ASSAM DOWNTOWN UNIVERSITY

OCTOBER 2020
BPT- VII SEMESTER
ASSIGNMENT
PT IN NEUROLOGICAL CONDITION I

SUBMITTED TO
DR. TRISHNA SAIKIA BARUAH ( PT )

SUBMITTED BY-
SAMIRAN DEKA
ROLL NO. 15
SEC. A
EXAM ROLL NO. 1743007
ENROLLMENT ID. ADTU/2017-21/BPT/015
Gait
Gait is the style, manner, or a pattern of walking.
• The walking pattern or style may differ from individual to individual.
• It depends on the age, sex, mood, of an individual and may be due to some
diseases. The head, neck, upper limb and trunk contributes of 75 percent of
body weight, among this head and upper limb contributes 25 percent of the
total body weight, neck and trunk contributes 50 percent of the body
weight, and lower extremity contributes 25 percent of the body weight.
• This activity requires more coordination, balance, kinesthetic sense, proper
muscle strength.

GAIT CYCLE
It is the activity, which occurs between the points of the initial contact of the
same extremity two times.
Gait cycle consists of two phases.
1. Stance phase:

The activity, which occurs during the foot having the contact with the
ground.

2. Swing phase:

The activity, which occurs during the foot when is not having the contact
with the ground.

In normal walking the stance phase contri ver butes 60 percent of the gait
cycle and the swing phase 40 percent.
Methods of Analyzing Gait

• Kinematics is the method of observing or measuring the position of joints

and segments through each phase of gait (visual gait analysis)

• Kinetics is the method of measuring the Ground Reaction Force at each

joint and then calculating the muscle activity or soft tissue resistance
present to stabilize the joint,Activities occur in swing phase.

RLA method ( Rancho Los Angious )

Activities occur during stance phase

1. Initial contact. Heel of the leading extremity strike the ground

2. Loading response: Starts with the double support and it starts after the
initial contact and continues till to the contralateral extremity clears the
ground,

3. Mid-stance: It begins when the contralateral lower Extremity clears the

ground nnd end when the body Comes straight line to the supporting
limb.

4. Terminal stance: Starts from the end of the mid stance to the initial
contact of the contralateral lower extremity.

5. Pre-swing. It is the period of the contralateral lower extremity initial

contact and the reference extremity clears from the ground
Activities occur during swing phase

1. Initinl swing: It starts from the point of foot clearing from the ground to the
maximum knee flexion of the same extremity
2. Mid-stance: It starts from the maximum knee flexion to the vertical position
of the tibia.
3. Terminal swing: It is the period from the tibia vertical position to the
preparation of the initial contact of the heel.

FIG. Gait Cycle

GAIT TERMINOLOGY

Time and Distance Terms

• Time and distance are two basic parameters of motion, and

measurements of these variables provide a basic description of gait.

• Temporal variables include stance time, single limb and double-

support time, swing time, stride and step time, cadence, and speed.

• The distance variables include stride length, step length and width,
and degree of toe-out.

A. STANCE TIME

is the amount of time that elapses during the stance phase of one
extremity in a gait cycle.

B. DOUBLE LIMB SUPPORT

This is the period at which both the lower extremities having contact with
the ground. The double limb support is possible between heel-
off or toe-off of the one extremity and the heel strike or foot flat of another
extremity. The double limb support takes up about 22 percent of the gait
cycle. In fast walking or running the double support time reduces and in the
slow walking, double support time increases.

C. SINGLE LIMB SUPPORT

It is the period at which single limb contacts the ground. The single limb
support has seen during the reference extremities in the mid-stance phase.
 D. STEP LENGTH

This is the distance between the heel strike of one lower extremity to the
heel strike of another extremity

E. STRIDE LENGTH

This is the distance between the heel strike of one lower extremity to the
heel strike of the same lower extremity once again to the ground.

F. STEP DURATION

It is the time taken for completion of one step.

G. STRIDE DURATION

It is the time taken for completion of heel strike of one extremity to the
heel strike of the same extremity again. The stride duration and the gait
cycle duration are same.

H. CADENCE

It is the number of steps taken per minute Cadence = no. of steps / minute

Determination of Cadence

1. Step length: Larger the step length results in reduction in cadence, and the shorter the
step length vice versa.

2. Normally, in females the cadence is more due to their shorter step length and it is
reverse in male. In normal walking the cadence in female is 116 and in male is 110.

3. Speed of walking: The cadence may differ depends on the speed of walking. In normal
walking the cadence is between 80-120. If it goes more than 180 it is said to be running
and ifit falls below 70 is called slow walking.
I. WIDTH OF BASE OF SUPPORT

In normal walking we don't place our one foot front to another, there will
be some gap between each other while placing on the ground. Linear
distance between the mid-point of the one foot to the other foot is called
as width of base of support, and it is about 2 to 4 inches.

J. DEGREE OF TOE OUT OR FOOT ANGLE

It represents the angle of foot placement. The lines intersecting the center
of heel and the second toe is called as foot angle. In normal walking the
foot angle is 7* it may decrease in fast walking.

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