parameters results in equal load sharing and
no circulating currents in the transformer windings.
Example: Connecting two 2000 kVA, 5.75% impedance transformers in parallel, each with the
same turn ratios to a 4000 kVA load.
Loading on the transformers-1 =KVA1=[( KVA1 / %Z) / ((KVA1 / %Z1)+ (KVA2 / %Z2))]X
KVAl
kVA1 = 348 / (348 + 348) x 4000 kVA = 2000 kVA.
Loading on the transformers-2 =KVA1=[( KVA2 / %Z) / ((KVA1 / %Z1)+ (KVA2 / %Z2))]X
KVAl
kVA2 = 348 / (348 + 348) x 4000 kVA = 2000 kVA
Hence KVA1=KVA2=2000KVA
Case 2: Equal Impedances, Ratios and Different kVA:
This Parameter is not in common practice for new installations, sometimes two transformers
with different kVAs and the same percent impedances are connected to one common bus. In this
situation, the current division causes each transformer to carry its rated load. There will be no
circulating currents because the voltages (turn ratios) are the same.
Example: Connecting 3000 kVA and 1000 kVA transformers in parallel, each with 5.75%
impedance, each with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 4000 kVA load.
Loading on Transformer-1=kVA1 = 522 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 3000 kVA
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From above calculation it is seen that different kVA ratings on transformers connected to one
common load, that current division causes each transformer to only be loaded to its kVA rating.
The key here is that the percent impedance are the same.
Case 3: Unequal Impedance but Same Ratios & kVA:
Mostly used this Parameter to enhance plant power capacity by connecting existing transformers
in parallel that have the same kVA rating, but with different percent impedances.
This is common when budget constraints limit the purchase of a new transformer with the same
parameters.
Understand that the current divides in inverse proportions to the impedances, and larger current
flows through the smaller impedance. Thus, the lower percent impedance transformer can be
overloaded when subjected to heavy loading while the other higher percent impedance
transformer will be lightly loaded.
Example: Two 2000 kVA transformers in parallel, one with 5.75% impedance and the other
with 4% impedance, each with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 3500 kVA load.
It can be seen that because transformer percent impedances do not match, they cannot be loaded
to their combined kVA rating. Load division between the transformers is not equal. At below
combined rated kVA loading, the 4% impedance transformer is overloaded by 3.2%, while the
5.75% impedance transformer is loaded by 72%.
Case 4: Unequal Impedance & KVA Same Ratios:
This particular of transformers used rarely in industrial and commercial facilities connected to
one common bus with different kVA and unequal percent impedances. However, there may be
that one situation where two single-ended substations may be tied together via bussing or cables
to provide better voltage support when starting large Load.
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If the percent impedance and kVA ratings are different, care should be taken when loading these
transformers.
Example: Two transformers in parallel with one 3000 kVA (kVA1) with 5.75% impedance, and
the other a 1000 kVA (kVA2) with 4% impedance, each with the same turn ratios, connected to a
common 3500 kVA load.
Because the percent impedance is less in the 1000 kVA transformer, it is overloaded with a less
than combined rated load.
Case 5: Equal Impedance & KVA Unequal Ratios:
Small differences in voltage cause a large amount of current to circulate. It is important to point
out that paralleled transformers should always be on the same tap connection.
Circulating current is completely independent of the load and load division. If transformers are
fully loaded there will be a considerable amount of overheating due to circulating currents.
The Point which should be Remember that circulating currents do not flow on the line, they
cannot be measured if monitoring equipment is upstream or downstream of the common
connection points.
Example: Two 2000 kVA transformers connected in parallel, each with 5.75% impedance, same
X/R ratio (8), transformer 1 with tap adjusted 2.5% from nominal and transformer 2 tapped at
nominal. What is the percent circulating current (%IC)
%Z1 = 5.75, So %R’ = %Z1 / √[(X/R)2 + 1)] = 5.75 / √((8)2 + 1)=0.713

%R1 = %R2 = 0.713
%X1 = %R x (X/R)=%X1= %X2= 0.713 x 8 = 5.7
Let %e = difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of normal and k = kVA1/ kVA2
Circulating current %IC = %eX100 / √ (%R1+k%R2)2 + (%Z1+k%Z2)2.
%IC = 2.5X100 / √ (0.713 + (2000/2000)X0.713)2 + (5.7 + (2000/2000)X5.7)2
%IC = 250 / 11.7 = 21.7
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The circulating current is 21.7% of the full load current.
Case 6: Unequal Impedance, KVA & Different Ratios:
This type of parameter would be unlikely in practice. If both the ratios and the impedance are
different, the circulating current (because of the unequal ratio) should be combined with each
transformer’s share of the load current to obtain the actual total current in each unit. For unity
power factor, 10% circulating current (due to unequal turn ratios) results in only half percent to
the total current. At lower power factors, the circulating current will change dramatically.
Example: Two transformers connected in parallel, 2000 kVA1 with 5.75% impedance, X/R ratio
of 8, 1000 kVA2 with 4% impedance, X/R ratio of 5, 2000 kVA1 with tap adjusted 2.5% from
nominal and 1000 kVA2 tapped at nominal.
%Z1 = 5.75, So %R’ = %Z1 / √[(X/R)2 + 1)] = 5.75 / √((8)2 + 1)=0.713

%X1= %R x (X/R)=0.713 x 8 = 5.7
%Z2= 4, So %R2 = %Z2 /√ [(X/R)2 + 1)]= 4 / √((5)2 + 1) =0.784
%X2 = %R x (X/R)=0.784 x 5 = 3.92
Let %e = difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of normal and k = kVA1/
kVA2
Circulating current %IC = %eX100 / √ (%R1+k%R2)2 + (%Z1+k%Z2)2.
%IC = 2.5X100 / √ (0.713 + (2000/2000)X0.713)2 + (5.7 + (2000/2000)X5.7)2
%IC = 250 / 13.73 = 18.21.
The circulating current is 18.21% of the full load current.
3. Same polarity:
Polarity of transformer means the instantaneous direction of induced emf in secondary. If the
instantaneous directions of induced secondary emf in two transformers are opposite to each other
when same input power is fed to the both of the transformers, the transformers are said to be in
opposite polarity.
The transformers should be properly connected with regard to their polarity. If they are
connected with incorrect polarities then the two emfs, induced in the secondary windings which
are in parallel, will act together in the local secondary circuit and produce a short circuit.
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Polarity of all transformers run in parallel should be same otherwise huge circulating current
flows in the transformer but no load will be fed from these transformers. If the instantaneous
directions of induced secondary emf in two transformers are same when same input power is fed
to the both of the transformers, the transformers are said to be in same polarity.
4. Same phase sequence:
The phase sequence of line voltages of both the transformers must be identical for parallel
operation of three-phase transformers. If the phase sequence is an incorrect, in every cycle each
pair of phases will get short-circuited.
This condition must be strictly followed for parallel operation of transformers.
5. Same phase angle shift:(zero relative phase displacement between the

secondary line voltages):
The transformer windings can be connected in a variety of ways which produce different
magnitudes and phase displacements of the secondary voltage. All the transformer connections
can be classified into distinct vector groups.
Group 1: Zero phase displacement (Yy0, Dd0, Dz0)

Group 2:180° phase displacement (Yy6, Dd6, Dz6)
Group 3: -30° phase displacement (Yd1, Dy1, Yz1)
Group 4: +30° phase displacement (Yd11, Dy11, Yz11)
In order to have zero relative phase displacement of secondary side line voltages, the
transformers belonging to the same group can be paralleled. For example, two transformers with
Yd1 and Dy1 connections can be paralleled.
The transformers of groups 1 and 2 can only be paralleled with transformers of their own group.
However, the transformers of groups 3 and 4 can be paralleled by reversing the phase sequence
of one of them. For example, a transformer with Yd1 1 connection (group 4) can be paralleled
with that having Dy1 connection (group 3) by reversing the phase sequence of both primary and
secondary terminals of the Dy1 transformer.
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Dy1 and Dy11 can only be paralleled by crossing two incoming phases and the same two
outgoing phases on one of the transformers, so if there is a DY11 transformer, B&C phases on
the primary and secondary can be crossed to change the +30 degree phase shift into a -30 degree
shift which will parallel with the Dy1, assuming all the other points above are satisfied.
6. Same KVA ratings:
If two or more transformer is connected in parallel, then load sharing % between them is
according to their rating. If all are of same rating, they will share equal loads. Transformers of
unequal kVA ratings will share a load practically (but not exactly) in proportion to their ratings,
providing that the voltage ratios are identical and the percentage impedances (at their own kVA
rating) are identical, or very nearly so in these cases a total of than 90% of the sum of the two
ratings is normally available.
It is recommended that transformers, the kVA ratings of which differ by more than 2:1, should
not be operated permanently in parallel. Transformers having different kva ratings may operate
in parallel, with load division such that each transformer carries its proportionate share of the
total load To achieve accurate load division, it is necessary that the transformers be wound with
the same turns ratio, and that the percent impedance of all transformers be equal, when each
percentage is expressed on the KVA base of its respective transformer. It is also necessary that
the ratio of resistance to reactance in all transformers be equal.
For satisfactory operation the circulating current for any combinations of ratios and impedances
probably should not exceed ten percent of the full-load rated current of the smaller unit.
7. Identical tap changer and its operation:
The only important point to be remembered is the tap changing switches must be at same
position for all the three transformers and should check and confirm that the secondary voltages
are same. When the voltage tap need change all three tap changing switches should be operated
identical for all transformers. The OL settings of the SF6 also should be identical. If the
substation is operating on full load condition, tripping of one transformer can cause cascade
tripping of all three transformers.
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In transformers Output Voltage can be controlled either by Off Circuit Tap Changer (Manual tap
changing) or By On – Load Tap Changer-OLTC (Automatic Changing).
In the transformer with OLTC, it is a closed loop system, with following components:
(1) AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator- an electronic programmable device). With this AVR the
Output Voltage of the transformers can be set. The Output Voltage of the transformer is fed into
the AVR through the LT Panel. The AVR Compares the SET voltage & the Output Voltage and
gives the error signals, if any, to the OLTC through the RTCC Panel for tap changing. This AVR
is mounted in the RTCC.
(2) RTCC (Remote Tap Changing Cubicle): This is a panel consisting of the AVR, Display for
Tap Position, Voltage, and LEDs for Raise & Lower of Taps relays, Selector Switches for Auto
Manual Selection... In AUTO MODE the voltage is controlled by the AVR. In manual Mode the
operator can Increase / decrease the voltage by changing the Taps manually through the Push
Button in the RTCC.
(3) OLTC is mounted on the transformer. It consists of a motor, controlled by the RTCC, which
changes the Taps in the transformers.
Both the Transformers should have same voltage ratio at all the taps & when you run
transformers in parallel, it should operate as same tap position. If there is OLTC with RTCC
panel, one RTCC should work as master & other should work as follower to maintain same tap
positions of Transformer.
However, a circulating current can be flown between the two tanks if the impedances of the two
transformers are different or if the taps of the on-load tap changer (OLTC) are mismatched
temporarily due to the mechanical delay. The circulating current may cause the malfunction of
protection relays.
Other necessary condition for parallel operation
1. All parallel units must be supplied from the same network.

2. Secondary cabling from the transformers to the point of paralleling has approximately
equal length and characteristics.
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3. Voltage difference between corresponding phase must not exceed 0.4%

4. When the transformers are operated in parallel, the fault current would be very high on
the secondary side. Supposing percentage impedance of one transformer is say 6.25 %,
the short circuit MVA would be 25.6 MVA and short circuit current would be 35 kA.
5. If the transformers are of same rating and same percentage impedance, then the
downstream short circuit current would be 3 times (since 3 transformers are in Parallel)
approximately 105 kA. This means all the devices like ACBs, MCCBs, switch boards
should withstand the short-circuit current of 105 kA. This is the maximum current. This
current will get reduced depending on the location of the switch boards, cables and cable
length etc. However this aspect has to be taken into consideration.
6. There should be Directional relays on the secondary side of the transformers.
Table 3. 6: Summary of Parallel Operation of Transformer
Transformer Equal Unequal Overloading Circulating Recomm.

Current Current connection
Parallel Loading Loading
Connection
Types
Equal yes No no no yes
Impedance &
Ratio ,Same
KVA
Equal no Yes no no yes
Impedance &
Ratio But
different
KVA
Unequal no Yes yes no no
Impedance
But
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Same Ratio&
KVA
Unequal no Yes yes no no
Impedance &
Ratio But
Same KVA
Unequal no No yes yes no
Impedance &
Ratio &
different
KVA
Table 3. 7: operating combinations
Operative Parallel Operation

S/N Transformer 1 Transformer 2
1 ∆∆ ∆∆ or Yy
2 Yy Yy or ∆∆
3 ∆y ∆y or Y∆
4 Y∆ Y∆ or ∆y
Single-phase transformers can be connected to form 3-phase transformer banks for 3-phase
Power systems. Four common methods of connecting three transformers for 3-phase circuits are
Δ-Δ, Y-Y, Y-Δ, and Δ-Y connections.
An advantage of Δ-Δ connection is that if one of the transformers fails or is removed from the
circuit, the remaining two can operate in the open-Δ or V connection. This way, the bank still
delivers 3-phase currents and voltages in their correct phase relationship. However, the capacity
of the bank is reduced to 57.7 % (1 3) of its original value.
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In the Y-Y connection, only 57.7% of the line voltage is applied to each winding but full line
current flows in each winding. The Y-Y connection is rarely used.
The Δ-Y connection is used for stepping up voltages since the voltage is increased by the
transformer ratio multiplied by 3.
3.7.2 The combinations that will not operate in parallel

Following Vector group of Transformer will not operate in parallel.
Table 3. 8: non operative combination
Inoperative Parallel Operation

S/N Transformer 1 Transformer 2
1 ∆∆ ∆y
2 ∆y ∆∆
3 Y∆ Yy
4 Yy Y∆
3.7.3 To check Synchronization of Transformers

Synchronization of Transformer can be checked by either of following steps: Checked by
synchronizing relay & synchro scope.
If Secondary of Transformer is not LT Then synchronizing relay should be checked&
Commission the system properly. After connecting relay, it must be charged with only 1 supply
& check that relay is functioning properly.
Synchronizing should be checked of both the supply voltages. This can be checked directly with
millimeter between L1 phases of Transformer 1 and L1 phase of Transformer 2. Then L2 Phase
of Transformer 1 and L2 Phase of Transformer 2. Then L3 Phase of Transformer 1 and L3 Phase
of Transformer 2. In all the cases MultiMate should show 0 voltages theoretically.
These checks must be done at synchronizing breakers only. The breaker out going terminals
must also be checked if they are connected in such a way that L1 Terminals of both the Breakers
comes to same Main Bus bar of panel .Same for L2 & L3.Best way to check synchronization on
LT is charge complete panel with 1 source up to outgoing terminals of another incoming breaker
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terminal. Then just measure Voltage difference on Incoming & out going terminals of Incoming
Breaker. It should be near to 0.
To check circulating current Synchronize both the transformer without outgoing load. Then
check current. It will give you circulating current.
3.7.4 Advantages of Transformer Parallel Operation

1) Maximize electrical system efficiency:
Generally electrical power transformer gives the maximum efficiency at full load. If numbers of
transformers run in parallel, only those transformers which will give the total demand by running
nearer to its full load rating for that time can be switched on. When load increases other
transformer can be switched on connected in parallel to fulfill the total demand. In this way the
system can run with maximum efficiency.
2) Maximize electrical system availability:
If numbers of transformers run in parallel, any one of them can be shut down for maintenance
purpose. Other parallel transformers in system will serve the load without total interruption of
power.
3) Maximize power system reliability:
If nay one of the transformers run in parallel, is tripped due to fault other parallel transformers is
the system will share the load hence power supply may not be interrupted if the shared loads do
not make other transformers over loaded.
4) Maximize electrical system flexibility:
There is a chance of increasing or decreasing future demand of power system. If it is predicted

that power demand will be increased in future, there must be a provision of connecting
transformers in system in parallel to fulfill the extra demand because it is not economical from
business point of view to install a bigger rated single transformer by forecasting the increased
future demand as it is unnecessary investment of money.
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Again if future demand is decreased, transformers running in parallel can be removed from
system to balance the capital investment and its return.
3.7.5 Disadvantages of Transformer Parallel Operation

 Increasing short-circuit currents that increase necessary breaker capacity.
 The risk of circulating currents running from one transformer to another Transformer.
Circulating currents that diminish load capability and increased losses.
 The bus ratings could be too high.
 Paralleling transformers reduces the transformer impedance significantly, i.e. the parallel
transformers may have very low impedance, which creates the high short circuit currents.
Therefore, some current limiters are needed, e.g. reactors, fuses, high impedance buses,
etc
 The control and protection of three units in parallel is more complex.
 It is not a common practice in this industry, since Main-tie-Main is very common in this
industry
3.8 Importance of Protection System

Fault impose hazard to both the user and on the system itself and when it comes to user, life is
the concern and when it concerns the system it is merely to provide stable Electrical power
system on top of that prevent damage to the expensive equipment used.
Table 3. 9: Protection system
User/Personal safety Prevent injury and accident

Equipment Safe guard the equipment from over current,
over voltage and frequency drift that can
cause damage.
General safety Prevent secondary accident that result from
power system fault such as fire
Power supply stability Prevent secondary accident that result from
Operation cost Prevent secondary accident that result from
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CHAPTER 4
SIMULATION AND RESULT
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Here, efficiency, reliability and cost of the load sharing system of power transformer are conducted
on Adele Haramaya substation. The efficiency and reliability of the existing system are determined
based on the collected data which are presented in chapter 3
4.2 Adele-Haramaya Substation

The Result of This Thesis can be classified as follows
1 Existing system
2 Proposed System
4.2.1 Existing System

We have calculated the Reliability of existing load sharing system of Adele-Haramaya
substation.
4.2.1.1 Performance Criteria

If any system constraints are needed for the study, they would be added in this step. This would
include items such as transmission line carrying constraints, bus voltages and overloads. The
criteria specified in this step will vary greatly upon what type of reliability study is being carried
out. A system study may include a large number of operating constraints while an industrial
substation study may include only a few.
4.2.1.2 Reliability Indices

During this step, a level of satisfactory performance must be developed. Billington lists a number
of possibilities ranging from a positive/negative status describing whether or not a system reaches
the operational goal, to a numerical number that describes the “availability of the system,” a per-
unit time the system meets the reliability goal. Some commonly used substation reliability indices
are listed below.
• Failure rate λ (/2month)
• Duration (min/2month)
• Repair time r (hrs)
32 | P a g e
• Availability (%)
Other indices may be of importance when dealing with a more system wide view or when
concerned with cost of the loss of load.
• SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, ASAI (distribution system indices)
CB2 T1
L1 HV
CB1 LV
Bus
CB3 T2
Figure 4. 1: Single Bus Diagram
The first order total station failure modes are the failures of the high voltage bus and low voltage
bus. The failure of either bus interrupts the station continuity.
λt = 0.001
The first order active failure modes are CB1, CB2, and CB3. To illustrate this, consider a fault
occurs on L1 and breaker CB1 fails to open. Similar scenarios can show that CB2-CB3 are also
active failure modes because we have only one incoming line and if that incoming line fails to
operate(CB1) then CB2 and CB3 also fails.
λa = 0.004 + 0.004 + 0.004 = 0.012
The first order active failure plus stuck breakers (p=1) are T1+CB2 stuck and T2+CB3 stuck.
λs = 0.015 + 0.015 = 0.030
The total failures overlapping total failures are CB1, CB2+CB3, CB2+T2, CB3+T1 and T1+T2.
The parallel failure rate of each paralleled group of two components can be calculated as follows.
33 | P a g e
λ1e-λ1 +λ2 e--λ 2-(λ1 +λ2) e-( λ1+ λ2)

λp =
e- λ1+ e- λ2- e-( λ1+ λ2)
λcB1 = 7.1357*10-5
λcB2+cB3 = 7.1357*10-5
λcB2+T2 =1.772*10-4
λcB3+T1 =1.772*10-4
λT1+T2 = 4.401*10-4
The total failure rate of existing load sharing system of Adele substation is then the sum of
paralleled rates.
λo = 2.(7.1357*10-5 + 2. (1.772 * 10-4) + 4.401 * 10-4 = 9.372 * 10-4
The overall substation failure rate is then the sum of failure rate for each failure mode.
λ = λ t+ λa +λs +λo
Annual outage time for the substation configuration can be found in a similar manner along with
the average outage duration of existing load sharing system of Adele substation.
U =Ut +Ua +Us +Uo = 3.53
r=U/λ=80.342
4.2.1.3 Efficiency analysis of existing system
We evaluated efficiency of Adele Haramaya substation using various performance
indicators such as the power losses, voltage regulation, and reliability
From the above point of view reliability of Adele Haramaya Substation is 80.342
As we gathered information from substation sometimes voltage regulation operate
out of its expected range.
Since there is faulty equipment, voltage drop and any other load problems are arise
in the substation the poer loss is also the main problem of substations
Therefore, The efficiency of Adele Substation needs improvement.
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4.2.2 Designed system

We designed preferable Automatic load sharing system for Adele-Haramaya substation by
analyzing the performance of current load sharing system. To design this system, we have used
protease design suit and Arduino Uno r3 to write the code.
4.2.2.1 Simulation of Proposed system

4.2.2.1.1 Simulation block diagram of proposed system
Figure 4. 2: Simulation block diagram of the Proposed System
Firstly, the required operating voltage for Arduino uno R3is 5V. This regulated 5V is generated
by first stepping down the 220V to 12 V.
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The step downed Ac voltage is being rectified by the Bridge Rectifier. The diodes used are
1N4007. The rectified Ac voltage is now filtered using a ‘C’ filter. Now the rectified, filtered D.C.
voltage is fed to the Voltage Regulator. This voltage regulator allows us to have a Regulated
Voltage which is +5V.voltage regulators i.e. 7805 is used. These voltage regulators regulate 5v for
Arduino, LCD and current transformer. The rectified; filtered and regulated voltage is again
filtered for ripples using an electrolytic capacitor 100μF. The LCD is interfaced to Arduino. The
data pins of LCD are connected to Port B. The control pins of LCD are connected to Port 2 as
shown in schematic. One of the port A pin is connected to the relay to check the status of the
transformer one (main transformer) i.e. whether it is overloaded or not. Relay is used to turn on &
off the transformer two when the transformer one is overloaded. At first the main supply is
connected to the load feeding the necessary current, here the current sensor reads the current value
and sends a signal to Arduino for conversion (Uno R3 has preinstalled ADC) and computation of
the given value. If the value is less than the rated value of the secondary current value or some
specified value the lcd displays the info and Arduino keeps monitoring the current until there is an
overload. As soon as another load is connected to the network, the single transformer can’t handle
this overload so Arduino through current transformer detects the overload and sends a trip signal
back to the relay to connect the sharing transformer and ease the overloading.
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4.2.2.1.2 Simulation of proposed system under normal condition
Figure 4. 3: Simulation under normal condition

Load are supplied from singled transform under normal condition. In atypical scenario the main
transformer operate while the reserve transformer remain off.
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4.2.2.1.3 Simulation of proposed system under overloaded condition
Figure 4. 4: Simulation under overloaded condition

Load are supplied from both main transformer and reserve transformer under overloaded condition
because of the load exceed the limit of main transformer it can be damage the transformer but since
we have reserve transformer load is shared automatically between two transformer.
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4.2.2.1.4 Simulation of proposed system if load exceed the limit of both Transformer
Figure 4. 5: Simulation if load exceeds limit of both Transformer

Both main and reserve transformer cease to operate if load exceed the limit of both Transformer
which protect both transformer from damage.
39 | P a g e
4.3 Result and Discussion

When the utility load is increased beyond the rated capacity of the transformer one (main
transformer) and interrupted; the Arduino detect the signal that get from the loads through
current sensor. Then the Arduino calculates the received signal compare with the
reference voltage; then send signal to the relay (transfer switch). The relay connect transformer
two to share the overload power. However, when the utility load became below rated value of
transformer one Arduino send signal to disconnect transformer two and the load is run
only by transformer one.
1. When utility power is interrupted due to over current and overload, the transfers switch senses
and starts up the transformer TF2 which acts as a backup transformer.
2. If the utility power remains absent, the transfer switch disconnects the load from the utility
and connects it to the Transformer TF1.
3. The transfer switch continues to monitor utility power, and when it is restored, switches the
load from the Transformer TF2 back to the Main transformer TF1. Once the Transformer TF2
is disconnected, it goes through a cool-down routine and is automatically shut down.
4. Initially TF1 is connected to the load, the loads run with this power. Due to any reason this
power is interrupted, then it is identified by the controller and it immediately switches ON to
the TF2 through the relay.
5. The result is displayed on LCD.
4.4 Cost Analysis

The main objective of this thesis is to analysis cost effective power load sharing system and to
minimize extra cost which may be maintenance cost and withdrawal cost by investigating low
operational cost, by providing profit for the EEPCO and for the commercial and industrial
organization. Automatic load sharing will require high capital cost and almost zero operational
cost comparing to the oldest system because the system is working with coupling of two
transformers together.
Coming to this point, it is possible to determine the bankruptcy of EEPCO due to overload power
system.
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4.4.1 Maintenance cost

he operation of single transformer is not efficient because the customer’s need increased day to
day. So the system need operational and maintenance cost throughout the year.
The expense of maintenance in the system can be summarized in the below table.
Table 4. 1: maintenance cost
No Equipment Expense per month(birr) Expense per

year(birr)
1 Pole mounted fuse 6500*3 234,000
2 HRC fuse 530*3*4 76,320
3 Arrestors 1350*3*2 97,200
4 Protection materials 600*3*4 86,400
5 Others 1200*4 57,600
Total 45,960 551,520
This number indicates that the annual expense of EEPCO in one transform due to overload
condition is much greater as the customer increases annually.
4.4.2 Interruption cost loss

The calculation of cost in kWh per year is different for various customers who are domestic,
commercial, and industrial customers. For domestic customer, the first 50 kW is multiplied by
1.7birr, for commercial customers the first 50kw is multiplied by 2.5778birr, and for industrial
customer the first 50 kW is multiplied by 2.9004Birr.
Assume the interruption occurs 3hrs with 15 days per month averagely and different loads take
variety amounts at different time depending up on the customer service need.
In Haromaya city, around bajaj tera there are one transformer with its rate of 315kva and the
customers are about 414 in number from this number there are four milling house, five government
office, two bakery, three hotels, and others
Bulbs = 4bulbs*414*60w*1.7birr*15day*3hr*12month = 91,212,480birr/year
41 | P a g e
Electric mitad = 200cust*4kw*4*2*3hr*12month = 230,400birr/year

Stove = 200cust*1kw*3hr*15day*1.7*12month = 183,600birr/year
Hotels = 3*25kw*3*15day*2.5778*12 = 104,400birr/year
Mill house =4*15kw*3hr*2.9004*12 = 6,264.864birr/year
Bakery = 2*15*3hr*15days*2.5778*12month = 41,760.36birr/year
Government = 5*3*15day*2.5778*12month = 6,960.06birr/year
Others = 15*3kw*3*15*2.5778*12month =62,640.54birr/year
Table 4. 2: Interruption cost
NO Services Cost loss per month(Birr) Cost loss per year(Birr)

1 Bulb 7,601,040 91,212,480
2 Electric mithad 19,200 230,400
3 Stove 15,300 183,600
4 Hotel 8700.075 104,400.9
5 Milling house 522.072 6,264.864
6 Bakery 3480.03 41,760.36
7 Governmental offices 580.005 6,960.06
8 Others 5,220.045 62,640.54
Total 7,654,042.227 91,848,506.724
4.4.3 Price of automatic load sharing power system

Table 4. 3: Total Cost of Automatic load sharing
No Equipment Capital cost(birr)

1 Main Transformer 8,100,000
2 Sharing Transformer 8,100,000
3 Arduino 4620
4 Relay1 3,300
5 Relay2 3,300
6 Bridge rectifier 2,268
7 IC Regulator 540
8 LCD 21,054
9 Blocking Diode 712
10 Current Transformer 7350
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Total cost 16,243,144

The cost analysis of the new operation system can be calculated by determining the price of two
transformers and all equipment.
4.5 Comparison of Existing Load sharing system of Adele Haramaya substation

and proposed system
4.5.1 In terms of cost
Ethiopia Electric power total cost loss is obtained from summation of maintenance cost and
interruption cost which indicates that maintenance cost loss(yearly) is 551,520birr/year and
interruption cost is 91,848,506.724birr/year.
Totally the bankrupt of Ethiopia Electric power corporation is maintenance cost + Interruption cost
EEPCO loss per year = 551,520birr + 91,848,506.724birr
EEPCO loss per year = 92,400,026.724birr
EEPCO LOSS = 92,400,026.724birr
Let come to the cost of proposed system
Cost of Automatic load sharing is 16,243,144birr
Also an automatic load sharing system are designed to have a long lifespan of up to 20 years or
more if they are well maintained and used under suitable operating conditions.
EEPCO LOSS per 20 years will become 1,848,000,534.48birr which is unimaginable to compare
with cost of automatic load sharing(16,243,144birr).
4.5.2 In terms of reliability

The current system of automatic load sharing of adele Haramaya substation reliability rating is
80.342 percent which is far from reliable system.
Proposed automatic load sharing system is designed to have 99-100 percent reliability rating but
it also depends on quality of component, the implementation of the control system and the expertise
of the maintenance personnel.
4.5.3 In terms of Efficiency

Since proposed automatic load sharing operate safely with out any damage its efficiency expected
to be greater than 98% which is efficient than current load sharing system of Adele substation.
43 | P a g e
4.6 The factors contributing to the suboptimal performance of the load sharing
system at Adele Haramaya substation
The factors contributing to the suboptimal performance of the load sharing system are:
 Equipment failure or malfunction

 Lack of maintenance
 Unbalanced loads
 Lack of communication
 Inadequate protection system
1. Equipment failure or malfunction: Any failure or malfunction of equipment, such as circuit

breakers, transformers, or generators, can lead to suboptimal performance of the load sharing
system.
2. Lack of maintenance: Regular maintenance of equipment is crucial for optimal operation of the
load sharing system. If proper maintenance is not carried out, the system may fail to function
properly.
3. Unbalanced loads: If the loads connected to the system are not balanced, it can lead to
suboptimal performance of the load sharing system. The system might not distribute the load
equally among the generators, leading to overloading and eventual failure.
4. Lack of communication: Communication is key in any load sharing system. If there is a lack of
proper communication between the generators or between the generators and control system, the
system may not operate optimally.
5. Inadequate protection system: Adequate protection system is essential to safeguard the system
from faults, surges, and other problems. If the protection system is inadequate or not properly
configured, it can lead to suboptimal performance of the load sharing system.
4.7 challenges and limitations of the current system.

1. Accurate Load Forecasting: Develop accurate and reliable load forecasting models that can
provide real-time data on peak demand periods and help allocate power resources based on
customer needs.
44 | P a g e
2. Communication Network: Improve the communication infrastructure between power

generators, transformers, and the load sharing system to mitigate communication failures and
detect system malfunctions in real-time.
3. Flexibility: Implement a more flexible load sharing system that is capable of adjusting power
allocation based on changes in customer demand and power output capacity of the power
generators and transformers.
4. Preventive Maintenance: Provide regular and timely preventive maintenance of generators and
transformers to ensure they are functioning optimally and can generate the full capacity of power.
5. Balancing: Develop effective techniques to balance the loading of generators and transformers
that have different capacities.
6. Load Sharing Optimization: Implement load sharing optimization algorithms that can fine-tune
the load sharing system to ensure optimal use of available resources while minimizing
inefficiencies and maximizing power capacity.
These are some of the potential solutions that could be considered to improve the load sharing
system of the Automatic load sharing of Adele-Haramaya substation. However, it's essential to
undertake a thorough evaluation of the current system and determine the
There are several potential solutions for improving the performance and reliability of Adele
Haramaya substation. Some of these solutions include:
1. Upgrading the substation's equipment: One way to improve performance and reliability is to
replace old equipment with newer, more reliable models. This includes upgrading transformers,
circuit breakers, and other key components.
2. Implementing a condition-based maintenance strategy: Rather than performing maintenance on
a planned schedule, a condition-based strategy involves monitoring equipment in real-time to
identify issues before they become major problems. This can improve reliability and reduce
downtime.
3. Increasing redundancy: Adding redundancy to the substation's systems can help prevent outages
by providing backup options in case of equipment failure. This can include adding redundant
transformers, breakers, and other critical components.
4. Improving communication and coordination: Better communication and coordination between
staff, operators, and maintenance personnel can help ensure that issues are addressed quickly and
effectively, reducing downtime and improving overall performance.
45 | P a g e
5. Upgrading the substation's automation and control systems: Modernizing the substation's
automation and control systems can improve performance and reliability through improved
monitoring and real-time data analysis. This can help operators identify issues before they become
major problems and provide more precise control over substation operations.
46 | P a g e
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusions
In this research work we have identified that, the Adele Haramaya substation is a critical
component of the power grid in Ethiopia. However, it is facing challenges related to its
performance and reliability. The specific objectives of this report were to identify the causes of
these challenges and to recommend solutions for improving them. After analyzing various factors,
including equipment age, maintenance strategy, redundancy, communication and coordination,
and automation and control systems, several potential solutions were identified. These solutions
include upgrading equipment, implementing a condition-based maintenance strategy, increasing
redundancy, improving communication and coordination, and upgrading automation and control
systems. In conclusion, the study high lights the comparison of existing load sharing system of
Adele substation and Automatic load sharing system in maintaining the stability of power systems.
Adele-Haramaya substation’s load sharing system has been found to be improved to perform well
and to ensure a balanced load sharing system. The cost effectiveness and payback period is also
assessed and the result is obtained demonstrate that 3,807,844.1362ETB can be saved each years.
5.2 Recommendations
Any work and investigation on transformer load sharing is very advantageous and challenging.
Based on the present time, it can be observed that the current load sharing system of Adele
Haramaya substation has the problem of reliability and efficiency which hinder the system from
operating effectively and some improvements need to be made.
Finally We recommend Ethio-Eletric power to apply automatic load sharing system for Adele-
Haramaya substation in order to improve existing system like efficiency and reliability.
47 | P a g e
Reference
[1] “[Hadi_Saadat]_Power_System_Analysis(BookZa.org).pdf.”
[2] T. V. S. Kalyani, V. S. Kumar, and C. Srinivas, “Automatic Load Sharing of Transformers
using Microcontroller,” pp. 2193–2199, 2018, doi: 10.15662/IJAREEIE.2018.0705008.
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[4] K. V Shashankkumar, R. Naik, N. Nayak, and P. A. Mudhol, “Load sharing of
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protection,” BMC Res. Notes, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2020, doi: 10.1186/s13104-019-
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[7] W. Li, “Risk Assessment of Power Systems,” IEEE Press, 2005.
[8] R. Billinton, “Power-System Reliability Calculations,” Massachusetts Institute of
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Actions with Redundant Components,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 12,
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[12] D. Koval, “Substation Reliability Simulation Model,”
[13] “Design Guide for Rural Substations Design Guide for Rural Substations,” Rural Utilities
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Reliability,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 1, February 1999.
[15] B. Retterath, A.A. Chowdury and S.S. Venkata, “Decoupled Substation Reliability
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Assessment,” 8th International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power

Systems, Iowa State University, September 2004.
[16] R. Billington and G. Lian, “Monte Carlo Approach to Substation Reliability Evaluation,”
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[17] T. Tsao and H. Chang, “Composite Reliability Evaluation Model for Different Types of
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Components,” Power Learn Electric Power Engineering Education, Module
PE.PAS.U14.5, 2005.
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Power Learn Electric Power Engineering Education, Module PE.PAS.U15.5, 2005.
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[23] William H. Bartley, HSB, “Analysis of Transformer Failures,” Proceedings of the Thirty
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50 | P a g e
APPENDIX
Arduino Code for the Designed system
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
// initialize the liquid crystal library & interface lcd pin to arduino digital pins
LiquidCrystal lcd(4,5,6,7,8,9);
float Load1;
int r1=2;
int r2=12;
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
lcd.begin(16, 2);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(r1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(r2,OUTPUT);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
// read the input on analog pin 0:
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
// print out the value you read:
Serial.println(sensorValue);
Load1=(sensorValue/10);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Load = ");
lcd.print(Load1);
lcd.print("% ");
delay(1);
if(sensorValue<500)
{
digitalWrite(r1,HIGH);
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}
else
{
digitalWrite(r1,LOW);
// delay in between reads for stability
}
if(sensorValue>=500 && sensorValue<=999)
{
digitalWrite(r2,HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("T1 ON T2 ON");
}
else
{
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("T1 ON T2 OFF");//delay in between reads for stability
}
if(sensorValue>=1000)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Load = ");
lcd.print(Load1);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("T1 OFF T2 OFF");//delay in between reads for stability
}
// else
//{
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//lcd.setCursor(0,0);
//lcd.print(Load1);//delay in between reads for stability
// }
}
53 | P a g e

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PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF SUBSTATION

POWER TRANSFORMER AT ADELE HARAMAYA SUBSTATION

Hewan Shimelis ………………………………….. 0803/11

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Robera Belay…………………..…………………. 0617/11

Name of advisor Signature Date

Mr. Amanuel Kachiko ……….. …….

I|Page Haramaya university School of ECE

Hewan Shimelis ………………………………….. 0803/11

Robera Belay…………………..…………………. 0617/11

To department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology,

Mr. Wehib Abubeker ……….. …….

Name of Advisor Signature Date

Mr. Amanuel Kachiko ……….. .……

II | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

1. Hewan Shimelis ……………………………………………………………….... 0803/11

3. Robera Belay…………………...………………………………………………. 0617/11

To School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya

Name of School Dean Signature Date

Mr. Wehib Abubeker ………… ………

Name of Advisor Signature Date

Mr. Amanuel Kachiko ……….. ……….

III | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

IV | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

V|Page Haramaya university School of ECE

VI | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

VII | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

VIII | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

Figure 4. 1: Single Bus Diagram................................................................................................... 33

IX | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

Table 4. 1: maintenance cost ......................................................................................................... 41

X|Page Haramaya university School of ECE

Acronyms and Abbreviations

XI | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

TOC Time overcurrent

XII | P a g e Haramaya university School of ECE

1.3.2 Specific Objective

Figure 3. 1: Single Line diagram of Adele Haramaya Substation

3.2.1 Simulation Study

3.2.2 Operating Data Analysis

3.2 Data Collected

No Bay/Feeder MWh MVAR TSC PSC TEF PEF

No Bay/Feeder Peak Load Minimum load

2 Finkile 0.76 49..7 51 51.5 0.63 15.3 13.9 17.5

Bay/Feeder MWh MVAR TSC PSC TEF PEF

Component λT (/2m) λA (/2m) λM (/2m) MTTR(hr) MTTM(hr)

3.4 Materials (Tools)

3.4.1 Arduino UNO R3

Figure 3. 2: Arduino UNO R3

3.4.3 Power Supply

Figure 3. 3: block diagram of power supply

3.4.5 Bridge Rectifier

Figure 3. 5: Output of rectifier

3.4.9 Liquid Crystal Interface

3.4.9.1 Pin Description

Figure 3. 9: Shows the LCD display from proteus software

3.5 System block Diagram

POWER Transformer Bridge IC Blocking

Transformer Bridge IC Blocking Diode

Figure 3. 10: Block diagram of the thesis

3.6 System Flow Chart

If load exceeds the limit of both

Figure 3. 11: System flow chart

3.7 Substation Transformer

Electric mitad = 200cust4kw4*23hr12month = 230,400birr/year