AP Psychology Semester 1 Final Study Guide (continued)

First Semester Topics:

History and Approaches

1. Definition of Psychology 2. Mental Processes
3. Process of Psychological Research 4. *Sigmund Freud -1900-1939 (Psycho-
analysis)
5. Psychology as a Science-Empiricism 6. Neo-Freudians
7. Overt and Covert Behavior 8. *Carl Rogers and *Abraham Maslow -1950-
70 (Humanistic Psychology)
9. Goals of psychology 10. Psychodynamic
11. Nature vs. Nurture Debate 12. Behavioristic
13. Wilhelm Wundt-1879 (Introspection) 14. Humanistic
15. Edward Titchner- 1880s (Structuralism) 16. Bio-psychological
17. William James- 1890 (Functionalism) 18. Cognitive
19. *John B. Watson- 1958 (Behaviorism) 20. Developmental Psych
21. *B. F. Skinner- 1950s + (Operant 22. Difference Psychologist and Psychiatrist
Conditioning- Cognitive Behaviorism)
23. *Max Wertheimer- 1920-40 (Gestalt 24.
psychology “The whole is greater than
the sum of its parts.”)

Research Methods
25. Scientific Method pg. 31-32 26. Single Blind Experiment
27. Naturalistic Observation 28. Double Blind Experiment
29. Observer effect 30. Case Study
31. Observation Bias 32. Random Sampling
33. Anthropomorphic Error 34. Representative Sample
35. Correlational Studies 36. Experimenter Effect
37. Correlational Coefficient 38. Hypothesis
39. Experimental Group 40. Statistical Analysis: Standard Deviation
41. Control Group 42. Correlational Coefficient
43. Independent Variables 44. Central Tendency
45. Dependent Variables 46. Range, Median, Mode, Mean
47. Extraneous Variables 48. Operational Definition
49. Replication 50. Issues regarding surveys
51. Placebo Effect 52. Ethics in studies

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Biological Psychology/Brain and Behavior
1. Bio-psychologist 2. Occipital lobes
3. Neurons 4. Parietal lobes
5. Dendrites 6. Temporal lobes
7. Soma 8. Association Areas
9. Axon 10. Wernicke’s Area
11. Myelin Sheath 12. Broca’s Area
13. Nerve Impulse 14. Frontal lobes
15. Threshold 16. Motor Cortex
17. Action Potential 18. Aphasia
19. Neurotransmitters 20. Reticular formation
21. Synapse 22. Thalamus
23. Receptors 24. Hypothalamus
25. List some of the neurotransmitters 26. Limbic system
27. Endorphins 28. Hippocampus
29. Peripheral Nervous System 30. Brain Plasticity
31. Somatic systems 32. Endocrine System
33. Autonomic System 34. Adrenal Glands
35. Sympathetic 36. Pituitary Gland
37. Parasympathetic 38. Oxytocin
39. Central Nervous System 40. Genetics and Twin Studies
41. EEG, CT Scan, MRI, P.E.T. Scan, 42. reflex arc
43. Cerebrum 44. Sensory Neuron
45. Cerebral Hemisphere Organization/Lateralization 46. Motor Neuron
47. Corpus Callosum 48.

Testing and Individual Differences

1. Intelligence: is the global capacity to act 2. WAIS
purposefully
3. “g” Factor 4. Standardization
5. Multiple Intelligences 6. Reliability
7. Kanazawa Evolution and Intelligence 8. Validity
9. Howard Gardner, Thurstin 10. Flynn Effect
11. Sternberg Three Intelligences 12. Criterion-referenced tests
13. Intelligence and the Brain 14. norm-referenced tests
15. Terman’s Stanford Binet- Intelligence 16. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
17. William Stern 18. Mental Age vs. Chronological Age
19. Aptitude /Achievement Tests 20. intelligence quotient
21. Heritability 22. Cross Sectional Studies
23. Polygenetic 24. Longitudinal Studies
25. Bias in Testing 26. Crystallized Intelligence
27. Psychometrics- 28. Fluid Intelligence
29. Expectations 30. Intellectual Disability (formerly MR)
31. Twin Studies 32. Hereditary and Environment

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Sensation/Perception
1. Data Reduction Systems (DRS) 2. Anatomy of the Eye:
3. Transduction 4. Lens
5. Sensory Analysis- Select, Analyze and Filter 6. Retina
7. Sensory localization 8. Cornea
9. Absolute Threshold 10. Fovea
11. Just Noticeable Difference (JND) 12. Optic Nerve
13. Weber’s Law 14. Iris
15. Limen 16. Pupil
17. Subliminal Perception 18. Cones
19. Wavelengths of Light = Visible Spectrum 20. Rods
21. Trichromatic and Opponent Process theories 22. Visual Acuity
23. Colorblindness 24. Peripheral Vision
25. Ishihara Test 26. Theories of Color vision:
27. Light/Dark Adaptation 28. Shape Constancy and Size Constancy
29. Stimulus for hearing. 30. What is perception?
31. Frequency 32. Figure Ground perception
33. Amplitude 34. Gestalt Principles (6 of them)
35. Anatomy of the Ear and hearing process: 36. Perceptual hypothesis
a. Pinna 37. Camouflage
a. Tympanic Membrane 38. Depth Perception (What is it?):
a. Auditory Ossicles: Hammer, Anvil and 39. Visual Cliff
Stirrup
a. Cochlea 40. Stereoscopic Vision
a. Auditory Nerve 41. Pictorial Depth Cues
a. Corti 42. Stereoscopic vision
43. Frequency Theory 44. Retinal Disparity
45. Place Theory 46. Ames Room
47. Two types of Deafness 48. Selective Attention
49. Tinnitus 50. Habituation and adaptation
51. Chemical senses
52. Sense of Smell = Olfaction
53. Sense of Taste = Gustation
54. Anosmia
55. Lock and Key Theory
56. Pheromones
57. Somo- esthetic Senses
58. Vestibular Senses
59. Pain Reception
60. Small nerve fibers
61. Large nerve fibers
62. Sensory Gates
63. Perceptual Constancies

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Stress
1. Definition stress- 2. Conflicts- 4 basic forms-
3. Behavior Health Risks 4. Approach-Approach, Avoidance-
Avoidance,
5. Disease prone behavior 6. Approach-Avoidance, Multiple
Conflicts
7. Health Promoting Behaviors 8. Defense mechanisms
9. Eustress 10. Denial, Repression, Reaction
Formation,
11. Biology and Stress- Autonomic nervous system 12. Regression, projection,
Rationalization
13. Role of Stressor and pressure 14. Compensation, Sublimation
15. Burnout 16. Learned Helplessness,
17. Lazarus research and appraising stress 18. Psychosomatic illness
19. Coping 20. Type A and B personalities
21. Problem Focused and Emotion focused 22. General Adaptation Syndrome,
alarm reaction, resistance,
exhaustion
23. Frustration Aggression Hypothesis 24. Stress and the Immune System
25. Hostility, Aggression, Displaced Aggression 26. Ways to manage stress
27. Which are the best in your opinion?

States of Consciousness
1. Sleep
2. -Sleep deprivation and effects
3. -Brain waves and sleep (alpha, beta, thelta, delta)
4. -Stages of sleep (REM/NREM)
5. -Sleep Disturbances (nightmares/sleep apnea)
6. -Chronic Insomnia (causes/cures)
7. Dreaming
8. -Calvin Hall
9. -Freud’s Psychodynamic Dream Theory (dream symbols)
10. -Hobson + McCarley-
11. Activation Synthesis (paralysis, dreams with no psychological meaning)
12. Drugs
13. -Effects on the brain
14. -Stimulants and depressants (alcohol, cocaine, ecstasy, marijuana, GHB…ect)
15. -Hallucinogens
16. -Barbiturates

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Developmental Psychology
1. Nature/Nurture
3. Genetic Heritage +
Environment= personality
5. Prenatal Development
8. Teratogens
10. New born Reflexes
12. Rooting, Morrow, Sucking,
Grasping
14. Plasticity
16. Pruning
18. Cognitive Development =
20. Paget’s stage theory-maps how
thinking develops
23. Deprivation and enrichment
25. Accommodation, Assimilation
27. Object Permanence,
Egocentrism
29. Schema
31. Vygotsky Theory-Childs mind is
shaped by human relationships
33. Zone of Proximal Development
35. Parenting Styles- Baumrind,
37. Authoritarian, Permissive,
Authoritative
38. Harlow Comfort Contact
39. Attachments Emotional bond
with caregivers
40. Secure, Insecure, Ambivalent
Attachments
2. Imprinting and Konrad Lorenz
4. Language learning= key step in development
6. Effective child discipline=
7. consistent, humane, encouraging, respectful
9. Freud- Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development
11. Anal/Oral/Phallic/Latent/Genital
13. Erik Erikson- Personality Theorist (8 stages)
15. Psycho Social Dilemmas/Stages of Development
17. Autism
19. Child Abuse
21. Adolescence, adulthood transition,
22. puberty, early/late maturation
24. The search for identity
26. Moral Development- Kohlberg
28. Pre-conventional/Conventional/Post-Conventional
30. Gould/Levinson Midlife Crisis
32. Kubler-Ross Death and Dying
34. 5 stages of Grief:
36. Denial/Anger/Bargaining/Depression/Acceptance