Key Planning Theories - Garden City - 20th century

The conmcept of Garden City comes up because of the indutrial revolution, in a way it was response to the life
during the industrial age.
The major shift in economy caused many changes to daily life. The shift from Agriculture dependent economy to
an industrial based economy, this caused mass migration from rural to urban ( In search for jobs and new way
of living)
Forcing cities to go under rapid urbanisation.
There was rise in standard of living but at the same time due to this huge influx of migrants there was shortage of
housing within the city.
Ebenezer Howard proposed a city that should solve this issue, the issue of live-work and how cities should be
designed in the industrial age catering to the factories but at the same time maintaing a healthy urban
enviornment for the residents.
One way to do this was to zone out different programs together. Ebenezer Howard chalked out 3 main categories
or magnets on which the new Garden city will be based on:-

(1) Town magnet -

this refers to the modern cities or towns that were setup during the industrial age.
A town with - high wages - opportunity of employement - recreational spaces - well lit streets. But at the same
time has - high rent - excessive work hours - disconnected from nature - expensive health care - long woring hours

(2) Country magnet -

this refers to the country side towns away from the industries
A town with - low rent - availability of land - fresh air - water - natural light - open spaces.
but also has - lack of sanitation - desserted villages - lack of capital - lack of wages

(3) Town-Country magnet -

this is Ebenezer Howard’s ideal city - a city with the advantages of both the town and country magnets and tries to
get rid of the disadvantages of both magnets by proper planning and zonning. (high wages - low rent)

The Garden city has a specific area - 6000 acres and a specific population that resides in the garden city - 32,000
Key strategies like ‘Who owns the land?’ - ‘Rate of land’ were all underlined while planning out the city.
€ 40/ acre was the rate of land, where legally only 4 people can own the land - with this a trust needs to be
formed to avoid any misconduct.
Residents will pay rent to live in the city and this money should be used for creation and maintenance of
the parks.
The city was planned out in concentric circles with 6 boulevards (120 ft wide) running from the centre to the
outermost ring connecting each city. The plan included a City centre with 58,000 population with 6 garden
cities connected to the city centre with boulevards.

The city centre has public buildings in the centre with a central
park surrounding theses buildings and a Grand avenue that runs
through the city with an industrial belt at the outer edge.
k
or

ay
tw

City ilw
Ne

Ra
al

Centre
Can

al
cip

ty Centr
Ci
uni

Central
Inter M

Park
Public
Buildings
School

Re
sid
en Farm
tia
l Lands
Gr
an
dA
ve
nu
e

Re
sid
en
tia
l
Ind
s
rd

us
tri
al
va

Be
lt
ule
Bo

A013 Varun Mistry

Key Planning Theories - Factory Town - 1845
The factory was planned during the Industrial age with the industries moving out of cities. These factories set up
small township near major transportation network and where resoures are available in close vicinity. The factory
owners det up the factory and residential spaces for the workers - from the employees to labours - to prevent
development of slums around the factory. Social Amenties and recreational spaces have to be built in this
town to help improve the quality of life in the factory town - buildings like schools, hospitals and parks are
important to set up to attract people to the factory town.
These cities are most of the times privately planned by the factory owners to help develop their company
and boost profits by creating a live- work scenario where the employees and labourers live within close
vicinity and everything gets condensed within one city from

Extraction of raw materials - Transportation of those materials - Factory operations - Daily commute to the factory
- Schooling for the employee’s children - Healthcare - Social activites.

Because of the high standards of living in the city - industries were pushed out - As the factories moved out
so did the workers .

Everything gets branched under one umberella creating a co-ordinated society where each activity depends on the
other and where each respond to the factory and depend on it.

Y
OR
CT
FA
-2 AD
g e RO
on
in

rz 1
us

g-
sin
Ho

ffe

one
rz
Bu

fe Centre
Ho

n
Tow f
B u

Y
TOR
FAC

E
MIN

Fedrick Engles - Factory town - 1845

Town Centre - has offices with a layer of green spaces arounf the exterior edge with 2 layers of housing and a
road network that cuts through the town.
The factories are located close to the housing town and connected with road networks.

Jamshedpur (1908) is an example for a factory town designed in and around the Tata group - planned by
Jamshedji Tata

Stages of Industrail town proposals -

(1) Sahlin and kennedy Plan - 1912 - Small Industrial Town
(2) Fedrick Charles - Temple Plan - 1920 - Full Fledged Industrial township
(3) P.G.W. Shokes - Shokes Plan - 1936 - Expansion of Temple plan and emphasis on housing
(4) Otto Koenigsberger - Koenigsberger’s Plan - 1945 - Garden City + Neighbourhood unit planning city

A013 Varun Mistry