1.

Definitions of Word/Words
2. Types of Words (Parts of Speech)
3. Definitions of Phrase
4. Types of Phrase
5. Definition of Clause
6. Types of Clause
7. Construction of Clause
8. Definition of Sentence
9. Construction of Sentence
10. Classification of Sentence
a. Definitions:
1. A word is a speech sound or series of speech sounds that
communicates a meaning. (The Merriem - Webster Dictionary)
2. A word is a spoken or written sign of idea; term; oral
expression; message; order; password; promise; brief remark or
observation. (Webster’s Dictionary)
3. It is a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing
used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and
typically shown with a space on either side when written or
printed. (Oxford Dictionary)
b. Types of Words (The Part of Speech)
According to traditional grammar, there are 10, namely:
1. Noun 6. Preposition
2. Pronoun 7. Conjunction
3. Verb 8. Article
4. Adjective 9. Numeral
5. Adverb 10. Interjection
a. Definition:
1. A phrase is a group of related words that does not have a subject
and predicate. A phrase performs the function of a single part of
speech.
(Using Good English, p.218)
2. A phrase is a group of two or more words function as a
meaningful unit within a sentence or clause. A phrase is
commonly characterized as a grammatical unit at a level
between a word and a clause.
(Richard Nordquist, https://www. thoughted.com)
b. Types of Phrase
There are main types of phrase in English:
1. Noun Phrase
2. Verb Phrase
3. Adjective Phrase
4. Adverb Phrase
5. Prepositional Phrase
a. Definitions:
1. A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject
and a predicate.
2. A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a
verb, and it becomes a part of a sentence.
b. Types of Clause
Basically there are two types of clause, namely:
1. Independent Clause (Main clause)
An independent clause is a clause that expresses a complete
thought and can stand alone as a sentence.

2. Dependent Clause (Sub clause)

A dependent cause is a clause that depends on the rest of the
sentence for its meaning.
c. Construction of Clause
1. Independent Clause (Main clause)
S + P + O/Modifier = Simple Sentence
(It can stand alone as a single sentence, and the idea can be understood
clearly).

2. Dependent Clause (Sub clause)

Conjunction/connector + S + P + O
(cannot stand alone as a sentence, and the idea cannot be understood
completely yet).

The dependent clause can function as a noun (noun clause); an adjective

(adjective clause), and an adverb (adverb clause).
a. Definition:
1. A sentence is a word or a group of words conveying a complete
thought and, normally, containing a subject and a predicate.
(taken from “Using Good English”)

2. A sentence expresses a complete thought. It contains a subject

and verb either expressed or understood.
(taken from “Modern English in Action”)
b. Construction of Sentence
By refering to the definitions of sentence, we can draw a basic construction of
a sentence, namely the existing of simple subject and the predicte verb.
The simple subject of a sentence is a word or a group of words that names
whom or what the sentence is about.
Examples:
S P
1) Smith had fought for his country in two wars.
He
S P
2) An epidemic of flu swept across the State.
The predicate verb in a sentence is a word or a group of words
that tells what is said about the simple subject.
1) Subject + Predicate = S + P Basic
Noun/ Verb = N/Pr + V Pattern
Pronoun
2) Subject + Predicate + Object = S + P + O
Noun/ Verb Noun/ = N/Pr + V + N/Pr
Pronoun Pronoun
3) Subject + Predicate + Modifier
Noun/ Verb Noun/ = N/Pr + V + N/Adj/Adv
Pronoun Adjective/
Adverb
c. Rules of Making a Sentence (Sentence structure grammar rules)
1. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence
2. End a sentence with a period (.); question mark (?); exclamation
point (!); or quotation mark (“) punctuations.
3. The subject of the sentence comes first, the predicate verb
comes second, and the objects come after the verb.
4. Modifier can be after predicate or it comes last. It depends on
the meaning of the sentence.
d. Classification of Sentence
A sentence can be classified in two ways:
1. According to Stucture:
a. Simple Sentence
b. Compound Sentence
c. Complex Sentence
d. Compound Complex Sentence

2. According to Functions
a. Declarative Sentence
b. Interrogative Sentence
c. Imperative Sentence
d. Exclamatory Sentence
e. Tenses
When we make sentences, we must apply the tenses. Tenses
denote time of action. They show when the work is done. And
tenses used will lead to the form of the verb in predicate. On the
whole, there are 16 tenses in English.
1. Brewton, John E, et.al. 1962. Using Good English. Illinois: Laidlaw
Brother Publisher
2. Christ, Henry L and Jereme Carlin. 1978. Modern English in Action.
Torronto: D.C. Heath and Company
3. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary: Pocket Book. 1977. New York: Gulf &
Western Corporation
4. https://www.learngrammar.net