CPAR REVIEWER
piano keyboards,
2ND QUARTER EXAMS
MEDIUMS IN CONTEMPORARY ART
MEDIUM - It is the material, tools, or programs an artwork is
made with, as well as where they are posted (digital/online).
TECHNIQUE - Artists have their own way of using a medium
or material.
CRAFTSMANSHIP - The skill of doing what can be done in a
medium and the ability to do it.
MEDIUMS OF VISUAL ART
DRAWING - include graphite pencils, charcoal, pen & ink,
colored pencils, chalk, and oil pastels. While the surfaces
used in drawings include sketch paper, illustration board, and
sandpaper.
PAINTING - mediums include watercolor, oil paint, and
acrylic.
BINDER - the material which makes each painting
medium unique.
SCULPTING - utilizes several materials, including wood,
glass, metal, fabric, rubber, wax, stone, and various materials
combined called “found objects”. Additionally, tools are also
used in making sculptures, such as molds and texture tools,
scrapers, calipers, modeling tools, cutters, and trimming
tools.
PRINTMAKING - artists make use of a template that is made
of either wood or metal, and sometimes even rubber, then ink
is applied with a roller brush on the template and pressed
onto paper or fabric.
ARCHITECTURE - concrete, wood, steel, plastic, stone,
textile, glass, brick, and bamboo. Additionally, architects work
with different tools, such as pens, tracing papers, laser
distance meter, measuring tools (triangle, scale, rulers, T-
squares), scale figures, as well as computer programs like
Adobe Photoshop, AutoCAD, and SketchUp.
PHOTOGRAPHY - camera, and 8 of the most common kinds
are DSLR, mirrorless, point and shoot, smartphone, medium
format, instant/polaroid, action, and 360° cameras. Images
can remain in digital formats, such as JPEG or JPG, PNG,
GIF, TIFF, and RAW, but they can also be printed on glossy,
matte, canvas, transfer, and sticker papers.
MEDIUMS IN PERFORMING ARTS
MUSIC - Vocal music is performed by one or more singers
through their voice, while instrumental music is when
musicians create music with instruments. Musical
instruments have 5 major kinds: wind (e.g. flute, clarinet,
harmonica), brass (e.g. trumpet, trombone, French horn),
percussion (e.g. triangle, xylophone, drums), string (e.g.
harp, guitar, violin), and electronic (e.g.
synthesizers, rhythm machines).
DANCE - the human body is the main medium used in
creating art. Not only that, but the use and relationship of
dance with sound, movement, and space are also used as
mediums.
THEATER - productions use different mediums, including
costumes, makeup, lighting, space, set, props, actions, and
dialogue.
MEDIUMS IN LITERARY ART - Words and language
MEDIUMS IN MEDIA ARTS - utilize media technologies,
such as televisions, radio, and both computer hardware and
software, to create and produce art.
FILMMAKING - just like the ones mentioned in photography,
makes use of cameras, however, digital file formats of films
are different from images, such as AVI, WMV, MP4, MKV,
FLV, and SWF.
DIGITAL PAINTING - graphic tablets with computer
programs are used by artists. Graphic tablets have different
kinds, such as digitizer pen tablets, monitor tablets, tablet
PCs, and mobile tablets (iPad, Android tablets). Popular
programs in computers include Adobe Photoshop and
Illustrator, Corel Painter, and Clip Studio Paint, then for
mobile, ProCreate, Ibis Paint, and Adobe Illustrator Draw.
ANIMATION - pencils, papers, and tracing papers. However,
nowadays, artists have transitioned to graphic tablets, just
like in digital painting. Popular animation programs include
Adobe Flash, Adobe After Effects, Autodesk Maya, and even
Microsoft PowerPoint.
MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES: DRAWING
PENCIL – Wooden rod enclosing a substance for marking.
1. Graphite pencils – Common for Artists
2. Charcoal – Made from burned wood
3. Colored Pencils – Similar to pencils but colored.
4. Mechanical Pencils – Automatic Pencils
PEN AND INK
1. Ball point pen – Most common and popular.
2. Rollerball Pens – Uses water-based ink
3. Marker / Felt-tip pens – used as markers
4. Nib Pens – Metal nibs with metal body
SOFT PASTEL – Pastel that has consistency of a chalk.
OIL PASTEL – It is made of pigment held by a wax or an oil
binder.
DRAWING SURFACES
 1. Sketch Paper – Most common type of paper used in
drawing.
2. Illustration Board – Board made of thick paper
cardboard.
3. Sandpaper – Highly textured paper.
a. Grit – Number of sharp particles per square
inch of the paper. The higher the grit, the
finer the texture.
3. Alkyd Oil Paints – Contains Alkyd Resin. Dry Faster
– 6-12hrs.
4. Oil Sticks – Oil Bars. traditional oil paints that can be
used with oils and solvents that come in the form of a
rod or stick.
OIL PAINT SUPPORTS – Surfaces where oil paints can
be applied.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PAPER 1. Canvass - a material made of cotton, linen, or other

synthetic material. It is the most common surface
1. Weight – Grams per square inch (gsm) used in oil painting
2. Acid Free and Archival – Determines how long the 2. Wood Panels - made from different kinds of wood
paper will lasts. (depending on the brand), like poplar, oak, plywood,
fiberboard, pine, and other various hardwoods.
PEN AND PENCIL TECHNIQUE
OTHER MATERIALS FOR OIL PAINTING
1. Hatching – Most basic shading technique
2. Cross Hatching – Uses intersecting lines 1. TURPENTINE - solvent made from Pine Tree resin
3. Stippling – Drawing dots used for thinning out oil paints and cleaning brushes
4. Scumbling – Circular marks and palettes.
5. Scribbling – Random Lines 2. DRYING OIL - used to slow down the drying time for
6. Contouring – Following the shape of the image paint.
7. Smudging – Blending pencil marks 3. ALKYD MEDIUM - speed up the drying time of
paints.

MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES: PAINTING

BINDER – A material that holds the pigment together.

TEXTURE OF PAPER

1. Hot Pressed – Smooth

2. Cold Press – Texture in between hot-pressed and
rough. Versatile
3. Rough - the most pronounced texture among the
three. Ideal for landscapes.

WATERCOLOR PAPER ACCORDING TO FORMS 4. VARNISH - used as the last layer of the painting.

1. Sheets
2. Rolls
ACRYLIC PAINT – Fastest Drying. water-based medium
3. Blocks
made from a combination of pigment and acrylic polymer.
4. Panels
5. Pads MEDIUMS OF ACRYLIC PAINT
OTHER MEDIUMS OF WATERCOLOR 1. Gloss medium is used to make acrylic shine, thinner,
and add transparency.
1. Masking Fluid – Latex based. Shield a portion of
2. Matte medium creates a non-reflective finish to the
paper from paint.
final product.
2. Paper Tape – Used to mask portions of a paper.
3. Glazing medium makes the paint thinner and more
Used in Watercolor
transparent suitable in making multi-layered paintings
3. Water Brush – Brush exclusive for watercolor use.
using the glazing technique.
OIL PAINT – Pigment that uses oil as a binder. Slow dryng 4. Gel medium is used to make the acrylic paint thicker
(weeks or months) for artists who prefer using the impasto technique.
5. Retarding medium is utilized to slow down the drying
Linseed Oil / Safflower oil / Poppy Seed Oil time of the paint, akin to the drying time of oil paints.
1. TRADITIONAL OIL PAINT - usual pigment plus oil OTHER MATERIAL USED IN WATERCOLOR, OIL AND
binder paints. ACRYLIC
2. Water Mixable Oil Paint – Oil paint that can be mixed
with water
 1. Easel - a frame that supports or holds a surface
an artist is using while it is being painted or
drawn.
2. Palette - a surface where paint is put onto and
mixed. In watercolor painting,
3. Palette knife - a tool used to mix acrylic and oil
paint
4. Brushes - the main tools used by artists to apply
paint on a surface.
a. Natural brush is made from animal hairs.
b. Synthetic brush is often made from
nylon, polyester, or both.
FUNDAMENTAL PAINTING TECHNIQUES
1. Underpainting - the first layer of paint applied on a
surface serving as the base for the artwork
2. Dry brushing - a method that uses a dry brush to
spread paint.
3. Sgraffito - the term used when removing paint while it
is still wet to expose the underpainting or the layer
underneath
4. Glazing - the process of layering a coat of
transparent paint over a dry part of the painting.
SCULPTURE MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES
SCULPTURE - the art of making three-dimensional pieces,
which can either be representational or abstract
1. Representational - depicts figures that can be seen in
real life, such as humans, animals, and objects.
2. Abstract - makes use of shapes and forms that do
not aim to depict visual reality
MATERIALS USED IN SCULPTURES:
1. WOOD
2. Glass
3. Metal
4. Stones
5. Found Objects
Sculpture techniques:
1. Carving involves removing materials from the
medium using various tools, such as knives and
chisels.
2. Modeling is the process of gradually adding and
reworking soft or malleable materials to form the
sculpture, rather than removing.
3. Assembling refers to a technique of using found
objects glued, attached, or held together into one
piece.
4. Casting is more often used for mass productions of
a piece. This involves using a mold which will be
poured on with a liquid material, such as plastic or
rubber, which will then harden and form a cast.
a. Mold is the negative or hollow cavity with
which a piece will be formed.
b. Cast is the positive or the actual piece
created by pouring a casting medium in a
mold.
Sculpture Tools
 Texture tools are small set of tools used in sculpture
to create the desire outcome and proper use of them
can create a sculptor’s work easier and more
effective. Examples are point chisel, tooth chisel, flat
and rondel chisel, hammers, rasps, banker, grinder
wire tipped tool, and twisted wire rake.
 A scraper is a single-edged tool used to scrape
metal from a surface. It is required to produce a
freshly ground surface or to give a decorative and
smooth finish.
 Caliper is an essential tool for taking exact
measurements from live models or for enlargements
or reductions of sculptural work.
 Modeling tools are wooden tools for clay and
pottery used for creating smooth edges and curves,
as well as cut lines.
 Cutters are commonly used in slicing off chunks of
clay from larger blocks and remove excesses and/or
small chips in the piece.
 Trimming tools help produce work that with fine
details and /or a great finish.
PRINTMAKING MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES
Printmaking is a technique done for reproducing a piece of
art by transferring an image from a template, such as wood
and metal, onto another, usually on a paper or fabric.
1. RELIEF - utilizes a block that is carved, then painted
on the raised areas, after which is pressed on a
surface
a. The most used templates in relief printing
include woodblock, rubber stamp, and a
sheet of linoleum.
b. Chisel is a tool with a straight cutting edge at
one end utilized by artists to chip, carve, and
cut into the template used.
c. A gouge is a chisel with a curved cutting
edge designed to carve precise grooves
without having to dig into a surface.
d. General Carving Knife is a tool used for all
sorts of carving.
e. Detail Knife is designed to carve finer
details and fit into smaller areas
f. Block printing ink is the ink used in relief
printing, which can either be water-based or
oil-based ink
2. Serigraphy also referred to as silkscreen printing, is a
technique that uses a mesh screen and squeegee to push
paint onto the surface below.
  Mesh screen is a tool made of a framed polyester visualizations, and diagrams for presentations and
used to transfer ink onto a surface, such as textile client documents. Additionally, other architects utilize
and paper. The quality and detail of what will be the program with SketchUp to adapt, edit, and
 Stencil- created and placed on top of the surface to enhance renders and photographs.
be printed on to block off parts of the screen using
the negative space on the stencil to form the image. ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
 A squeegee is a tool with flat, smooth rubber blade
used to control or clear away the flow of liquid on a 1. TRADITIONAL – uses local material and knowledge.
flat surface by scraping the paint on the mesh Vernacular.
screen. 2. BAROQUE - a style that originated in Italy in the late
16th century mostly seen in old Catholic churches.
3. Intaglio is the opposite of relief printing because the
3. NEO-CLASSICAL - a style that originated in the 18 th
engravings are used to apply paint on so that the final
century that aimed to revive Classical architecture.
product will have an embossed effect.
4. MODERN - is a style developed in the early 20th
 Etching ink is used on pre-treated metal plates century that emphasizes on form and function rather
where they seep into the etched crevices. They are than decorations and ornaments.
tick, tacky due to their high oil and pigment content. a. BRUTALIST - a style characterized by their
 Burin is a tempered steel rod used for engraving massive, monolithic, and block-like
clear and precise furrows on metal plates. appearance using concrete.
 Scraper is a tool for removing marks on the plate. b. ART DECO - referred to as “style moderne”,
 Burnisher is utilized to decrease the furrows or is a style that was developed in the 1920s
etching on a plate. It is used alongside a scraper.
that aims to oppose Classical and traditional
styles of architecture. Its features include
simplicity, clean shapes, and elegance,
ARCHITECTUE: the art and science of designing and
along with geometric forms.
planning structures, such as buildings and houses.
c. MINIMALIST ARCHITECTURE emphasizes
ARCHITECTURE MATERIALS simplicity of design elements and composing
of only the essential ones.
1. Lining pen comes with a fine point used in creating 5. NEO-VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE is vernacular
marks precisely. It is usually bought in sets with or traditional architecture combined with modern
varying penpoints. architecture.
2. Tracing paper is used to copy and transfer a design
or any element from one surface to another, as well BUILDING MATERIALS
as create overlays.
3. Laser distance meter is utilized to measure
Material Advantages Disadvantages
distances and areas instantly and accurately.
4. Architects utilize different measuring tools, including: 1.  Most common  Susceptibl
a. A t-square is a ruler with a short crosspiece Concret and widely used e to water
at the end that serves as a guide to create e damage
 Inexpensive
straight and precise lines and angles.
b. An adjustable triangle helps measure and  Durable and  Stains
create accurate angles. strengthens over time  Vulnerable
c. And the architect scale ruler is designed to  Can be molded to molds
determine actual dimensions on a scale into anything, thus
drawing. flexible
5. Architectural scale models represent the physical
appearance of objects in a miniature form which then 2. Wood  Versatile  Fragile
helps illustrate the scale, proportion, relationship, and  Easy to work  Susceptibl
coherence of the elements of the design.
with e to damage from
6. Lastly, architects also utilize computer programs to
aid in creating designs, which include the following:  Cost-effective water, fire, decay,
a. SketchUp is a computer program designed  Aesthetic and insects
to for creating 3D models used in various
fields besides architecture, such as 3. Steel  Cheap  Prone to
engineering, interior design, and filmmaking. compared to other corrosion
b. AutoCAD is a computer-aided drafting materials  Expensive
program with the purpose of replicating  Mass produced, to maintain
drawing and designing processes and tools so it is easily
like traditional means.
accessible
7. Adobe Photoshop is used by architects to create
images and graphics of architectural renders,  Can be mold into
 any shape over time
 Durable
4. Stone  Cost-effective  Heavy, so Music is a kind of performing art
 Workable/ building with it is
1. VOCAL – Using human voice
flexible time consuming
 Belting is a contemporary singing technique that
 Durable  Climate
produces a high intensity, 'big', 'powerful' (e.g.,
 Unique and
loud) vocal sound. Belted singing can be found in
environmental
all contemporary genres and styles of singing,
changes affect
including jazz, folk, pop and rock, although it is
texture
most commonly associated with musical theatre.
 Prone to  Chest voice refers to lower, thicker, and warmer
cracking, mildew, tones. It also reflects the register that one
and dandruff normally uses when speaking. To identify if one
5. Glass  Beautiful,  Brittle is using his/her chest voice, when singing using
aesthetically pleasing  Etching on the normal speaking register, or close to it, put a
 Transparent so it surface hand on the chest area, and feel a vibration.
transmits light  Corrosion  Head voice is when a singer starts reaching up
 Dustproof and  Heat to those higher notes, they may feel the sound
waterproof transparency and vibration in their head. It is necessary to
 Versatile develop a head voice for one’s upper range. With
 Unsafe for
the exclusion of occasional belting, higher notes
 Recyclable earthquake-prone
will utilize your head voice.
areas
 Important note: head voice and falsetto
 High
are two different terms.
maintenance
 Falsetto is a mode of singing that sounds
6. Brick  Hard  Color breathy and hollow. It is usually found in the
 Durable changes over time upper registers of the singer. Basically, falsetto is
 Low when exposed to just a breathy version of head voice.
maintenance sunlight  Humming is when a sound is produced while the
 Reusable and  Hard to mouth is closed. It is also used as a warmup
recyclable clean exercise to avoid unnecessary damage to one’s
 Fire-resistant  Rough voice.
 Economical  Prone to  Vibrato is a rapid, slight variation in the pitch
molds when singing, marked by a rapid wavering in the
 Environmentally
 Not strong intensity and timbre of the note being sung which
friendly
as other materials make it sound as if the voice is wavering.
 Absorbs
water easily
2. INSTRUMENTAL – Accompaniment only
7.  Fire-resistant  Jointing  Percussion instruments are sounded usually
Bamboo  Elastic, so affects structural by being struck, but also by rubbing, shaking,
preferred in reliability plucking, and scraping. Examples of percussion
earthquake-prone  Not instruments are drums, bells, xylophones, and
areas durable when not gongs.
 Lightweight given the right  Stringed instruments are musical instruments
 No health treatment or that produce sound by the vibration of stretched
hazards maintenance strings, which may be made of various materials,
 Prone to like fiber, metal, silk, or artificial materials (e.g.
damage from plastic or nylon). In nearly all stringed
insects and instruments the sound of the vibrating string is
fungus amplified by the use of a resonating chamber or
 Shrinks soundboard. The string may be struck, plucked,
 rubbed (bowed), or, occasionally, blown (by the
wind). Examples of stringed instruments are
guitars, violins, cellos, and harps.
 Wind instruments are musical instruments that
use air as the primary vibrating medium for the
production of sound. Examples of wind
instruments are flutes, saxophones, and
clarinets.
 Keyboard instruments are musical instruments
on which different notes can be sounded by
pressing a series of keys, push buttons, or
parallel levers. Examples of keyboard
instruments are pianos, organs, and carillons.
 Lastly, electronic instruments are any musical
instruments that produce or modify sounds by
electric, and usually electronic, means. The
electronic element in such music is determined
by the composer, and the sounds themselves
are made or changed electronically.
THEATRE MEDUIM
1) Backdrop is a term used to describe a fabric used on
stage, usually located at the back of the stage or scene,
but it can be located anywhere.
2) Blacks refers to a fabric used for masking areas or items
that are not intended to be seen by the audience.
3) Dresser is a person who keeps the costumes neat and
tidy and helps performers during costume changes.
4) Flat is a lightweight material (usually wood) used to
easily move and reconfigure the backdrop into a set. It
may also be used to mask or hide areas that the
audience should not see, to provide an entrance or exit
for the performers, as well as to store props.
5) Flies is the area above the stage from where
scenery/actors are flown in on pulleys.
6) Flood lantern, also known as floodlight, is a lamp with a
reflector behind it. It is used to create a beam of light that
illuminates a large area.
7) Fresnel lantern is used to produce a wide, soft-edged
beam of light, which is commonly used for back light and
top light.
8) Gauze is a material which cannot be seen through when
lit from the front but can be seen through when lit from
behind.
9) Ghost light pertains to the lighting that is left energized
on the stage of theater when it is unoccupied. It is usually
an LED lamp mounted on a portable light stand.
10) Gobo is a thin metal plate cutout used with light sources
or projectors to create a pattern and lighting scene.
11) Makeup in theater aims to enhance the role of a
performer to accurately portrait his/her character. They
are exaggerated because the performer’s makeup must
be seen by the audience even at a distance.
12) Mixing desk is the panel wherein the sounds, sound
effects, and music are controlled and produced.
13) Profile lantern is a versatile lantern used to produce
clearly defined spots of light. It can create a hard-edged
or soft-edged light.
14) Prompt is a person or machine that shows the master
copy of a script with the aim to supply the performers
with forgotten lines.
15) Props are all the items which cannot be classified as
scenery, electrics, or wardrobes. These are usually the
small objects and furnishings the performers use during
the play. It is short for property.
a) Personal prop is a kind of prop that is worn or
carried by a performer, such as glasses, clothes,
bags.
b) While set prop is the kind of prop that is placed on or
part of the set, like lamps, clocks, and furniture.
16) Rostrum is a platform of different shapes used to elevate
a part of the stage.
17) Scenery is the term used to describe the resources or
materials used to create the setting of the play like a
rostrum, flat, and backdrop.
18) Scrim curtain is a piece of cloth specifically made from a
material called sharkstooth scrim used as a backdrop to
change the appearance of lighting techniques, which
includes making the fabric either translucent or opaque.
19) Spotlight is the beam of light produced by a lantern with
the aim to focus or to give emphasis to a performer or
place in the play.
20) Treads is the general term used to describe any stage
staircase or set of steps.
21) Truck, also referred to as wagon, is a platform with large
wheels that can be moved around the stage manually or
automatically. The purpose of a truck is to facilitate the
change of a scene with ease.
22) Wings is the area at the side of the stage in which
performers enter onstage, quick changes happen, and
props await to be used or shown.
TECHNIQUES:
 drama strategies
 drama techniques
 drama conventions.
1) Blackout is the act of turning off or fading out the stage
lighting. It is usually used to help the story transition from
one scene or event to another.
2) Blocking refers to the exact placement on a stage where
an actor needs to be during a scene.
3) Cross-cutting is a technique used to describe two or
more scenes which are performed on stage at the same
time.
4) Curtain call is when the actors and performers come out
to the stage to bow and receive the audience’s applause.
5) Dramatic Pause is a quick pause used by an actor when
delivering a line to emphasize a moment, heighten
anticipation, or add to the tension.
6) Dramaturgy refers to the technique in theater used to
study the play’s setting, as well as the historical, physical,
and social context. It is when the actors go to a location
to research more on the play.
7) Encore is the musical number that the actors do after the
curtain call.
8) Fourth wall break, also known as aside, is when the
performers talk or address the audience during the play.
The fourth wall refers to the space between the
performers and audience. It similar to the second-person
point of view in film.
9) Freeze frame is the technique when the performers
pause or freeze showcasing a still image or tableaux
used to illustrate a specific incident or event.
10) Fringe theater pertains to a play that is different,
unconventional, or experimental in style or subject
matter. It is usually produced in small theater spaces or
outside the main theater.
11) Improvisation is the act of doing or performing
something spontaneous with no planning before the play.
It can either be rehearsed, which is a doing something
not on the script but rehearsed before the performance,
or spontaneous, which is created on the spot during the
performance.
12) Interval, also known as intermission, refers to the break
between sections of the performance usually half-way
through it. It often lasts for 15 to 20 minutes.
13) Intonation is the rising and falling of voice in delivering a
speech or line.
14) Quick change is the term for the technique when the
performers almost instantaneously change their
costumes.
15) Soliloquy is a scene wherein a character expresses
internal thoughts or emotions verbally for the benefit of
the audience while talking to himself.
16) Stage whisper is a loud whisper done by an actor with
the intention to be heard by the audience.
17) Thought Tunnel, also referred to as decision alley or
conscience alley, is a technique wherein a character
walks past other characters who comment on his/her
situation. The technique is used to provide an opportunity
to analyze a decisive moment in greater detail.
18) Voices in the head is pertains to the technique used to
recall the words said by the characters, as well as to hear
what a character is thinking about.
PHOTOGRAPHY:
CAMERA – Main Medium
1) DSLR - short for Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera, is
the most popular type of camera in the market.
2) Mirrorless camera (photography and filmmaking),
also known as compact system camera (CSC), is a kind
of camera that has no reflex mirror, hence the name,
which means that light passes through the camera
directly to the digital sensor.
3) Point and Shoot cameras (photography and
filmmaking), also referred to as compact cameras, are
designed for simple purposes, like shooting vacation
pictures or family pictures.
4) Smartphone camera (photography and filmmaking) is
the camera that comes with mobile phones.
5) Instant camera (photography only), introduced by the
Polaroid Corporation, is a kind of camera capable of
printing photos shortly after capturing them.
6) Action cameras (photography and filmmaking) are
small cameras meant to capture action scenes, whether
they are photos or videos.
PHOTOGRAPHY TERMS
1) Aperture is the size of the opening of the lens, which can
be wide or small/narrow.
2) Depth of field refers to how much of the image is in
focus.
3) Exposure is the lightness and darkness of an image.
4) Focal length refers to the distance between the lens and
the image it forms on the film measured in millimeters
5) Focus refers to what is being emphasized in a photo.
6) ISO pertains to the sensitivity of the camera to light.
7) Noise, also referred to as grain, is considered as a visual
distortion in a photograph which appears like discolored
grains.
8) Pixel or pixel size is a small square or dots of color in a
digital image.
9) Shutter speed is the part of the camera that opens
closes to let light in and take a picture determined
through seconds (determined with a “) or fractions of a
second (e.g., 1/200).
10) Viewfinder is the hole that photographers look at when
taking a photo used in all DSLR cameras and most
mirrorless cameras.
11) White balance is the color temperature of the image
measured in degree Kelvin (K). The higher the unit is, the
cooler the image will appear.
PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
 Monochrome is capturing an image with a single
color or hue.
 Motion Blur is the technique wherein the subject is
intentionally blurred to showcase movement or
action.
 Macro photography refers to capturing photos of
small objects and making them appear bigger than
they actually are.
  Reflection photography showcases a mirror image
of a subject through various surfaces or objects, such
as water, glass, and mirrors, which adds depth to a
photograph
 Panoramic Stitching is a technique done by taking
a series of side-by-side photos then merging them.
MEDIUMS AND TECHNIQUES OF FILMMAKING
CAMERAS
 Cinema cameras have interchangable lenses similar
to DLSR and mirrorless cameras.
 Consumer camcorders are small and affordable
camcorders that are meant for beginners.
 Professional camcorders, also referred to as
professional video cameras, are what professional
filmmakers use in making movies.
 Prosumer camcorders have a larger body than
consumer camcorders.
TECHNIQUES IN FILMMAKING
 Angles, or camera angles, refer to the relationship
of the camera with the scene, characters, and
objects:
o Low angle,
o Normal or straight angle
o High camera angle
o Dutch angle
 Bridging Shot is a shot that showcases the
passage of time.
 Color dictates the mood of the scene by affecting
the audience emotionally, psychologically, and
physically.
 Cucoloris is a technique in which an object is
placed between the light source and the subject to
create a patterned shadow, which enhances a
scene.
 Establishing Shot is a type of an extreme long shot
that shows the time and place context of a scene or
the film as a whole.
 Eyeline Match is a type of cut where the shot of a
character looking at something cuts to a shot of
what he/she is looking at.
 Long take, also known as one-shot or sequence
shot, is the effect of editing a series of shots making
it appear that the film or scene was shot in a single
take.
 Mise en scene pertains to the composition,
arrangement, and the objects included in a shot. For
example, the placement of characters, set design,
setting, and lighting.
 Montage is a type of editing sequence wherein the
scene shows a series of shots in quick successions
to narrate the story.
 Over the shoulder is a type of shot in which the
character is followed by the camera by shooting
over their shoulder.
 Rack Shot is a type of shot wherein the camera’s
focus shifts from on subject to another.
 Shot types shows how near or far the camera is
from the character or object.
o Extreme Long Shot,
o Long Shot,
o Medium Long Shot,
o Medium Shot,
o Medium Close Up,
o Close Up,
o Super Close Up,
o Extreme Close Up
 Transitions signify the change in the scene. It
includes cuts, fades, and wipes.
 Zoom is when the camera moves closer or farther
from the subject. It can be used for dramatic effect,
show emphasis, as well as illustrate size scaling of
objects.
FILM AND CINEMA
A film, also called a movie, motion picture or moving picture,
is a work of visual art used to simulate experiences that
communicate ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or
atmosphere through the use of moving images.
The word "cinema", short for cinematography, is often used
to refer to filmmaking and the film industry, and to
the art form that is the result of it.
Early Years of Philippine Cinema
Films were first shown in the Philippine Islands in
1897 during the revolt against Spain, when two Swiss
businessmen sponsored the opening of the Cinematografo in
Manila. The word “cine” became slang for the movies.
Cinematografo showed documentaries brought in from the
U.S. and Europe and closed after just a few months because
the owners were unable to import enough movies.
 La Vida de Rizal- first locally produced film is
thought to be a story about José Rizal.
 José Nepomuceno (1893-1959), “The father of
Philippine Cinema”
Syncopation, an American film was the first “talkie” shown in
the Philippines.
STAGES IN THE PROCESS OF MAKING A FILM
 Development of the film - forming the story, writing
the script, securing funding.
 Pre-production - finalizing script, gathering entire
film crew from directors and actors to smallest
 crewmembers, sets and costume creation, location
scouting, scheduling, calculation of budget.
 Production - daily filming, traveling on locations.
 Post-production - development of film rolls, sound
production, special effect integration, color balancing,
music, editing, adjustments for foreign markets,
creation of promotional material.
 Distribution - the finished film is distributed and
screened in cinemas (and/or released to consumer
media or direct download from a provider).
IMPORTANT POSITIONS IN FILM:
 Director – Responsible to manage day-to-day filming
process, artistic changes in script, and controlling
actors on set.
 Assistant director (AD) – Responsible to film smaller
scenes that often don’t include main actors, maintain
work schedule for filming crews, manage logistics and
more.
 Director of photography (DP) – Supervises
photography of the film (lighting, lenses, colors).
 Director of audiography (DA) or Sound designer –
Supervises audio recording and audio editing of the
entire movie.
 Unit production manager – Works with budgets and
production schedules.
 Casting director – Manages auditions to find actors for
film roles.
 Location manager – Finds locations for filming and
creates schedules for work in those areas.
 Art director – manages creation of production sets,
and the look of the entire movie, together with
Production Designer.
 Composer
 Choreographer
 Storyboard artists
FILM TECHNIQUES
1.Camera lighting
Lighting plays a big role in the look and feel of a
film
2.Shot Composition
One of the most popular shot composition
techniques is the rule of thirds.
3.Camera Movement
Another film technique that can be used to elicit
emotion or bring focus to a part of the visual story
4.Editing
When making edits, choose your cuts based on
performance and avoid cutting too often
5.Sound
The most popular film sound techniques are sound
effects and music score, however, there are a couple of
“less cool” techniques that beginners should adopt to
produce great sounds.
Arts in the Philippines refer to all the various forms of
the arts that have developed and accumulated in
the Philippines from the beginning of civilization in the
country up to the present era.
TRADITIONAL ARTS
 Folk architecture like stilt houses, land houses,
and aerial houses.
 Maritime transport includes boat houses, boat-
making, and maritime traditions.
 Weaving is an ancient art form that continue in the
Philippines today, with each ethnic group having
their distinct weaving techniques. 
 Basketry - The fine art of basket weaving in the
Philippines has developed intricate designs and
forms directed for specific purposes such as
harvesting, rice storage, travel package, sword
case, and so on
 Carving like woodcarving and folk non-clay
sculpture.
 Stone, ivory, and other carvings
o Stone carving is a priced art form in the
Philippines, even prior to the arrival of
Western colonizers, as seen in the stone
likha and larauan or tao-tao crafts of the
natives.
o Ivory carving is an art practiced in the
Philippines for more than a thousand years,
with the oldest known ivory artifact known is
the Butuan Ivory Seal, dated 9th–12th
century.
Folk graphic and plastic arts – including calligraphy,
tattooing, folk writing, folk drawing, and folk painting
Folk paintings, like folk drawings, are works of art that
usually include depictions of folk culture. Evidence suggest
that the people of the archipelago have been painting and
glazing their potteries for thousands of years.
Tattooing was introduced by Austronesian ancestors
thousands of years ago, where it developed into cultural
symbols in a variety of ethnic groups.
TRADITIONAL ARTS

 Folk performing arts – dances, plays, and dramas

 Folk (oral) literature – epics, songs, and myths
 Ornament, textile, or fiber art – hat-making, mask-
making, accessory-making, ornamental metal crafts
 Other artistic expressions of traditional culture –
including, but not limited to, non-ornamental metal
crafts, martial arts, supernatural healing arts,
medicinal arts, and constellation traditions