NURSING ETHICS AND HEALTH LAW

Dosen pengampu:
Ani Fadmawaty, S.Kep, Ners, MKM

VALUES, NORMS AND ETHICS

Oleh:
Najwa ( P27907123017 )

PRODI STR KEPERAWATAN

( Kelas Internasional )

POLTEKKES KEMENKES BANTEN

2022/2023
 Foreword

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer finished
writing the paper entitled “Definition Of Values, Norms And Ethics” right in the
calculated time.

The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by Mrs.
Ani Fadmawaty, S.Kep, Ners, MKM. as lecturer in Nursing Ethics and Health law
major.

In arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but
with help of many indiviuals, those obstructions could passed. Writer also realized
there are still many mistakes in process of writing this paper.

Because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helps in the
process of writing this paper. Hopefully allah replies all helps and bless you all.the
writer realized tha this paper still imperfect in arrangment and the content. Then
the writer hope the criticism from the readers can help the writer in perfecting the
next paper.last but not the least Hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to gain
more knowledge about samantics major.

Tangerang July 15th, 2023.

The Writer
 List of contents
Foreword……………………………………………………… i
List of contents………………………………………………… ii
Chapter 1: Introduction.……………………………………… 1
I. Background……………………………………………... 1
II. Problem Formulation…………………………………. 2
III. Purpose of the Paper…………………………….……. 2

Chapter 2 : Discussion……………………………………… 3
A. Definition
1. Values…………………………………………… 3
2. Morals…………………………………………… 4
2.1 Kind of morals……………………………… 5
2.2 Benefit of morality………………………… 5
3. Ethics…………………………………………… 6
3.1 Ethical Traits or Characteristics………… 7
4. Culture………………………………………… 8
4.1 Elements of Culture………………………… 9
5. Religion………………………………………… 10
5.1 Types of Religion…………………………… 10
5.2 The Purpose of Religion…………………… 11
6. Norms…………………………………………… 12
6.1 Function of group norm…………………… 13
7. Human rights…………………………………… 13
7.1 Kinds of Human Rights…………………… 14
B. Formation of Values and Morals
1. Formation Of Value…………………………… 16
 2. Formation Of Morals………………………… 16

Chapter III: Conclusion And Recommendation

1. Conclusion……………………………………………… 18
2. Recommendation……………………………………… 18

Bibliography ………………………………………………… 19
 Chapter I
Introduction

1. Background
Values, morals and ethics are the basic social manners that a person
must haves as a social human. The study of ethics and morals is currently
growing rapidly. We can find various books and articles on ethics and
morals everywhere. In many ways the development is very encouraging.
Compared to a decade or two ago, nowadays more people are paying
attention to moral issues and they are trying to build a moral society. The
problem of morality cannot be seen as mere lip service. Today concern
over ethical issues often evokes respect, rather than ridicule. Discussions
on ethical issues often increase the sensitivity of the participants to moral
issues that are often discussed, even though the discussion may not be able
to issue definite answers to various moral dilemmas that have been faced
by society.
The growth of ethics that has been going on so far shows that we
actually need moral theories. Without holding on to moral theories, we can
move forward dealing with real problems. We tend to hope for idealized
moral theories, what we might call ideal theories, that is, theories that offer
views about what it means for justice or moral rights or the common good
in an ideal society.
Ethics, morals, values, culture, religion and human rights are issues
that never end, they all become part of us in society.We are formed from
various elements that make us perfect human beings as we are now. We are
formed because of ethical habituation .
Against this background, I will present a definition of values,
morals, ethics, culture, religion and human rights. As well as the formation
of values and morals.
 1
2. Problem Formulation
1. What are values, morals, ethics, culture, religion, norms and human
rights?
2. How are values and morals formed.

3. Purpose of the Paper

1. To explain the definition of values, morals, ethics, culture, religion, and
human rights
2. Educating how to form values and morals.
 2

Chapter II
Discussion

A. Definition
1. Value
In psychology Value refers to the relative importance that an
individual places on an item, idea, person, etc. That is part of their life.
These feelings are unique to the individual. For instance, a person may
have a great attachment to some item from childhood that another person
might see as garbage, but that item can be said to have great sentimental
“value” because of the memories or other association that it evokes in its
owner.
Values are internalized cognitive structures that guide choices by
evoking a sense of basic principles of right and wrong (moral values), a
sense of priorities (personal achievement vs group good), and create a
willingness to make meaning and see patterns ( trust vs distrust). Like
other cognitive constructs, values can be studied at the individual level.
However, while it is unusual to discuss attitudes as a group- level
phenomenon, values are amenable to analysis at the societal or group
level. That is societies, cultures, and other social groups have value-based
norms, priorities, and guide- lines, which describe what people ought to
do if they are to do the ‘right,’ ‘moral,’ ‘valued’ thing. A society, political
party, or region can be described as having conservative or liberal values,
traditional or progressive values, religious or secular values, and so on.
Values are supposed to influence behavior and people are
suspicious of others if they suspect that they hold different values in part
because of the presumed link between values and behavior. Knowing a
 person’s value system provides a sense that one also knows what he or she
will do in a particular situation or across situations. In spite of the strong
belief that values predict behavior, the effect of values on behavior is

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Subject to situational constraints and affordances. That is, if mobilized or
made salient, individual values are linked with behavior and choices but
not necessarily otherwise.
However, if values do not come to mind, they are unlikely to
influence judgment and behavior. Cultures may be said to provide
concrete and social embodiments of values. Thus, if cultural values are
mobilized or made salient, they also predict behavior and choices of
groups and to some extent, of individuals within these groups. Whether
cultural cues (e.g., the national flag) serve to cue relevant values may
depend on whether their appearance in context seems unremarkable or an
obvious attempt to cue a particular value response. Some kinds of values,
those that form the basis of moral judgments, appear to have a more
visceral effect on judgment, influencing how people feel about a topic,
situation, or choice separately from their cognitive evaluation of the topic,
situation, or choice. Thus values can cue affective (feeling) as well as
cognitive (thinking) responses. The effect of values on judg- ments and
behavior can be seen whether the value is explicitly part of the decision-
making or not.
2. Morals
Moral comes from the Latin, namely Morality is a human term
referring to humans or other people in actions that have positive values.
Morality is a person’s actions/behavior/speech in interacting with
humans. If what a person does is in accordance with the values of taste
that prevail in that society and can be accepted and pleasing to his
community, then that person is judged to have good morals, and vice
versa.
 Moral is a product of culture and religion. Moral can also be
interpreted as an attitude, behavior, action, behavior that someone does
when trying to do something based on experience, interpretation,
conscience, and advice, etc.

4
The moral understanding in the philosophy dictionary can be
described as follows: Concerning activities that are considered good or
bad, right or wrong, right or wrong. In accordance with accepted norms,
regarding what is considered right, good, fair and proper. Has the Ability
to be directed by (influenced by) a conviction of right or wrong. The
ability to direct (influence) others in accordance with the rules of behavior
and true value. Concerning the way a person behaves in dealing with
other people
2.1 Kinds of Morals
 Religion morals
Based on the teachings of religion. The intersections of morality and
religion involve the relationship between religious views and morals. It is
common for religions to have value frameworks regarding personal
behavior meant to guide adherents in determining between right and
wrong
 Secular morals
Are morals that are not based on religious teachings and are purely
worldly in nature. Secular morality is the aspect of philosophy that deals
with morality outside of religious traditions. Modern examples include
humanism, freethinking, and most versions of consequentialism.
Additional philosophies with ancient roots include those such as
skepticism and virtue ethics.
2.2 Benefit of Morality
The importance of instilling morals from childhood, here are the benefits
of morals instilled from childhood:
  It Builds Their Character.
Knowing good moral values such as kindness, humility, courage,
and compassion at an early age builds a child’s character. It forms the very
core of their being and becomes a foundation of their moral beliefs

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 It Helps Them Tell Right From Wrong.
A report in The Guardian in 2017 talks about children who have
committed petty thievery. Most of them were missing a parent or did not
have one at all. There was no adult to guide them and teach them proper
values.
These are just extreme examples of children who have no concept
of right and wrong. They usually can’t tell which things are considered
morally right and which aren’t. Remember, they absorb everything like a
sponge. When they do something wrong, and no one bothers to correct
them, they’ll start to think that it’s perfectly fine to do it again. Until those
small mistakes snowball into grand schemes that can send them to prison
 It Changes Their Perception of the World.

When children can tell what is right from wrong, they can also
determine the good from the bad. This helps shape their perception of the
world. A child who has a strong moral compass will not just stand idly by
when an injustice is happening. They will take action to correct it in
whatever way they can.

3. Ethics
Derived from the Greek “ethos”. Meaning: “custom” or habits
related to human actions or behavior. The term ethics is used to refer to the
knowledge and basic principles of good and bad judgment
 Human behavior or contains scientific studies of moral teachings.
Ethics is a moral philosophy that is concerned with the study of good or
bad human actions in achieving happiness.
The basic capital in ethics is behavior, while human behavior is
influenced by the mind and heart (feelings).
While the general understanding of ethics is the rules, norms, rules,
or procedures commonly used as guidelines or principles of an individual
in carrying out actions and behavior. The application of this norm is
closely related to the good and bad nature of individuals in society.

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Ethics is the study of good and bad as well as obligations, rights and
responsibilities, both socially and morally, for each individual in his social
life. Or it can also be said that ethics includes values related to individual
morals related to right and wrong. Ethics must of course be owned by
every individual and is very much needed in socializing where it becomes
a bridge in order to create a good condition in social life.

For example, frequent ethics found in everyday life and around,

namely greeting when visiting people’s homes, be they relatives, relatives,
or friends. Then, apologize after we make a mistake, and say thank you
when someone has helped or assisted us.
Aristotle is a philosopher from Greece and a student of Plato
argues by dividing ethics into 2 terms, namely Terminius Technicus and
Manner and Cutom.

3.1 Ethical Traits or Characteristics

 Absolute or Absolute Ethics Ethics has an absolute or absolute nature,
meaning that ethics applies to anyone, anywhere, and anytime. Ethics as a
principle is non-negotiable and does not depend on a changing moral
basis. For example, killing and seizing other people's rights or property is
an immoral act and action regardless of the reason.
 Ethics Still Applies Even Without Being Witnessed by Others In general,
ethics still applies even if it is not witnessed by anyone. This is because
ethics is related to conscience and the principles of good human life. For
example, if an individual steals even though no one else knows about it, it
is still an act that has violated the prevailing ethics and norms. So that after
all, the morale of the individual will be bad, even if they are not snared by
law enforcement officials.

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 Ethics Relating to the Human Inner Perspective Ethics, namely the inner
perspective that relates to the good and bad of an action carried out by
humans or individuals. In fact, every human being is taught various things
that can and cannot be done. So sooner or later people will know good and
bad things so that they will be formed and embedded in their hearts.
 Ethics Related to Actions, Behaviors, and Human Behavior Ethics is very
closely related to the behavior, actions, and behavior of an individual. That
way, generally, ethics will be formed naturally as a result of the behavior,
actions, and behavior of the individual. Bad behavior and actions are
considered as bad ethics, while good behavior and actions are considered
as good ethics as well. ethics is very closely related to the behavior and
actions performed by the individual himself.

4. Culture
The word culture itself is a language that comes from two
languages namely Sanskrit and English. According to Sanskrit, the word
culture means buddhayah, which means the plural form of the word
buddhi, which means mind or reason. Meanwhile, according to English
culture is known as the word culture which comes from the Latin word
 Colere which means to process or work. The term culture is also used in
Indonesian with an absorption word, namely culture. Culture is related to
the mind and human reason. Culture is a pattern or way of life that is
developed by a group of people, then passed on to the next generation.
Culture is a way of life that develops and belongs to a group of
people. Then passed on to the next generation. Culture is formed from
several complex elements. Among them are customs, language, works of
art, religious and political systems. Language is the same as culture, which
is an inseparable part of humans.

8
4.1 Elements of Culture

Culture has its own elements, consisting of elements of language, religion,

knowledge systems, society, tools of life and technology, livelihoods, and the arts.
Here's an explanation:

 Religious System
The religious system or what is also known as belief is something that is
related to or related to belief. The element of the religious system is one of
the most important cultural elements in life. This system functions as a
regulator of life between humans and also the creator.
 Language
Language is a beautiful pronunciation of a cultural or cultural element that
is capable of being the main intermediary tool for humans to continue or
adapt culture. There are two forms of language, namely spoken language
and written language.
 Knowledge System
Knowledge system discusses the science of natural conditions around
humans and the properties of the equipment they use. The knowledge
 system includes knowledge space about the natural surroundings, flora and
fauna, the human body, time, the nature and behavior of fellow human
beings, space and numbers, and so on.
 Living Equipment and Technology
The total number of techniques owned by a community. Includes how to
act and do as a whole. This relates to the collection and processing of raw
materials to make work tools, clothing, transportation, and other needs in
the form of material objects.
 Community System
Community system is a group of people whose members feel one with
each other. This is one of the elements of cultural inheritance which is also
very, very important in a social structure. It is this element that will
calculate a lineage from marriage relations and blood relations.

9
 Livelihood System
Livelihood system is all human efforts to obtain goods and services
needed. Live livelihood system or economic system

5 Religion
Religion is a set of organized beliefs, practices, and systems that
most often relate to the belief and worship of a controlling force, such as a
personal god or another supernatural being.
Religion often involves cultural beliefs, worldviews, texts,
prophecies, revelations, and morals that have spiritual meaning to
members of the particular faith, and it can encompass a range of practices,
including sermons, rituals, prayer, meditation, holy places, symbols,
trances, and feasts.
While this is a basic definition, there are many different
understandings of what religion is. Not all religions are centered on a
belief in a god, gods, or supernatural forces.
 The famed psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud described religion as a
form of wish fulfillment. However, modern psychology recognizes that
religion can play an important role in an individual’s life and experiences
and can even improve health and well-being. In fact, studies have shown
that religion can help people develop healthy habits, regulate their
behaviors, and understand their emotions—all factors that can affect your
health.
5.1 Types of Religion
There are many different types of religions, including the major
world religious traditions that are widely known as well as much lesser-
known belief systems of smaller populations. Some of these represent
monotheism, or the belief in a single god, while others are examples of
polytheism, or the belief in multiple gods.
Some of the types of religions include but are certainly not limited to:
 Baha’i
 Buddhism

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 Christianity
 Confucianism
 Hinduism
 Indigenous American religions
 Islam
 Jainism
 Judaism
 Rastafarianism
 Shinto
 Sikhism
 Taoism
 Traditional African religions
 Zoroastrianism
 Related to religion, animism is the belief in divine non-human
beings, while totemism involves the belief in a divine connection between
humans and the natural world. On the other end of the religious spectrum
is atheism, which involves a belief in no god or gods, and agnosticism,
which holds that the existence of god or gods is unknown or unknowable.
Religion can serve a wide range of purposes. Religion can be a
source of comfort and guidance. It can provide a basis for moral beliefs
and behaviors. It can also provide a sense of community and connection to
tradition. Some research even suggests that it may affect health.
5.2 The Purpose of Religion
The reasons why people believe in religion are not fully
understood, but researchers have suggested a number of possible
explanations.
The impact of religion on health and life expectancy has always
been a tricky area of research. It seems (to some) that religious people—
defined here as people who attend religious services regularly—seem to be
healthier than those who don’t attend.

11

This has led to a line of research looking into the impact of religion on health to
determine what, if any, positive benefit religion could have on

life expectancy. This research is tricky, however, because of several factors that
are difficult to control for, including:

 People who attend religious services may simply be

healthier than those who cannot attend.
 The benefits may have more to do with social contact than
religion itself.
 Certain religions may encourage healthy behaviors.
6 Norms
 Norms are the recognized rules of behavior for group members. Norms
influence the ways we communicate with other members, and ultimately,
the outcome of group participation. Norms are important because, as we
highlighted in the “norming” stage of group development, they are the
defining characteristics of groups. In this chapter, we will highlight
several of the essential aspects of norms and how they relate to people in
groups or teams. We will also consider the characteristics and functions of
group norms, the process of learning group norms, as well as conformity
with and deviance from them.
Norms are essentially expectations of the group members,
established by the group, and can be conscious and formal, or unconscious
and informal. A couple of examples of group norms include the
expectation that all members show up at group meeting times, the
expectation that all group members focus on the group instead of personal
matters (for example, turning cell phones and other distractions off), and
the expectation that group members finish their part of the work by the
established due date. When members of the group violate group norms,
other members of the group get frustrated and the group’s overall goal may
be affected.

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6.1 FUNCTIONS OF GROUP NORMS
Most all groups have norms, although some may be more extensive
than others. To see this, examine the norms that exist in the various groups
to which you belong. Which groups have more fully developed norms?
Why? What functions do these norms serve? Several efforts have been
made to answer this question. In general, workgroup norms serve four
functions in organizational settings (Feldman, 1984):
1. Norms facilitate group survival. When a group is under threat, norms
provide a basis for ensuring goal-directed behavior and rejecting deviant
behavior that is not purposeful to the group. This is essentially a “circle the
wagons” phenomenon.
 2. Norms simplify expected behaviors. Norms tell group members what is
expected of them—what is acceptable and unacceptable—and allow
members to anticipate the behaviors of their fellow group members and to
anticipate the positive or negative consequences of their own behavior.
3. Norms help avoid embarrassing situations. By identifying acceptable and
unacceptable behaviors, norms tell group members when a behavior or
topic is damaging to another member. For example, a norm against
swearing signals group members that such action would be hurtful to
someone in the group and should be avoided.
4. Norms help identify the group and express its central values to others.
Norms concerning clothes, language, mannerisms, and so forth help tell
others who belongs to the group and, in some cases, what the group stands
for. Norms often serve as rallying points for group members.
7 Human Rights
Human rights are rights bestowed by God Almighty to every
individual on earth. Everyone is obliged to maintain, protect and respect
the rights of everyone.
Human rights have also been regulated in law number 39 of 1999,
explaining that human rights are a set of rights inherent in every individual
as a creature of God Almighty and must be upheld, respected and
protected by the state, law, government and everyone.

13
These rights include the right to life, security, not to be disturbed,
freedom from slavery and torture. If a person or group of people does not
give their proper rights to a person or group of people, they will be given a
temporary prison sentence or, at the most, life imprisonment.
According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary, what is meant by
human rights is having their rights to be protected internationally (UN)
such as the right to life, independence, freedom of expression to the
freedom to own.
Human rights have been obtained by every individual since he was
born on earth and cannot be taken or taken away by anyone. Because it has
 also been protected by the UN in the UN declaration regardless of race,
ethnicity, religion and social status.

7.1 Kinds of Human Rights

The following are various types of human rights that cannot be

revoked by someone from each individual.
a. Personal Rights

Personal rights are that everyone has the freedom to express opinions, the freedom
to embrace any religion, the freedom to worship according to their own beliefs
and the freedom to organize or associate.

b. Property Rights

Property rights (economic rights) are the freedom to own something, the freedom
to sell and buy goods or services, and the freedom to enter into a contract
agreement and have a job
c. Rights of Legal Equality

The rights of legal equality relate to the right to receive equal treatment or
protection in accordance with legal justice. All will be seen equally in the eyes of
the law.

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d. Political rights

Political rights are human rights giving you the opportunity to be free in politics.
Have equal rights to participate in government, elections, establish political
parties and submit critical petitions and suggestions.

e. Social cultural rights

Human rights, social cultural rights are related to the freedom of every person to
choose the education he wants, the granting of his right to get health services and
develop culture.
 f. Procedural rights

Finally, every individual has the right to receive treatment regarding judicial
procedures and legal protection by the government. Everyone has human rights
entitled to fair treatment in search, arrest and legal defense.

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B. Formation of Values and Morals

1. Formation of Values

Value formation is the confluence of our personal experiences and particular

culture we are entwined in. Values are imposed from our family in childhood and
reinforced through culture and life experiences. The value of, for example,
kindness was imposed on me from my parents, and reinforced throughout early
childhood. Then I applied that value on the school playground and experienced
how it helped me create greater social bonds with my school mates. My personal
experiences growing up reinforced the value of kindness as I experienced the
adaptive effects of showing kindness and the maladaptive effects when choosing
malice over kindness. All through my upbringing, both my personal experiences
and cultural surroundings both reinforced the value of kindness.

Our culture plays a huge role in our value formation. Culture gives us a
community and shared reality so that we can cooperate in activities and customs
that give meaning, purpose, and significance to our existence. Culture gives us
prescriptions for appropriate conduct so that we can learn best how to get along
with others. All you have to do is travel to another country to see how values ebb
and flow with culture. You can travel to China and see how they elevate the group
and family over the individual in contrast to most Americans; you can see how
South Americans elevate hospitality and care for their elderly unlike most
Americans; and how Hawaiians elevate relaxation and balance unlike most urban
metropolitan cities in the U.S.

2. Formation Of Morals

Moral character is formed by one’s actions. The habits, actions, and emotional
responses of the person of good character all are united and directed toward the
moral and the good. Because human beings are body/soul unities, actions of the
body are actions of the self, that is, human beings are self-possessing, self-
governing, and self-determining. In order to be of good character, one must know
the good, act in morally good ways, and be disposed and inclined toward the good
through the development of virtues

16

. Character and action are intertwined so intimately that one’s professional duties,
or even what is perceived by others as one’s duties, cannot override one’s
conscience without negatively affecting (and changing) one’s character. For the
physician to be of good character, it is vital that he or she follow his or her
conscience in all things: in private life and also in his or her profession, i.e., in the
treatment of patients
 17

CHAPTER III
Conclusion And Recommendation
3.1 Conclusion
 In general, the difference between ethics and morals lies in the
standard of good and bad values. In this case, good and bad values in
ethics come from societal standards which become separate rules in life in
society. Meanwhile, the standard of good and bad values in morals tends to
refer to individual principles to judge what is right and wrong.
Not much different from morals. Moral is actually formed by the
influence of culture or society. However, in this case, morals are in the
form of personal principles created, believed, and upheld by an individual.
So that the morality of each person can be different, depending on the
background and point of view of the person looking at something.
Meanwhile, religion and culture are the origins of the formation of
ethics, morals and norms. With culture and religion make us have a view
of life.With religion and culture too, we can see where our life goals will
be taken.
Then, we as humans are free to choose our way of life because it is
our right as adult humans.Rights are things that we should get, such as
freedom of choice and speech. Nothing can prevent us from speaking out
because there is human rights law, where our rights as human beings have
been protected.
3.2 Recommendation
We as human beings must have ethics, morals and norms in order
to become human beings of value, so that we can be respected and looked
up to and have authority in socializing. Get used to having good character.
We should also obey religion and culture so that we have views and goals
in life.

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