Newton's Laws of motion 177

60
Chapter

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Newton's Laws of Motion
Point Mass (7) If two objects of different masses have same momentum, the

(1) An object can be considered as a point object if during motion in

a given time, it covers distance much greater than its own size.
(2) Object with zero dimension considered as a point mass.
(3) Point mass is a mathematical concept to simplify the problems.
ID
lighter body possesses greater velocity.

p  m1v1  m 2v 2 = constant

1

v1 m 2

v 2 m1

i.e. v 
U
m
Inertia [As p is constant]
(1) Inherent property of all the bodies by virtue of which they (8) For a given body p  v
cannot change their state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line by
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their own is called inertia. (9) For different bodies moving with same velocities p  m
(2) Inertia is not a physical quantity, it is only a property of the p p
body which depends on mass of the body. m = constant v = constant
(3) Inertia has no units and no dimensions
(4) Two bodies of equal mass, one in motion and another is at rest,
possess same inertia because it is a factor of mass only and does not depend
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upon the velocity.

Linear Momentum Fig : 4.2 v Fig : 4.3 m
(1) Linear momentum of a body is the quantity of motion contained
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in the body. Newton’s First Law

(2) It is measured in terms of the force required to stop the body in A body continue to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion along
unit time. a straight line, unless it is acted upon by some external force to change the
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(3) It is also measured as the product of the mass of the body and
its velocity i.e., Momentum = mass × velocity.
If a body of mass m is moving with velocity v then its linear
momentum p is given by p  m v
(4) It is a vector quantity and it’s direction is the same as the
direction of velocity of the body.
(5) Units : kg-m/sec [S.I.], g-cm/sec [C.G.S.]
(6) Dimension : [MLT 1 ]
v
state.
(1) If no net force acts on a body, then the velocity of the body
cannot change i.e. the body cannot accelerate.
(2) Newton’s first law defines inertia and is rightly called the law of
inertia. Inertia are of three types :
Inertia of rest, Inertia of motion and Inertia of direction.
(3) Inertia of rest : It is the inability of a body to change by itself, its
state of rest. This means a body at rest remains at rest and cannot start
moving by its own.
Example : (i) A person who is standing freely in bus, thrown
backward, when bus starts suddenly.
When a bus suddenly starts, the force responsible for bringing bus
in motion is also transmitted to lower part of body, so this part of the body

p = constant

m
Fig : 4.1
 178 Newton's Laws of Motion
comes in motion along with the bus. While the upper half of body (say
above the waist) receives no force to overcome inertia of rest and so it stays
in its original position. Thus there is a relative displacement between the
two parts of the body and it appears as if the upper part of the body has
been thrown backward.
Note :  (i) If the motion of the bus is slow, the inertia of
motion will be transmitted to the body of the person uniformly and so the
entire body of the person will come in motion with the bus and the person
will not experience any jerk.
(ii) When a horse starts suddenly, the rider tends to fall backward
on account of inertia of rest of upper part of the body as explained above.
(5) Inertia of direction : It is the inability of a body to change by
itself it's direction of motion.
Example : (i) When a stone tied to one end of a string is whirled
and the string breaks suddenly, the stone flies off along the tangent to the
circle. This is because the pull in the string was forcing the stone to move
in a circle. As soon as the string breaks, the pull vanishes. The stone in a
bid to move along the straight line flies off tangentially.
(ii) The rotating wheel of any vehicle throw out mud, if any,
tangentially, due to directional inertia.
(iii) When a car goes round a curve suddenly, the person sitting
inside is thrown outwards.

(iii) A bullet fired on a window pane makes a clean hole through it,
while a ball breaks the whole window. The bullet has a speed much greater
than the ball. So its time of contact with glass is small. So in case of bullet
the motion is transmitted only to a small portion of the glass in that small
time. Hence a clear hole is created in the glass window, while in case of ball,
60
Newton’s Second Law
(1) The rate of change of linear momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the external force applied on the body and this change
takes place always in the direction of the applied force.

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the time and the area of contact is large. During this time the motion is 
(2) If a body of mass m, moves with velocity v then its linear
transmitted to the entire window, thus creating the cracks in the entire 
 
window. momentum can be given by p  m v and if force F is applied on a body,
then
 d p dp

F FK

Cracks by the ball Hole by the bullet

ID dt
 dp
or F 

 d


dt

dt

dv
(K = 1 in C.G.S. and S.I. units)



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Fig : 4.4
or F  (m v )  m  ma
(iv) In the arrangement shown in the figure : dt dt
(a) If the string B is pulled with a sudden jerk then it will experience 
dv
tension while due to inertia of rest of mass M this force (As a   acceleration produced in the body)
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dt
will not be transmitted to the string A and so the string
A 
B will break. 
 F  ma
(b) If the string B is pulled steadily the force M
applied to it will be transmitted from string B to A Force = mass  acceleration
through the mass M and as tension in A will be greater B Force
than in B by Mg (weight of mass M), the string A will
break. (1) Force is an external effect in the form of a push or pull which
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(v) If we place a coin on smooth piece of card Fig : 4.5 (i) Produces or tries to produce motion in a body at rest.
board covering a glass and strike the card board piece (ii) Stops or tries to stop a moving body.
suddenly with a finger. The cardboard slips away and the coin falls into the
(iii) Changes or tries to change the direction of motion of the body.
glass due to inertia of rest.
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(vi) The dust particles in a carpet falls off when it is beaten with a Table 4.1 : Various condition of force application
stick. This is because the beating sets the carpet in motion whereas the dust
F
particles tend to remain at rest and hence separate.
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Body remains at rest. Here force is

(4) Inertia of motion : It is the inability of a body to change by itself u=0 v=0 trying to change the state of rest.
its state of uniform motion i.e., a body in uniform motion can neither
accelerate nor retard by its own.
Example : (i) When a bus or train stops suddenly, a passenger sitting F
inside tends to fall forward. This is because the lower part of his body Body starts moving. Here force
u=0 changes the state of rest.
comes to rest with the bus or train but the upper part tends to continue its v>0
motion due to inertia of motion.
(ii) A person jumping out of a moving train may fall forward.
In a small interval of time, force
(iii) An athlete runs a certain distance before taking a long jump. F
increases the magnitude of speed and
This is because velocity acquired by running is added to velocity of the u0 v>u
direction of motion remains same.
athlete at the time of jump. Hence he can jump over a longer distance.
 Newton's Laws of motion 179

In a small interval of time, force
F u decreases the magnitude of speed and
v<u direction of motion remains same.
v In uniform circular motion only
F direction of velocity changes, speed
F remains constant. Force is always
perpendicular to velocity.
v
In non-uniform circular motion,
v (12) Variable or dependent force :
elliptical, parabolic or hyperbolic
motion force acts at an angle to the
direction of motion. In all these
(9) Out of so many natural forces, for distance 10 15
nuclear force is strongest while gravitational force weakest.
Fnuclear  Felectromagnetic  Fgravitational
(10) Ratio of electric force and gravitational force between two
electron’s Fe / Fg  10 43  Fe  Fg
(11) Constant force : If the direction and magnitude of a force is
constant. It is said to be a constant force.
(i) Time dependent force : In case of impulse or motion of a charged
particle in an alternating electric field force is time dependent.

60
F = mg motions. Both magnitude and (ii) Position dependent force : Gravitational force between two
direction of velocity changes.
Gm1m 2
bodies
r2
(2) Dimension : Force = mass  acceleration
q1 q 2
or Force between two charged particles  .
[F]  [M ][LT 2 ]  [MLT 2 ]

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4 0 r 2
(3) Units : Absolute units : (i) Newton (S.I.) (ii) Dyne (C.G.S) (iii) Velocity dependent force : Viscous force (6rv)
Gravitational units : (i) Kilogram-force (M.K.S.) (ii) Gram-force
Force on charged particle in a magnetic field (qvB sin )
(C.G.S)
(13) Central force : If a position dependent force is directed towards
Newton : One Newton is that force which produces an
or away from a fixed point it is said to be central otherwise non-central.
acceleration of 1 m / s 2 in a body of mass 1 Kilogram.

1 Newton  1kg m / s 2

Dyne : One dyne is that force which produces an acceleration

ID Example : Motion of Earth around the Sun. Motion of electron in an
atom. Scattering of -particles from a nucleus.
Electron
F –
+
of 1cm / s 2 in a body of mass 1 gram .
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Sun F -particle
F + +
 1 Dyne  1gm cm / sec 2 Nucleus Nucleus
Earth
Relation between absolute units of force 1 Newton  10 5 Dyne
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Kilogram-force : It is that force which produces
acceleration of 9.8 m / s 2 in a body of mass 1 kg .
 1 kg-f = 9.80 Newton
Gram-force : It is that force which produces an acceleration
of 980cm / s 2 in a body of mass 1 gm .
D
Fig : 4.6
an (14) Conservative or non conservative force : If under the action of a
force the work done in a round trip is zero or the work is path
independent, the force is said to be conservative otherwise non conservative.
Example : Conservative force : Gravitational force, electric force,
elastic force.
Non conservative force : Frictional force, viscous force.

 1 gm-f = 980 Dyne (15) Common forces in mechanics :

  (i) Weight : Weight of an object is the force with which earth attracts it.
(4) F  m a formula is valid only if force is changing the state of
It is also called the force of gravity or the gravitational force.
rest or motion and the mass of the body is constant and finite.
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 (ii) Reaction or Normal force : When a body is placed on a rigid

 d  dv  dm
(5) If m is not constant F  (m v )  m v surface, the body experiences a force which is perpendicular to the surfaces
dt dt dt in contact. Then force is called ‘Normal force’ or ‘Reaction’.
(6) If force and acceleration have three component along x, y and z
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axis, then R
R
 
F  Fxˆi  Fy ˆj  Fz kˆ and a  axˆi  ay ˆj  az kˆ

From above it is clear that Fx  ma x , Fy  ma y , Fz  ma z 

mg cos
(7) No force is required to move a body uniformly along a straight mg mg
 of taut string, rope or
(iii) Tension : The force exerted by the end
line with constant speed.
chain againstFigpulling
: 4.7 (applied) force is called the tension.
Fig : 4.8
The direction of
  tension is so as to pull the body.
F  ma  F  0 (As a  0 )
(8) When force is written without direction then positive force T=F
means repulsive while negative force means attractive.
Example : Positive force – Force between two similar charges
Fig : 4.9
Negative force – Force between two opposite charges (iv) Spring force : Every spring resists any attempt to change its
length. This resistive force increases with change in length. Spring force is
 180 Newton's Laws of Motion
given by F  Kx ; where x is the change in length and K is the spring (5) If F AB = force exerted on body A by body B (Action) and F BA =
constant (unit N/m).
force exerted on body B by body A (Reaction)

Then according to Newton’s third law of motion F AB   F BA

(6) Example : (i) A book lying on a table exerts a force on the table
which is equal to the weight of the book. This is the force of action.
F = – Kx
R

mg

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x
Fig : 4.10Force
Equilibrium of Concurrent The table supports the book, by exerting an equal force on the book.
(1) If all the forces working on a body are acting on the same point, This is the force of reaction. Fig : 4.13
then they are said to be concurrent. As the system is at rest, net force on it is zero. Therefore force of
(2) A body, under the action of concurrent forces, is said to be in action and reaction must be equal and opposite.

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equilibrium, when there is no change in the state of rest or of uniform (ii) Swimming is possible due to third law of motion.
motion along a straight line. (iii) When a gun is fired, the bullet moves forward (action). The gun
(3) The necessary condition for the equilibrium of a body under the recoils backward (reaction)
action of concurrent forces is that the vector sum of all the forces acting on (iv) Rebounding of rubber ball takes place due to third law of
the body must be zero. motion.

(4) Mathematically for equilibrium  Fnet  0 or  Fx  0 ;

 Fy  0 ; ,  Fz  0
(5) Three concurrent forces will be in equilibrium, if they can be
represented completely by three sides of a triangle taken in order.
ID R sin 
R
U
F2 C 
B R cos
(v) While walking a person Fig :presses
4.14 the ground in the backward
F1 F3
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direction (action) by his feet. The ground pushes the person in forward
direction with an equal force (reaction). The component of reaction in
(6) Lami’s Theorem : For three
A concurrent forces in equilibrium horizontal direction makes the person move forward.
F1 F2 F3 Fig : 4.11 (vi) It is difficult to walk on sand or ice.
 
sin sin  sin (vii) Driving a nail into a wooden block without holding the block is
F1 difficult.
 F2
 Frame of Reference
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
(1) A frame in which an observer is situated and makes his
observations is known as his ‘Frame of reference’.
F3 (2) The reference frame is associated with a co-ordinate system and
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a clock to measure the position and time of events happening in space. We

Fig : 4.12
Newton’s Third Law can describe all the physical quantities like position, velocity, acceleration
etc. of an object in this coordinate system.
To every action, there is always an equal (in magnitude) and
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opposite (in direction) reaction.
(1) When a body exerts a force on any other body, the second body
also exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
(2) Forces in nature always occurs in pairs. A single isolated force is
not possible.
(3) Any agent, applying a force also experiences a force of equal
magnitude but in opposite direction. The force applied by the agent is called
‘Action’ and the counter force experienced by it is called ‘Reaction’.
(4) Action and reaction never act on the same body. If it were so,
the total force on a body would have always been zero i.e. the body will
always remain in equilibrium.
(3) Frame of reference are of two types : (i) Inertial frame of
reference (ii) Non-inertial frame of reference.
(i) Inertial frame of reference :
(a) A frame of reference which is at rest or which is moving with a
uniform velocity along a straight line is called an inertial frame of reference.
(b) In inertial frame of reference Newton’s laws of motion holds
good.
(c) Inertial frame of reference are also called unaccelerated frame of
reference or Newtonian or Galilean frame of reference.
(d) Ideally no inertial frame exist in universe. For practical purpose a
frame of reference may be considered as inertial if it’s acceleration is
negligible with respect to the acceleration of the object to be observed.

(e) To measure the acceleration of a falling apple, earth can be
considered as an inertial frame.
(f) To observe the motion of planets, earth can not be considered as
an inertial frame but for this purpose the sun may be assumed to be an
inertial frame.
Example : The lift at rest, lift moving (up or down) with constant
velocity, car moving with constant velocity on a straight road.
(ii) Non-inertial frame of reference
(a) Accelerated frame of references are called non-inertial frame of
reference.
(b) Newton’s laws of motion are not applicable in non-inertial frame
Newton's Laws of motion 181
I   F dt  Fav . t  p  constant
So if time of contact t is increased, average force is decreased (or
diluted) and vice-versa.
(i) In hitting or kicking a ball we decrease the time of contact so
that large force acts on the ball producing greater acceleration.
(ii) In catching a ball a player by drawing his hands backwards
increases the time of contact and so, lesser force acts on his hands and his
hands are saved from getting hurt.

60
of reference.
Example : Car moving in uniform circular motion, lift which is
moving upward or downward with some acceleration, plane which is taking
off.
Impulse Fig : 4.17

(1) When a large force works on a body for very small time interval,
it is called impulsive force.
An impulsive force does not remain constant, but changes first from
zero to maximum and then from maximum to zero. In such case we
measure the total effect of force.
(2) Impulse of a force is a measure of total effect of force.
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(iii) In jumping on sand (or water) the time of contact is increased
due to yielding of sand or water so force is decreased and we are not
injured. However if we jump on cemented floor the motion stops in a very
short interval of time resulting in a large force due to which we are
seriously injured.
(iv) An athlete is advised to come to stop slowly after finishing a fast

force.
t
(3) I  t 2 F dt .
1

(4) Impulse is a vector quantity and its direction is same as that of

ID race, so that time of stop increases and hence force experienced by him
decreases.
(v) China wares are wrapped in straw or paper before packing.
Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum
(5) Dimension : [ MLT 1 ]
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If no external force acts on a system (called isolated) of constant
(6) Units : Newton-second or Kg-m- s 1 (S.I.)
mass, the total momentum of the system remains constant with time.
1
Dyne-second or gm-cm- s
(C.G.S.)
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dp
(7) Force-time graph : Impulse is equal to the area under F-t curve. (1) According to this law for a system of particles F 
If we plot a graph between force and time, the area under the curve dt
 
and time axis gives the value of impulse. In the absence of external force F  0 then p  constant
I  Area between curve and time axis
i.e., p  p 1  p 2  p 3  ....  constant.
1
  Base  Height   
or m1 v1  m 2 v 2  m 3 v 3  ....  constant
Force

2
D

F
1 This equation shows that in absence of external force for a closed
 Ft system the linear momentum of individual particles may change but their
2
t Time sum remains unchanged with time.
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Fig : 4.15
(2) Law of conservation of linear momentum is independent of
(8) If Fav is the average magnitude of the force then frame of reference, though linear momentum depends on frame of
t t reference.
I   t 2 F dt  Fav  t 2 dt  Fav t
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1 1
(3) Conservation of linear momentum is equivalent to Newton’s
(9) From Newton’s second law F third law of motion.
 dp For a system of two particles in absence of external force, by law of
F
dt Fav conservation of linear momentum.
t2 p2 Impulse
or  t1 F dt   p1 d p t p 1  p 2  constant.
 t1 t t2  
 I  p 2  p 1  p Fig : 4.16  m1v1  m 2v 2  constant.
i.e. The impulse of a force is equal to the change in momentum. Differentiating above with respect to time
This statement is known as Impulse momentum theorem.  
dv dv  
Examples : Hitting, kicking, catching, jumping, diving, collision etc. m1 1  m 2 2  0  m1a1  m 2 a2  0  F1  F 2  0
dt dt
In all these cases an impulse acts.
 F 2   F1
 182 Newton's Laws of Motion
i.e. for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction which is
Newton’s third law of motion.
(4) Practical applications of the law of conservation of linear
momentum
(i) When a man jumps out of a boat on the shore, the boat is Let m 0  initial mass of rocket,
pushed slightly away from the shore. m = mass of rocket at any instant ‘t’ (instantaneous mass)
(ii) A person left on a frictionless surface can get away from it by
m r  residual mass of empty container of the rocket
blowing air out of his mouth or by throwing some object in a direction
opposite to the direction in which he wants to move. u = velocity of exhaust gases,
(iii) Recoiling of a gun : For bullet and gun system, the force exerted v = velocity of rocket at any instant ‘t’ (instantaneous velocity)

60
by trigger will be internal so the momentum of the system remains
unaffected. dm
 rate of change of mass of rocket = rate of fuel consumption
dt

vG  = rate of ejection of the fuel.
vB
dm
(a) Thrust on the rocket : F  u  mg

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dt
Fig : 4.18 Here negative sign indicates that direction of thrust is opposite to
Let m G  mass of gun, m B  mass of bullet,
the direction of escaping gases.
v G  velocity of gun, v B  velocity of bullet
dm
F  u (if effect of gravity is neglected)
Initial momentum of system = 0 dt
 
Final momentum of system  m GvG  m Bv B
By the law of conservation of linear momentum
 
m Gv G  m Bv B  0
ID (b) Acceleration of the rocket :

and if effect of gravity is neglected a 

a
u dm
m dt

u dm
g
U
m dt
 m 
So recoil velocity v G   B vB (c) Instantaneous velocity of the rocket :
mG
 m 
v  u log e  0   gt
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(a) Here negative sign indicates that the velocity of recoil v G is

 m 
opposite to the velocity of the bullet.
m 
1 and if effect of gravity is neglected v  u loge  0 
(b) v G  i.e. higher the mass of gun, lesser the velocity of  m 
mG
recoil of gun. m 
 2 .303u log10  0 
 m 
(c) While firing the gun must be held tightly to the shoulder, this
D

would save hurting the shoulder because in this condition the body of the m 
shooter and the gun behave as one body. Total mass become large and (d) Burnt out speed of the rocket : vb  v max  u loge  0 

 mr 
recoil velocity becomes too small.
The speed attained by the rocket when the complete fuel gets burnt is
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1 called burnt out speed of the rocket. It is the maximum speed acquired by
vG 
mG  m man the rocket.

(iv) Rocket propulsion : The initial momentum of the rocket on its Free Body Diagram
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launching pad is zero. When it is fired from the launching pad, the exhaust In this diagram the object of interest is isolated from its
gases rush downward at a high speed and to conserve momentum, the surroundings and the interactions between the object and the surroundings
rocket moves upwards. are represented in terms of forces.

v
Example :
T
a T
a
m
m1 m2

 

R1 T R2
T
m1a
u u m1 m2 a

Fig : 4.19 m2g cos

m1g sin  m1g cos
Free body diagram of
m2g sin
Free body diagram of
 Newton's Laws of motion 183

Apparent Weight of a Body in a Lift

When a body of mass m is placed on a weighing machine which is This acts on a weighing machine which offers a reaction R given by
placed in a lift, then actual weight of the body is mg. the reading of weighing machine. This reaction exerted by the surface of
contact on the body is the apparent weight of the body.

60
R
Table 4.2 : Apparent weight in a lift
Condition Figure Velocity Acceleration Reaction Conclusion

LIFT

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R
R – mg = 0 Apparent weight
Lift is at rest v=0 a=0
 R = mg = Actual weight
mg
Spring Balance

Fig : 4.21
mg
LIFT

Lift moving upward or

downward with
constant velocity
R

Spring Balance
v = constant
ID a=0
R – mg = 0
 R = mg
Apparent weight
= Actual weight
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mg
LIFT
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Lift accelerating
R
a v = variable R – mg = ma Apparent weight
upward at the rate of a<g
'a’ R = m(g + a) > Actual weight
Spring Balance

mg
LIFT
D

Lift accelerating R
g v = variable R – mg = mg Apparent weight
upward at the rate of a=g
‘g’ R = 2mg = 2 Actual weight

Spring Balance
U

mg
LIFT
ST

Lift accelerating R
a v = variable mg – R = ma Apparent weight < Actual
downward at the rate a<g
of ‘a’  R = m(g – a) weight

Spring Balance

mg
LIFT

Lift accelerating R
g v = variable mg – R = mg Apparent weight
downward at the rate a=g
of ‘g’ R=0 = Zero (weightlessness)
Spring Balance

mg
Lift accelerating v = variable mg – R = ma Apparent weight negative
LIFT a>g
downward at the rate R = mg – ma means the body will rise
R
a>g

Spring Balance

mg
 184 Newton's Laws of Motion
of a(>g) R = – ve from the floor of the lift
and stick to the ceiling of
the lift.

60
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ID
U
YG
D
U
ST
 Newton's Laws of motion 185

Acceleration of Block on Horizontal Smooth Surface Acceleration of Block on Smooth Inclined Plane
(1) When a pull is horizontal R (1) When inclined plane is at rest
R = mg a
Normal reaction R = mg cos
m
F Force along a inclined plane
and F = ma
F = mg sin ; ma = mg sin
 a = F/m mg a = g sin
Fig : 4.22 (2) When a inclined plane given a horizontal acceleration ‘b’
(2) When a pull is acting at an angle () to the horizontal (upward) Since the body lies in an accelerating frame, an inertial force (mb)
F sin acts on it in the opposite direction.
R + F sin  = mg R
F R
 R = mg – F sin a

60
m 
F cos 
mb
and F cos = ma
b
F cos  mg 
 a
mg cos +mb sin 
m Fig : 4.23  mg
(3) When a push is acting at an angle () to the horizontal

E3
Fig : 4.25
Normal reaction R = mg cos + mb sin
(downward)
F R and ma = mg sin  – mb cos 
R = mg + F sin a  a = g sin – b cos

m F cos
and F cos = ma Note :  The condition for the body to be at rest relative to the
F cos  mg inclined plane : a = g sin – b cos = 0
a
m

Motion of Blocks In Contact

Condition
F sin
Fig : 4.24

Free body diagram

ID  b = g tan

Equation Force and acceleration

U
a
F
F f F  f  m1a a
m1 m1  m 2
B
YG

A
F m2 a
m2F
m1 f  m 2a f
f m1  m 2
m2
a
F
f f  m1a a
m1 m1  m 2
B
D

A
m2 F a
m1 F
m1 F  f  m 2a f
f F m1  m 2
m2
U

a
F
f1 F  f1  m1a a
F
m1 m1  m 2  m 3
C
B
ST

A
F m3 a (m 2  m 3 )F
m1 m2 f1  f2  m 2a f1 
f1 f2 m1  m 2  m 3
m2

m3 F
a f2  m 3 a f2 
m1  m 2  m 3
f2
m3
a
F
f1 f1  m1a a
m1 m1  m 2  m 3

a m1 F
C f2  f1  m 2a f1 
A B f1 f2 m1  m 2  m 3
m2
m3 F
m1 m2
a

f2 F
m3
 186 Newton's Laws of Motion

(m1  m 2 )F
F  f2  m 3 a f2 
m1  m 2  m 3

Motion of Blocks Connected by Mass Less String

Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and acceleration

a
F
T T  m1a a
B m1 m1  m 2

60
A
T m2 F
m1 a m1 F
F  T  m 2a T
m1  m 2
T F
m2
a
F

E3
F  T  m1a a
F
m1
T m1  m 2
B
A a m2F
F T m2 T  m 2a T
m1 T m1  m 2
m2

m1
a
T1
ID T1  m1a a
F
m1  m 2  m 3

a m1 F
U
C T2  T1  m 2a T1 
B T1 T2
m1  m 2  m 3
A m2
T1 T2 m3 F
m1 m2
(m1  m 2 )F
YG

a F  T2  m 3 a T2 
m1  m 2  m 3
T2 F
m3
a F
F  T1  m1a a
F
m1
T1 m1  m 2  m 3

a (m 2  m 3 )F
D

C T1  T2  m 2a T1 
B T1 T2 m1  m 2  m 3
A m2
F T1 T2 m3
m1 m2
U

m3 F
a T2  m 3 a T2 
m1  m 2  m 3
T2
m3
Motion of Connected Block Over A Pulley
ST

Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and acceleration

T1
2m 1 m 2
m1 a m1a  T1  m1 g T1  g
m1  m 2
m1g

T2 T1
P m2 a

m2g
T1
T1
a m1

A m2 a
T2
B
 Newton's Law of motion 187

4 m 1m 2
m 2 a  m 2 g  T1 T2  g
m1  m 2

 m  m1 
T2  2T1 a 2 g
 m1  m 2 

60
E3
T1
2m1 [m 2  m 3 ]
m1 a m1a  T1  m1 g T1  g
m1  m 2  m 3
m1g
T3
p

a
T1

m1

A
m2
T1 m2
T1

m2g + T2
a
ID
m 2 a  m 2 g  T2  T1 T2 
2m 1 m 3
m1  m 2  m 3
g
U
B T2

m3 a 4 m1 [m 2  m 3 ]
m 3 a  m 3 g  T2 T3  g
YG

T2
C m1  m 2  m 3
m3 a

m3 g
D

[(m 2  m 3 )  m1 ]g
T3 T3  2T1 a
m1  m 2  m 3
U

T1 T1
ST

Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and acceleration

When pulley have a finite mass M
and radius R then tension in two T1 m1  m 2
a
segments of string are different m1 a m1a  m1 g  T1 M
m1  m 2 
m1g 2

 M
T2 m1  2m 2  
m2 a m 2a  T2  m 2 g T1   2
g
T2 M
m1  m 2 
M R m2g 2
T2

a m2 T1 
R

B a
m1
A
T2 T1
 188 Newton's Laws of Motion

Torque  (T1  T2 )R  I
a
(T1  T2 )R  I  M
R m 2  2m1  
T2   2
g
1 a
(T1  T2 )R  MR 2 M
2 R m1  m 2 
2
Ma
T1  T2 
2

a m1a
m2
A m1
T P T  m1a a g
m1  m 2

60
m1 T

m2 a T m 1m 2
m 2a  m 2 g  T T g
B m2 a m1  m 2

E3
m2g

T
a
m1  m  m1 sin 
m1g sin  m1a  T  m1 g sin a 2 g
P  m1  m 2 

A
m1
T

m2
T

a


T
ID m1m 2 (1  sin )
 m 2a  m 2 g  T T
U
B g
a m1  m 2
m2

m2g
YG

T
a
(m 2 sin   m1 sin )
m1 a g
T m1g sin  T  m1 g sin  m1a m1  m 2
a T a

m1 m2
A
B
 
D

T a m1m 2 (sin  sin  )

m 2a  m 2 g sin   T T g
m2 m1  m 2

m2g sin
U

Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and acceleration

ST

T
a
m1 m1 g sin
m1 g sin  T  m1a a
m1g sin  m1  m 2

P
T
a

m1
A
a
m2
 T
B m2
 Newton's Law of motion 189

T  m 2a 2 m 1m 2
T g
4 m1  m 2

60
a1
A
P a
m1
T T  m1a
m1 T 2m 2 g
T a1  a 
4 m1  m 2

E3
d 2 (x 2 ) m2g
As m2 a2 a2 
dt 2 4 m1  m 2
2 B
1 d (x 1 )
 2T
2 dt 2 a 2m1m 2 g
 m 2 g  2T T
a2 
a1
2
a1  acceleration of block A
a 2  acceleration of block B
m2

m2g
(a/2) ID m2
2 4 m1  m 2
U
T1
(m1  m 2 )
a m1 a m1a  m1 g  T1 a g
[m1  m 2  M ]
YG

C
T2 T1 m1g
M

T1 T2
T2 m1 (2m 2  M )
m 2a  T2  m 2 g T1  g
a m2 m1 a m2 a [m1  m 2  M ]
D

B A m2g

m 2 (2m 2  M )
U

Ma T1  T2  Ma T2  g
[m1  m 2  M ]
T2 M T1
ST

Table 4.3 : Motion of massive string

Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and acceleration

a
F  (M  m)a F
a
M T1
M m

T1  Ma
F
T1  M
a T1  force applied by the string on the (M  m )
block
m
M F
m/2
M T2
 190 Newton's Laws of Motion

 m
T2   M   a
 2
(2 M  m )
T2  F
T2  Tension at mid point of the rope 2(M  m )

L m
F  ma a  F/m
T F F
x a

60
m = Mass of string m [(L – x)/L]
Lx 
T = Tension in string at a distance x T Lx  T  F
T m a  L 
from the end where the force is a  L 
applied

E3
A (M/L)x B
F2 L F1 Mxa F1  F2
T F1 F1  T  a
L M
A x B a

M = Mass of uniform string

F2 M

a
ID F1
F1  F2  Ma
 x x
T  F1  1    F2  
 L L
L = Length of string
U
T
M T '  F  Mg
T'  (L  x )g  T
YG

A
A L
L–x

L T B
B T T
x T
B
C
D

F x
M M M
Mass of segment BC    x T F xg T F xg
 L  C L L
F
U

Spring Balance and Physical Balance (2) Physical balance : In physical balance actually we compare the
mass of body in both the pans. Here we does not calculate the absolute
(1) Spring balance : When its upper end is fixed with rigid support weight of the body.
ST

and body of mass m hung from its lower end. Spring is stretched and the
weight of the body can be measured by the reading a b
of spring balance R  W  mg A B
O
The mechanism of weighing machine is
same as that of spring balance. R

Effect of frame of reference : In inertial

frame of reference the reading of spring balance X Fig : 4.27 Y
shows the actual weight of the body but in non- m Here X and Y are the mass of the empty pan.
inertial frame of reference reading of spring balance
Fig : 4.26 (i) Perfect physical balance :
increases or decreases in accordance with the
direction of acceleration Weight of the pan should be equal i.e. X = Y
and the needle must in middle of the beam i.e. a = b.
 Newton's Law of motion 191
Effect of frame of reference : If the physical balance is perfect then According to Newton, time and space are absolute. The velocity of
there will be no effect of frame of reference (either inertial or non-inertial) observer has no effect on it. But, according to special theory of relativity
on the measurement. It is always errorless. Newton’s laws are true, as long as we are dealing with velocities which are
small compare to velocity of light. Hence the time and space measured by two
a b observers in relative motion are not same. Some conclusions drawn by the
A B special theory of relativity about mass, time and distance which are as follows :
O (1) Let the length of a rod at rest with respect to an observer is
L0 . If the rod moves with velocity v w.r.t. observer and its length is L, then
Y L  L0 1  v 2 / c 2
X
(ii) False balance : When Fig
the: masses
4.28 of the pan are not equal then where, c is the velocity of light.

60
balance shows the error in measurement. False balance may be of two types Now, as v increases L decreases, hence the length will appear
(a) If the beam of physical balance is horizontal (when the pans are shrinking.
empty) but the arms are not equal (2) Let a clock reads T for an observer at rest. If the clock moves
0

with velocity v and clock reads T with respect to observer, then

X  Y and a  b
T0
T 

E3
For rotational equilibrium about point ‘O’
v2
Xa  Yb …(i) 1 2
c
In this physical balance if a body of weight W is placed in pan X Hence, the clock in motion will appear slow.
then to balance it we have to put a weight W1 in pan Y. (3) Let the mass of a body is m 0 at rest with respect to an
For rotational equilibrium about point ‘O’ observer. Now, the body moves with velocity v with respect to observer and
(X  W )a  (Y  W1 )b
Now if the pans are changed then to balance the body we have to
put a weight W2 in pan X.
ID
…(ii) its mass is m, then m 
m0
v2
1 2
c
m is called the rest mass.
For rotational equilibrium about point ‘O’
0
U
Hence, the mass increases with the increases of velocity.
(X  W2 )a  (Y  W )b …(iii)
Note :  If v  c, i.e., velocity of the body is very small w.r.t.
From (i), (ii) and (iii)
velocity of light, then m  m 0 . i.e., in the practice there will be no change
YG

True weight W  W1 W2 in the mass.

(b) If the beam of physical balance is not horizontal (when the pans  If v is comparable to c, then m > m i.e., mass will increase.
0

are empty) and the arms are equal m0 m0

 If v  c, then m  or m   . Hence, the
i.e. X  Y and a  b v 2 0
In this physical balance if a body of weight W is placed in X Pan 1
v2
then to balance it. mass becomes infinite, which is not possible, thus the speed cannot be equal
D

We have to put a weight W in Y Pan

1
to the velocity of light.
For equilibrium X  W  Y  W1 …(i)  The velocity of particles can be accelerated up to a certain limit.
Even in cyclotron the speed of charged particles cannot be increased beyond
U

a b a certain limit.
B
A
O
ST

X
Fig : 4.29  Inertia is proportional to mass of the body.
Now if pans are changed then to balance the body we have to put a
 Force cause acceleration.
weight W2 in X Pan.
 In the absence of the force, a body moves along a straight line path.
For equilibrium X  W2  Y  W …(ii)
 A system or a body is said to be in equilibrium, when the net force
From (i) and (ii) acting on it is zero.
W1  W2   
True weight W   If a number of forces F1 , F2 , F3 , ......... act on the body, then it is
2    
in equilibrium when F1  F2  F3  .........  0
Modification of Newton’s Laws of motion
 192 Newton's Laws of Motion

 A body in equilibrium cannot change the direction of motion. 2l 1 2h

t 
 Four types of forces exist in nature. They are – gravitation (Fg ) , g sin sin g
electromagnetic (Fem ) , weak force (Fw ) and nuclear force (Fn ) . (iv) If the angle of inclination is changed keeping the height constant
(Fg ) : (Fw ) : (Fem ) : (Fn ) : : 1 : 10 : 10 : 10
25 36 38
then
t1 sin 2
 If a body moves along a curved path, then it is certainly acted upon 
by a force. t2 sin 1

 A single isolated force cannot exist.  For an isolated system (on which no external force acts), the total
momentum remains conserved (Law of conservation of momentum).
 Forces in nature always occur in pairs.

 Newton's first law of the motion defines the force.
 Absolute units of force remains the same throughout the universe
while gravitational units of force varies from place to place as they
depend upon the value of ‘g’.
 Newton's second law of motion gives the measure of force i.e. F =
60
 The change in momentum of a body depends on the
magnitude and direction of the applied force and the period of
time over which it is applied i.e. it depends on its impulse.
 Guns recoil when fired, because of the law of conservation of
momentum. The positive momentum gained by the bullet is equal

E3
to negative recoil momentum of the gun and so the total
ma.
momentum before and after the firing of the gun is zero.
 Force is a vector quantity.  m 
 Absolute units of force are dyne in CGS system and newton (N) in  Recoil velocity of the gun is V  v
M
SI.

 where m = mass of bullet, M = mass of gun and v = muzzle
 1 N = 10 dyne.5

 Gravitational units of force are gf (or gwt) in CGS system and kgf
(or kgwt) in SI.
 1 gf = 980 dyne and 1 kgf = 9.8 N
ID velocity of bullet.

 The rocket pushes itself forwards by pushing the jet of exhaust

gases backwards.
U
dm
 The beam balance compares masses.  Upthrust on the rocket = u  .
dt
 Acceleration of a horse-cart system is
YG

dm
HF where u = velocity of escaping gases relative to rocket and  rate
a dt
M m
of consumption of fuel.
where H = Horizontal component of reaction; F = force of friction; M =
mass of horse; m = mass of cart.  Initial thrust on rocket = m(g + a), where a is the acceleration of
the rocket.
 The weight of the body measured by the spring balance in a lift is
equal to the apparent weight. u dm
 Upward acceleration of rocket = 
D

.
 Apparent weight of a freely falling body = ZERO, (state of m dt
weightlessness).  
 Impulse, I  F  t  change in momentum
 If the person climbs up along the rope with acceleration a, then
U

tension in the rope will be m(g+a)  Unit of impulse is N-s.

 If the person climbs down along the rope with acceleration, then  Action and reaction forces never act on the same body. They act on
tension in the rope will be m(g – a)
ST

 When the person climbs up or down with uniform speed, tension
in the string will be mg.
 A body starting from rest moves along a smooth inclined plane of
length l, height h and having angle of inclination  .
(i) Its acceleration down the plane is g sin  .
(ii) Its velocity at the bottom of the inclined plane will be
2 gh  2 gl sin .
(iii) Time taken to reach the bottom will be
different bodies. If they act on the same body, the resultant force on the
body will be zero i.e., the body will be in equilibrium.
 Action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction.
 Action and reaction forces act along the line joining the centres of
two bodies.
 Newton's third law is applicable whether the bodies are at rest or
in motion.
 The non-inertial character of the earth is evident from the fact that
a falling object does not fall straight down but slightly deflects to the