Livestock Research for Rural Developement Volume 19

008-2007

Livestock Research for Rural

Development

The international journal for research into

sustainable developing world agriculture

Published by Fundación CIPAV, Cali, Colombia

Volume 19, On-line Edition

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ISSN 0121-3784

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Livestock Research for Rural Development, Volume 19, Number 9, September 2007

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Livestock Research for Rural Development, Volume 19, Number 9, September 2007 ISSN 0121-3784

Contents
Papers:
121. The effect of partial replacement of maize by alkali-treated date pits on broiler growth, survival
rate and economic returns; M Al-Bowait and S I Al-Sultan

122. Physical characteristics, productive and reproductive performances of comparatively high

yielding Deshi Cattle of West Bengal, India; A Sarkar, K C Dhara, N Ray, A Goswami and S K
Ghosh

123. Goat production scenario in Bihar, India; A Dey, S K Barari and B P S Yadav

124. Survey of the production, processing and nutritive value of catfish by-product meals in the
Mekong Delta of Vietnam; Nguyen Thi Thuy, Nguyen Tan Loc, J E Lindberg and B Ogle

125. Utilization of soybean milk residue, cowpea testa and corn starch residue by weaner rabbits; S M
Odeyinka, A S Olosunde and O J Oyedele

126. Agrobotanical, nutritional and bioactive potential of unconventional legume - Mucuna; K R

Sridhar and R Bhat

127. Induction of puberty in West African Dwarf buck-kids with exogenous melatonin; J O
Daramola, A A Adeloye, T A Fatoba and A O Soladoye

128. Preliminary study on Tephrosia candida as forage alternative to Leucaena leucocephala for
ruminant nutrition in Southwest Nigeria; J A Odedire and O J Babayemi

129. Evaluation of cereal-legume intercropped forages for smallholder dairy production in

Zimbabwe; N T Ngongoni, M Mwale, C Mapiye, M T Moyo, H Hamudikuwanda and M
Titterton

130. A study on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Small East African goats under
different feeding regimes; A Hango, L A Mtenga, G C Kifaro, J Safari, D E Mushi and V R M
Muhikambele

131. Analysis of cattle marketing channels used by small scale farmers in the Eastern Cape Province,
South Africa; L Musemwa, C Chagwiza, W Sikuka, G Fraser, M Chimonyo and N Mzileni

132. Characterization of the estrous cycle by means of profiles of steroids (progesterone, 17

β-estradiol) in the Costeño Con Cuernos breed (Bos taurus) in the Colombian tropics; G M
Báez, H A Grajales y J E Pérez (In Spanish)

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Livestock Research for Rural Development, Volume 19, Number 9, September 2007

133. Effects of oil drench on growth rate of cattle fattened on grass, supplemented with molasses, rice
bran or rice straw; Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan, Nguyen Trong Ngu, Vo Van Son, T R Preston and R
A Leng

134. Determinants of smallholder dairy farmers' adoption of various milk marketing channels in
Kenya highlands; L M Mburu, J W Wakhungu and K W Gitu

135. Effect of variety and wilting on HCN content of cassava leaves and on intake, digestibility and
N retention by growing pigs; Chhay Ty, T R Preston and Khieu Borin

136. A note on the effect of fresh mulberry leaves, fresh sweet potato vine or a mixture of both
foliages on intake, digestibility and N retention of growing pigs given a basal diet of broken rice;
Chhay Ty, Khieu Borin and Chiv Phiny

137. Intake, digestibility and N retention by growing pigs fed ensiled or dried Taro (Colocasia
esculenta) leaves as the protein supplement in basal diets of rice bran/broken rice or rice
bran/cassava root meal; Chhay Ty, Khieu Borin, T R Preston and Meas Sokveasna

138. Strategies for the development of small- and medium-scale rabbit farming in South-East Asia; S
D Lukefahr

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Effects of oil drench on growth rate of cattle fattened on grass, supplemented with molasses, rice bran or rice straw

Guide for
Livestock Research for Rural Development 19 (9) Citation of
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2007 this paper
papers

Effects of oil drench on growth rate of cattle fattened on grass,

supplemented with molasses, rice bran or rice straw
Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan, Nguyen Trong Ngu, Vo Van Son, T R Preston* and R A
Leng**
College of Agriculture, Cantho University, Cantho, Vietnam
nthnhan@ctu.edu.vn ; ntngu@ctu.edu.vn ; vvson@ctu.edu.vn
*
UTA Colombia, AA48 Socorro, Santander, Colombia
trpreston@mekarn.org
**
PO Box 814, Coolum Beach 4573, Australia
rleng@ozmail.com.au

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of defaunation in cattle received different sources of carbohydrate. The
hypothesis to be tested was that growth responses of cattle to a drench of soybean oil would be greater in the diet based on
molasses compared with rice straw. Experimental design followed a 3*2 factorial arrangement of three basal diets and with
or without an oil drench at 6 ml/kg live weight (LW). Individual treatments were MGU (30 % molasses + 70% grass + 50 g
urea/100 kg LW), RGU (50% rice straw + 50% grass + 50 g urea/100 kg LW) and RGR (45% rice straw + 45% grass + 10%
rice bran). Thirty growing cattle of 132-144 kg were allocated to 6 treatments (5 replicates per treatment) and the trial lasted
for 90 days.

Intakes were affected in the first 30 days after oil drench, but over the whole period these values were similar in defaunated
and faunated cattle. However, among rations, molasses supplementation has provided a significantly higher DM intake
(p<0.01). Changes in live weight of cattle were not statistically different although at the end of the experiment, cattle
received oil tended to growth faster than the other group (p=0.07). Diets and oil drench had strong effects on daily weight
gain of cattle (p<0.01) with highest average daily gain (p<0.01) on treatment MGU. Nevertheless, due to a high proportion
of molasses in the diet, the cost of MGU treatment was higher compared to the other two treatments. The diet with inclusion
of rice straw and urea (RGU) offered a lowest cost and thus greater benefit was found in this group.

In conclusion, the introduced system of feeding grass with rice straw and urea supplement with an oil drench resulted in
more financial profits to the farmers than the system normally practiced.

Key words: cattle, economic benefits, growth, oil drench

Introduction

Strategies to develop animal production systems in the tropics, which are sustainable and applicable,
must be based on locally available feed resources. Economic viability depends on achieving optimum
level of animal performance with minimum inputs of cost, scarce concentrate and protein
supplements. In Vietnam, rice straw is abundant in most provinces and molasses is also widely
available. Moreover, researchers have found that molasses, a by-product of sugar production, is one
such a component that can replace cereal grains as a component in diets for beef cattle production.
Molasses is traditionally used by farmers in Vietnam as a feed for pigs and cattle.

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Effects of oil drench on growth rate of cattle fattened on grass, supplemented with molasses, rice bran or rice straw

In principle, it is possible to improve the feeding value of rice straw with a number of treatment
techniques that have been developed (Trach and Thom 1998). A feeding trial carried out in An Giang
province (Nhan et al 2003) confirmed the advantages of the oil drench in increasing the live weight
gain of local Yellow cattle fed on untreated rice straw supplemented with cassava foliage. In a similar
trial in Lao, live weight gains of 289 g/day were reported in local Yellow cattle fed rice straw and
cassava foliage and given the same oil drench (Vyrapheth 2002 Missing). According to Seng et al
(2001), the oil drench has a defaunation effect which may improve rumen cellulolysis thus increasing
straw digestibility and intake, and eventually animal growth.

It is therefore proposed to measure the responses of growing cattle to the oil drench with a basal diet
of molasses compared with rice straw with the hypotheses that (i) there will be positive effects of
defaunation by soybean oil in cattle at local conditions and (ii) the research will establish a basis
background for an economical way of fattening cattle in Vietnam.

Materials and methods

Location and animals

The experiment was carried out in co-operative farms in Angiang province. Five farmers, who
traditionally fatten cattle on rice straw and grass, were selected to participate in the study. Thirty
Sindhi x Yellow cattle of 132 - 144 kg were allocated to 6 treatments according to a 3*2 factorial
design with 5 replicates per treatment. The animals were vaccinated against foot and mouth disease
and dewormed before the initiation of the experiment. They were housed in individual pens; drinking
water and rumen supplement (1.5% sulphur, 5% salt, 5% bone meal, and 73.5% rice bran) were
available at all time. Cattle were fed totally in shed for the whole experimental period of 90 days.

Feeds and treatments

Rice straw was purchased from local farmers and Hymenachne acutigluna grass was planted in the
farms and harvested at 30 day interval (Photo 1).

Photo 1. Hymenachneacutigluna grass planted and Photo 2. Low-cost system of weighing cattle
harvested by farmers

The animals were fed on three basal diets with or without oil administration at the beginning of the
trial to provide totally six treatments:

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Effects of oil drench on growth rate of cattle fattened on grass, supplemented with molasses, rice bran or rice straw

MGU: 30 % molasses + 70% grass (DM basis) + 50 g urea/100 kg LW

MGUO: similar to MGU with oil drench at 6 ml/kg LW
RGU: 50% rice straw + 50% grass (DM basis) + 50 g urea/100 kg LW
RGUO: similar to RGU with oil drench at 6 ml/kg LW
RGR: 45% rice straw + 45% grass (DM basis) + 10% rice bran
RGRO: similar to RGR with oil drench at 6 ml/kg LW

Feed ingredients were supplied three times per day. To prevent selection, grass and rice straw were
chopped and mixed together and they were offered at 30% above the observed intake in the previous
day. Rice bran was prepared with some water so that cattle could eat it easily. Molasses and urea
were diluted in water and sprayed on the feeds given to individual cattle.

Measurements

Cattle were weighed (Photo 2) on consecutive mornings at the beginning and after 30, 60 and 90
days of the trial. Feed intake and residues were measured daily and representative samples were
collected and bulked weekly for chemical analysis including DM, CP and ash (AOAC 1990) and
NDF and ADF (Van Soest . At the end of the experiment, an economic estimation was drawn based
on the difference between benefit of cattle growth and other expenses during the fattening period.

Data analyses

All data were coded for subsequent statistical analysis using General Linear Model (GLM) in
Minitab Software (version 13.2). Sources of variation were treatments and errors.

Results

Diet composition

Chemical composition of the feed ingredients is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Chemical composition of feeds used in the trial

% of DM
DM, %
CP NDF ADF Ash
Grass 21.4 11.7 62.2 33.1 17.5
Rice straw 91.7 4.59 65.0 35.9 15.5
Molasses 71.5 4.35 0.05 0.06 7.50
Rice bran 84.9 9.95 54.7 26.9 8.16

Feed intake and growth rate

Intake and changes in LW of cattle are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Intake and changes in live weight of cattle during the experiment
Days No oil Oil drench P

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Effects of oil drench on growth rate of cattle fattened on grass, supplemented with molasses, rice bran or rice straw

after oil
drench MGU RGU RGR MGU RGU RGR Diet Oil Diet*oil
Intake, kg DM/day
0-30
5.48 4.31 4.67 5.11 4.13 4.21 0.001 0.11 0.85
days
31- 60
4.92 4.04 4.50 5.23 4.30 4.73 0.04 0.33 0.90
days
61-90
4.89 3.90 4.47 5.24 4.32 4.44 0.02 0.33 0.74
days
Average 5.09 4.08 4.54 5.19 4.25 4.46 0.007 0.79 0.90
Live weight, kg
Initial 132 136 143 134 144 137 0.51 0.83 0.61
Day 30 148 150 159 153 161 153 0.70 0.60 0.40
Day 60 164 163 173 175 177 169 0.90 0.20 0.40
Day 90 177 173 185 194 191 185 0.84 0.07 0.39
Daily gain, kg
0-30
0.542 0.451 0.513 0.609 0.571 0.516 0.26 0.90 0.40
days
31- 60
0.513 0.425 0.467 0.733 0.533 0.546 0.02 0.003 0.35
days
61-90
0.452 0.345 0.421 0.642 0.488 0.531 0.001 0.001 0.28
days
Average 0.502 0.407 0.467 0.661 0.521 0.531 0.001 0.001 0.07
Feed conversion ratio, kg DMI/ kg weight gain
0-30
10.3 9.5 9.1 8.6 7.6 8.3 0.54 0.04 0.76
days
31- 60
9.7 9.5 9.9 7.0 8.8 8.9 0.54 0.07 0.55
days
61-90
11.5 11.8 11.0 8.1 10.1 8.4 0.26 0.001 0.58
days
Average 10.3 10.0 9.9 7.7 8.2 8.4 0.90 0.001 0.47

In the first period (0-30 days) when cattle were still affected by a sudden supply of oil, there was a
tendency of lower feed intake in all treatments with oil drench. After 30 days of oil administration,
the trend of DM intake was changed to an opposite direction, in which oil drench has slightly
stimulated feed consumption. However, in both cases the difference did not reach the significant
level (p>0.05). Among treatments, inclusion of molasses and a higher proportion of grass in the diet
(Treatment MGU) resulted in higher DM intake (p<0.05) compared to urea (RGU) or rice bran
(RGR) supplementation in both factors: no oil (5.09 vs. 4.08 or 4.54 kg, respectively) and oil drench
(5.19 vs. 4.25 or 4.46 kg, respectively).

Changes in LW of cattle were not statistically different over the trial period although at the end of the
experiment, cattle received oil tended to growth faster than the other group (p=0.07). However, diets
and oil drench had strong effects on daily weight gain of cattle (Figure 1), excepting for the first
period where no significant difference found.

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Effects of oil drench on growth rate of cattle fattened on grass, supplemented with molasses, rice bran or rice straw

MGU: 30 % molasses + 70% grass + 50 g urea/100

kg LW
RGR: 45% rice straw + 45% grass + 10% rice bran
RGU: 50% rice straw + 50% grass + 50 g urea/100
kg LW

Figure 1. Effects of oil drench on daily gain of cattle

At day 60 and 90 and over the whole period, irrespective of oil factor, highest and lowest values of
average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.01) were on treatment MGU and RGU, respectively. If oil drench
was taken into account, its positive effects on ADG could be observed clearly at day 60, for example,
with the same ration MGU cattle in oil drench group gained 0.733 kg/day while this data in the other
group was 0.513 kg/day. On average of 90 days, ADG in defaunated cattle was higher (p<0.01) than
in normal animals.

It was the oil factor but not diet that most influenced the DM feed conversion (Figure 2).

MGU: 30 % molasses + 70% grass + 50 g urea/100 kg

LW
RGR: 45% rice straw + 45% grass + 10% rice bran
RGU: 50% rice straw + 50% grass + 50 g urea/100 kg
LW

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Effects of oil drench on growth rate of cattle fattened on grass, supplemented with molasses, rice bran or rice straw

Figure 2. Effects of oil drench on DM feed

conversion

In all treatments, cattle supplemented with soybean oil improved DM feed conversion from 15 to
25% (p<0.01).

Economic benefits

Cost of ingredients and the products sold at the end of the experiments are indicated in Table 3.

Table 3. Price of ingredients used and product sold (16,000 VND = 1

USD)
Item Unit price
Grass 100 VND/kg
Rice straw 200 VND/kg
Rice bran 2,500 VND/kg
Molasses 1,500 VND/kg
Urea 4,000 VND/kg
Cooking oil 15,000 VND/liter
Beef cattle 25,000 VND/kg LW

Based on changes and input and output, feed cost calculated per kg live weight gain is shown in
Figure 3.

Figure 3. Feed cost per kg live weight gain

Due to a high proportion of molasses in the diet, the cost of MGU treatment was highest. The
treatment with inclusion of only urea (RGU) offered a lowest cost and therefore higher benefit was
found in this group.

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Effects of oil drench on growth rate of cattle fattened on grass, supplemented with molasses, rice bran or rice straw

Discussion

Many studies reported so far on the effect of defaunation on feed intake and animal performances
have not led to the same results. The current findings are in line with those investigated by Ankrah et
al (1990) and Chaudhary and Srivastava (1995) that DM intake was not influenced by defaunation.
However, in the study of Ankrah et al (1990) defaunation did not affect growth rate and thus feed
conversion was also not different between faunated and normal groups, which are contradictory to
our study. Other authors (Santra and Karim 2000; Eugène et al 2004) seem to agree on the conclusion
of better feed conversion efficiency in defaunated compared to faunated animals.

In addition, it was hypothesized and confirmed by Eugène et al (2004) that better feed conversion
efficiency may lead to a higher yield of nutrients absorbed, which is in turn useful for maintenance
and growth of defaunated animals. In this study, an increase of 12 - 24% in growth rate was found
and comparable to many reports, for instance, in lambs (Bird and Leng 1985; Santra and Karim
2002) and in cattle (Nhan et al 2001; Seng et al 2001). The explanation for higher growth rate in all
treatments might have been due to improved DM digestibility (Nhan et al 2007) or reduced
methanogenesis as well as an increased microbial and dietary protein flow to the duodenum as
discussed by Santra and Karim (2002).

It is well known that responses of growth rate depend mainly on feed and supplements available for
the animals. Irrespective of oil factor, molasses - a source of readily fermentable carbohydrate has
shown its potential in improving cattle performance since it has provided a source of carbon
backbone as well as energy for fermentation activity of rumen bacteria that are capable of digesting
carbohydrate and balance the protein and volatile fatty acid (Preston et al 1967). The elimination of
protozoa also lead to a more efficiency of energy available in the rumen since protozoa require
energy for their maintenance (Coleman 1975). In addition, a combination of molasses and green
forage supplemented with urea has formed a large proportion of propionate and reduced butyric. All
of these factors have contributed to explain for a better growth rate of animals. Similar results were
also reported elsewhere by Khalili et al (1993) and Iwuanyanwu et al (1990). In contrast to molasses,
rice straw provided a high proportion of structural carbohydrate which were slowly fermentable in
the rumen and thus it took longer time to digest and more energy was needed (Leng 1990). Another
source of supplement in this study was rice bran, a source of bypass nutrients including protein,
starch and fat. Though most of starch from rice bran escape from rumen degradation and provide
nitrogen in the duodenum (Elliott et al 1978), its contribution to cattle growth was lower compared to
molasses.

To farmers, the efficiency of application a new technique is evaluated through the economic status.
Although they have to invest a little more at the start of the fattening period, after three months, an
increase of 14 - 28% benefits could be achieved due to an improved cattle grow performance.
Therefore, in term of economic effect, the RGU and RGR diets and an oil drench were suggested for
fattening cattle at house-hold level.

Conclusions

A single dose of soybean oil (6 ml/kg live weight) to cattle fed on grass supplemented with
molasses, rice bran or rice straw has improved growth rate and economic profitability.

Acknowledgements

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Effects of oil drench on growth rate of cattle fattened on grass, supplemented with molasses, rice bran or rice straw

The authors wish to acknowledge the support for this research from the MEKARN Regional Project,
financed by SidaSAREC of Sweden. This research was also supported by the International
Foundation for Sciences (IFS), Stockholm, Sweden, through a grant to the second author (Grant
Agreement No B/3369-1). The authors are also grateful to the farmers' cooperative in An Giang
province for providing the facilities and assistance during the trial.

References

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Seng M, Preston T R, Leng R A and ter Meulen U 2001 . Effect of a single drench of cooking oil on the rumen ecosystem
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Received 22 July 2007; Accepted 19 August 2007; Published 5 September 2007

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