Time: 45 min Date: 25-08-2023

Table of Content
India and the Northern Sea Route (NSR) 1
Gene-Edited Mustard 4
Lunar Space Missions 6
Missing Right to Information (RTI) applications 7
India-China Border Dispute in Eastern Ladakh 9
Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs): Background and Achievements 10
NMC hold rules for doctors to prescribe only generic medicines 12
Sodium-ion Battery 13
Facts In News 15
69th National Film Awards 15
Insurance Surety Bonds 15
Next-Generation Photonic Analog to Digital Converters (NG-PADC) Project 16
Mera Bill Mera Adhikaar 17
Mine Developer and Operator Mode 18
SANKALP Programme 18
Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) meeting 19
Khanan Prahari App 20
International Conference on Structural Integrity (ICONS) 21

India and the Northern Sea Route (NSR)

Syllabus: GS2/International Relations
In News
● Murmansk is witnessing the rising trend of Indian involvement in cargo
traffic.
About Murmansk
● It is popularly called the capital of the Arctic region and the beginning
point of the Northern Sea Route (NSR).
 ● It is a city in the north-west of the European part of Russia, the
administrative center of Murmansk Oblast.
● It is the largest city in the world located beyond the Arctic Circle and one of the
largest ports in Russia.
● Murmansk’s ice-free harbour makes it Russia’s only port with unrestricted
access to the Atlantic and world sea routes.

Northern Sea Route (NSR)

● It is the shortest shipping route for freight transportation between Europe
and countries of the Asia-Pacific region, straddles four seas of the Arctic Ocean.
○ Running to 5,600 km, the Route begins at the boundary between the
Barents and the Kara seas (Kara Strait) and ends in the Bering
Strait (Provideniya Bay).
● Distance savings along the NSR can be as high as 50% compared to the
currently used shipping lanes via Suez or Panama.
● The 2021 blockage of the Suez Canal, which forms part of the widely-used
maritime route involving Europe and Asia, has led to greater attention on the
NSR.
India’s Engagement in the Region
● In the first seven months of 2023, India got the lion’s share with 35% of eight
million tonnes of cargo handled by the Murmansk port. India has been showing
greater interest regarding the NSR for a variety of reasons:
○ The growth in cargo traffic along the NSR is on the constant rise and
during 2018-2022, the growth rate was around 73%.
○ The NSR, as a transit route, assumes importance, given India’s
geographical position and the major share of its trade associated
with sea transportation.
○ The Chennai-Vladivostok Maritime Corridor (CVMC) project, an
outcome of signing of the memorandum of intent between the Russa and
India in 2019, is being examined as one linking with another organise
international container transit through the NSR.
○ The 10,500 km-long CVMC, passing through the Sea of Japan, the
South China Sea and Malacca Strait, will bring down transport time
to 12 days, almost a third of what is taken under the existing St.
Petersburg-Mumbai route of 16,000 km.
○ Experts are discussing the possibility of China and Russia gaining
collective influence over the NSR.
Way Ahead
 ● The NSR development plan until 2035, as approved by the Russian government
last year, sets the cargo traffic target as 80 million tonnes and 150 million
tonnes for 2024 and 2030.
● In 2023, a Russian delegation held meetings with the Indian business community
on the NSR development.
○ The delegation had promised to provide the availability of key
components for the year-round operation of the route.
○ Rosatom seeks the participation of Indian companies in projects related to
the NSR.
Source: TH
Gene-Edited Mustard
Syllabus: GS-3/ Science and Technology, Biotechnology
Context
● Indian scientists have developed the first ever low-pungent mustard that is pest
and disease-resistant. It is based on CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.
Need/ Significance of Gene Editing in Mustard
● Pungency: Traditional mustard is strong in glucosinolates, sulfur, and
nitrogen-containing chemicals, which add to the pungency of mustard oil and
meal.
● High Glucosinolate: The high glucosinolate content of mustard oil limits its
attractiveness among consumers who prefer softer smells and scents in food.
○ Reduced glucosinolate levels in the seeds result in mustard oil with a
softer flavor and odor, making it more appealing to customers.
● Quality of feed for Animals: Rapeseed meal is a byproduct of oil production
that is used in livestock and poultry feed. High glucosinolate levels leaves the
meal unappealing for some animals, resulting in decreased feed intake, diseases
and organ abnormalities.
● Pest and Disease Resistance: The created mustard variety has improved
resistance to pests and diseases, resulting in increased agricultural yields and less
reliance on chemical pesticides.
Mustard Cultivation in India
● The most extensively grown oilseed crop in India is mustard, which is
planted on 9 million hectares annually. It is cultivated during the Rabi Season.
● Given that it has a greater average oil content (38%) and is a good "oilseed" crop,
mustard is also a good source of protein and fat for humans and other animals.
● For farmers in states like Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar
Pradesh, among others, mustard is a significant cash crop.
Technique of Gene Editing in Mustard Breeding
● The CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technique is used in mustard plants to
change the Glucosinolate Transporter (GTR) genes.
CRISPR Cas9 Technology
● It is an acronym for "Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short
Palindromic Repeats".
● With the use of the gene editing technique CRISPR, researchers can
modify the DNA of living things.
 ● An enzyme called Cas9 functions as molecular scissors, guided by RNA
molecules created to precisely match a certain DNA sequence.

● Ten of the twelve GTR genes in the high-yielding Indian mustard variety
'Varuna' are altered.
● Using the Cas9 enzyme, particular nucleotide sequences in the DNA are changed,
rendering the encoded proteins inactive.
GE (Genome Editing): Involves precise modification of specific genes within an
organism's genome without introducing foreign genes, resulting in targeted genetic
changes.
GM (Genetically Modified): Involves the insertion of foreign genes from unrelated
organisms into an organism's genome to confer specific traits or characteristics.
Regulatory Bodies
● GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee): It is a regulatory
body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
(MoEFCC).GEAC is responsible for evaluating and approving genetically
modified organisms (GMOs)
● Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB): Ensures safe handling of GMOs
that may impact biodiversity under the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur
● Supplementary Protocol: Establishes liability and redress rules for damage
caused by LMOs (Living Modified Organisms).
● Codex Alimentarius Commission: Develops global food standards, including
GMO guidelines, for consumer health and fair trade.
● WTO SPS Agreement: Regulates food safety and plant health standards in
international trade
Source: IE
Lunar Space Missions
Syllabus: GS3/ Space
In News
● India made history by being the first nation to set foot on the South Pole of the
lunar surface.
About
● A landing in the South Pole is challenging due to the rough terrain, but ice
there could provide fuel, oxygen, and water for upcoming missions.
● Earlier, Luna 25 of ESA suffered a glitch and crashed on the moon’s surface.
● According to ISRO as of July 2023, there are six active lunar orbiters and
currently, the only operating rover is China’s Yutu-2 rover released by Chang’e 4,
which operates on the far side.
Why are nations exploring the Moon?
● To set up bases on the Moon for astronauts to live in.
● The Moon is being used as a stepping stone to places like Mars. It's a great place
to test out deep space technologies.
● It also takes less fuel to launch a spacecraft from the Moon than from Earth to
travel into deep space
● The Moon's southern polar region contains an estimated 600 billion kilograms of
water ice. This could be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen, which could be
used to refuel craft for journeys to Mars and elsewhere.
What other space missions are planned?
● Aditya L1 Mission: It is the first solar mission from India with the capability of
an observatory in space. The probe will be positioned in a halo orbit 1.5 million
kilometres from Earth, at Lagrangian point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system.
● Mission Psyche: It would be launched by NASA to explore an asteroid called
16 Psyche, thought to be the remnant of a planet created in the earliest days of
the solar system.
● JUICE Mission: It is European Space Agency (Esa)’s mission to explore the
Jupter’s moons. It will look for signs of life in the water ice believed to lie under
the surface of three of Jupiter's moons - Ganymede, Callistro and Europa.
 ● Artemis Mission: NASA is preparing to send humans back to the moon with
the Artemis program. The uncrewed Artemis 1 circled the moon in December
2022. Artemis 2 is expected to go around the moon with a crew of four people in
November 2024. Artemis 3 will attempt a landing at the moon's south pole in
2025.
● The other moon missions include China’s lunar communication and
navigation satellite constellation and Japan’s Smart Lander for
Investigating Moon (SLIM) which is an Orbiter/lander mission.

Source: TH
Missing Right to Information (RTI) applications
Syllabus: GS2/Governance
Context:
● The public records obtained by Right to Information (RTI) applicants over years
had disappeared from the RTIOnline website from many users’ accounts. It
has processed 58.3 lakh applications since 2013.
○ Portal said the public records disappeared because of maintenance
activity.
About:
● The Data prior to 2022 is moved to the archive database for better performance
and manageability.
 ● RTIOnline portal promised missing RTI applications will be restored, and
Archival Data (before 2022) will be available soon and be plugged into present
provided reports.
○ This is the third time in recent months that the RTIOnline portal has gone
into ‘maintenance’ mode without offering any new features or showing
improvements in performance.
● Appeal Data prior to 2022 will be available on the portal by 26th August 2023.
About RTIOnline portal:
The Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) administers and
disseminates training and standards for government officials who handle
RTI applications.
● According to the National Informatics Centre (NIC), it requires very little internet
bandwidth to serve users, and maximum data load on RTIOnline was 8Mbps.
● Heavy usage of the portal till 2022: The RTIOnline portal allows citizens to
pay ₹10 through many digital payment options to file an RTI application, a
facility that is far more convenient than the other typical method of mailing an
application through post with a postal cheque.
Government response:
● The Union Government removed the facility of creating an account on the
RTIOnline portal, with the DoPT citing a ‘heavy load’ on the website.
● Existing account holders must file at least one application in a six-month period
if they wish to retain their accounts.
● Public dissatisfaction: RTI appeals were at an all-time high at Union
Government bodies, with 1.62 lakh applications being appealed, which indicates a
very high degree of dissatisfaction with the performance of these public
authorities of their obligations under the RTI Act.
The Right to Information Act, 2005
● It was promulgated to promote transparency and accountability in the
working of every public authority.
● Under the RTI Act, 2005, Public Authorities are required to make disclosures
on various aspects of their structure and functioning, including:
○ disclosure on their organisation, functions, and structure,
○ powers and duties of its officers and employees, and
○ financial information.
● If such information is not made available, citizens have the right to request it
from the Authorities.
○ This may include information in the form of documents, files, or
electronic records under the control of the Public Authority.
● The intent behind the enactment of the Act is to promote transparency and
accountability in the working of Public Authorities.
Changing the law
● The recent amendment of the RTI Act, 2005 prohibits all disclosure of
personal information.
○ Earlier, personal information could be disclosed in public interest.
● In 2019, the RTI Act was amended to give the government more powers
over appointments to the Central Information Commission (CIC), the
 body which hears appeals for RTI applications filed with the Union
Government and issues decisions.
TH

India-China Border Dispute in Eastern Ladakh

Syllabus: GS2/India and its Neighbourhood Relations
In News
● Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping
agreed to intensify efforts for expeditious disengagement and de-escalation along
the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in eastern Ladakh.
About
● Since 2020, Corps Commanders of India and China have been discussing
resolution of the flashpoints along the LAC, including those which emerged after
the standoff began.
● The talks led to some forward movement with both sides deciding to pull back
troops – and dismantle temporary structures – from the Galwan Valley, the
north and south banks of Pangong Tso and Patrolling Points in the
Gogra and Hot Springs area.
● The last such movement was in September 2023 when both armies disengaged
from PP-15 in the Gogra-Hot Springs area after multiple rounds of talks.
● Disengagement in most of these areas led to the creation of buffer zones – this
stops troops of both sides from accessing areas which they patrolled earlier.
Major friction points along the India-China border
● Depsang Plains: This area is located in the northernmost part of Ladakh and
has seen incursions by Chinese troops in the past.
● Demchok: This area is located in eastern Ladakh and has seen disputes over the
boundary between India and China.
● Pangong Lake: This area has been a major flashpoint between the two countries, with
Chinese troops attempting to change the status quo on the Line of Actual Control (LAC)
in the region.
● Gogra and Hot Springs: These two areas are located in eastern Ladakh and have seen
standoffs between Indian and Chinese troops in recent years.
● Arunachal Pradesh: The Arunachal Pradesh state is claimed by China as part of its
territory and has been a major point of contention between the two countries.
Current Status
● Following the 19th round of talks this month, Major General-level talks were held
to decide the finer details of resolving the existing issues, including the legacy
issues along the LAC, as well as gaining access to all pre-2020 patrolling points
along the LAC.
● The commanders discussed several issues such as mutually ensuring that no new
posts are constructed in close proximity to the LAC, and identifying specific limits
of patrolling.
Way ahead
● India-China border dispute requires sustained efforts from both sides to address
the challenges and build mutual trust and understanding.
● There is a need to continue discussions through military and diplomatic channels
and to actively implement the important consensus reached by the leaders of the
two countries to further stabilize the border situation.
Source: IE
Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs): Background and
Achievements
Syllabus: GS2/Structure and Functioning of Judiciary
News
● Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) have disposed of 1.74 lakhs cases of Rape &
POCSO Act as on 30.06.2023, providing speedy justice to the victims.
About the Fast Track Special Courts(FTSCs)
● It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Department of Justice, Ministry
of Law & Justice to fast track priority cases.
● Since October 2019, 1023 Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) including 389
exclusive POCSO Courts for sexual offences. Each court comprises 1 Judicial
Officer and 7 Staff Members.
● The Scheme was initially approved for a period of one year (2019-20 and
2020-21), but later Cabinet further approved the continuation of the Scheme for
two years (up to March, 2023).
 ● As of June 2023, 763 FTSCs including 412 exclusive POCSO Courts are functional
in 29 States / UTs which have disposed of more than 1,74,000 pending cases.
Significance of FTSCs
● Special courts are empowered to look at only a specific category of cases and are
widely-regarded as a solution to problems of Indian judiciary.
○ First, Indian courts suffer delays and backlogs. Lawmakers often
invoke these courts to speed up the disposal of the cases and help reduce
the overall pendency of cases.
○ Second, regular courts lack the infrastructure required under
certain laws, such as vulnerable witness courtrooms under the
POCSO Act, which allow these courts to be established with special
arrangements (Smruti Tukaram Badade v. State of Maharashtra &
Anr., 2022).
● Recently, politicians, lawmakers, and even civil society have routinely invoked
special courts as a solution to the judiciary’s woes. For instance, in the aftermath
of several high-profile cases of sexual assault, various leaders have called for the
establishment of such courts to allow speedier justice.
● Moreover, it has become commonplace for the legislature and executive to
contemplate setting up special courts under the diverse new
legislation– from social legislation to insolvency laws.
Issues with FTSCs
● Inconsistencies in establishing FTSCs: According to a study on special
courts in legislation between 1950 and 2015, laws “interchangeably use the terms
‘set up’ or ‘designate’” with special courts, even though these terms carry
completely different connotations.
○ Setting up a court implies creating a court with new infrastructure and
personnel.
○ Designating a court means allocating additional case categories to a
judge still responsible for their regular workload .
● Lack of performance: As of 2022, pendency in fast-track courts rose above 10
lakh cases, including 2.26 lakh pending POCSO cases.
○ 69% of cases disposed of by POCSO courts in 2019 took between 1-10
years.
○ According to 2018 data from the National Crime Records Bureau, 78% of
trials in fast-track courts took over a year, 42% took more than three, and
17% took more than five.
● Overburdened judges are assigned other categories of cases to dispose of
alongside their existing workload without additional infrastructure or
support staff. Here, the disposal rate of all cases would slow down.
● Moreover, speedier case disposal cannot be expected without relaxing
procedural requirements or making special courts more streamlined.
● Judicial ad-hocism and inconsistency: The Supreme Court in 2017 ordered
the government to establish special courts for “expeditious trial of criminal cases
involving MP/MLAs” (Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay v. Union of India &
Anr., 2021).
 ○ A year later, the Supreme Court changed its directions for Kerala and
Bihar and directed their High Courts to assign MP/MLA cases amongst
existing courts without creating additional courts.
● A Madras High Court Committee report argued that the Supreme Court’s
directions were not legally permissible. Special courts can only be
offence-centric and not offender-centric. Hence, MP/MLA special courts
can not override the jurisdiction of other existing special courts.
● The ad-hoc nature of executive decisions to establish special courts means that
some categories of offences are arbitrarily prioritised over others for
speedier disposal.
○ Where discretion is provided to the executive to establish special courts,
its decisions are rarely based on quantitative or qualitative
evidence.
Way Ahead
● Speedy trial is a fundamental right implicit in the guarantee of life and
personal liberty enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution and FTSCs
helps in fulfilling it.
● In pursuance of this mandate, FTSCs need to be empowered with additional
expenditure on setting up of new infrastructure and recruiting additional
human resource.
Source: PIB
NMC hold rules for doctors to prescribe only generic
medicines
Syllabus: GS2/ Health
Context
● Recently, the NMC Registered Medical Practitioner (Professional Conduct)
regulations, 2023 were suspended, making it mandatory for doctors to only
prescribe generic drugs.
More on the News
● The Indian Medical Association (IMA) claimed that if doctors were forbidden
from prescribing branded generics, drug quality may become a problem.
○ Eventually affects the safety and treatment of patients.
What are Generic Drugs?
● A generic drug is a medication created to be the same as an already marketed
brand-name drug in dosage form, safety, strength, route of administration,
quality, performance characteristics, and intended use.
● These are approved and regulated by Central Drugs Standard Control
Organization (CDSCO) after going through a thorough examination
procedure.
Advantages of Generic Drugs
● Cost Effective: Generic medications are typically less expensive than branded
drugs. This cost savings increases access to healthcare and can lower drug costs.
○ Generic drugs being 30 % to 80 % cheaper than branded drugs.
● Equivalent efficacy: Generic medications are bioequivalent to branded drugs,
which means they share the same active components, dosage forms, strengths,
and routes of administration.
 ● Improved Access: It is because generic medications are more affordable,
enabling a wider population to access medication. Patients are better able to
afford it when prices are lower, especially for chronic diseases that require
long-term medication.
○ Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP)
stores have been set up to provide generic drugs.
Concerns in Generic Drugs
● First, because generics have low profit margins, medical stores typically do not
stock them.
● Second, the duty of substitution is transferred to pharmacists if the generic
version is not readily available. By doing this, only brands with healthy profit
margins would be promoted.
● Third, not all generic medications are of the same quality.
Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)
● It is the Central Drug Authority and is responsible for carrying out duties
entrusted by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act,1940.
● It is governed by the National Regulatory Authority (NRA) of India,
which reports to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
● Responsibilities:
○ Adoption of drugs.
○ clinical trials, please.
○ establishing the criteria for drugs.
○ control over the country's imported drugs' quality.
○ Coordination of state drug control organizations' efforts.
● Additionally, CDSCO and state regulators are jointly in charge of granting
licenses to specific categories of vital drugs like vaccines and sera, among
others.
● The Indian government has stated that it intends to have CDSCO examine all
medical devices, including implants and contraceptives.
Other Drug Regulatory Bodies in India
● Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI): It is in charge of approving
licenses for specific kinds of medications. He or she also serves as the head of
the CDSCO department of the Indian government.
● Drug Price Control Order (DPCO): To keep certain necessary medications
in India accessible for the general people, the DPCO controls their prices.
● State level Drug Regulatory Bodies: State Drug Regulatory Authorities
(SDRAs), which are statutory organizations established under the 1940 Drugs
and Cosmetics Act, are present at the state level. They are regulated by the
state's individual health departments.
● Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940: This act regulates domestic drug use.
Source: TH
Sodium-ion Battery
Syllabus:GS3/Science and Technologies
News
 ● AR4 Tech, a start-up in Coimbatore, has partnered Sodion Energy of Singapore to
make sodium ion battery packs for domestic and export markets.
Background
● Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) were originally developed in the early 1980s, but
large-scale development of the technology was abandoned in favor of lithium-ion
batteries (LIBs).
● Nowadays NIBs are considered to be one of the most appealing alternative
rechargeable batteries to LIBs.
About
● Sodium-ion batteries generate electricity through a chemical reaction and are
made up of an anode, cathode, separator and an electrolyte.
● In a sodium-ion battery, lithium ions are replaced with sodium ions in the
battery’s cathode, and lithium salts swapped for sodium salts in the electrolyte.
● Operating Principle:During charging, sodium ions move from the cathode to
the anode while electrons travel through the external circuit. During discharge,
the reverse process occurs.
Advantages of Sodium-ion batteries
● Lower cost:The materials used in sodium-ion batteries tend to be cheaper than
those in lithium-ion batteries.It doesn’t use the expensive raw materials like
cobalt, copper, lithium and graphite.Including potentially lower cost due to the
abundance of sodium, which could make them more affordable than lithium-ion
batteries.
● Safe for transportation:Sodium-ion batteries are safer since they can be
completely discharged for transportation.
● Easier integration into existing technologies as they have a similar
electrochemical behavior to lithium-ion batteries.
● Useful for large-scale energy storage applications, such as renewable
energy systems, due to their potential scalability and compatibility with grid-level
storage needs.
Disadvantages of Sodium ion batteries
● Lower energy density: They store less energy per unit of weight or volume.
● Shorter cycle life and less mature technology, resulting in challenges
related to safety, efficiency, and overall performance.
● Larger size:Sodium is three times heavier than Lithium,which is the reason
behind the bulkiness of the sodium ion batteries.
Applications of Sodium-Ion Batteries
● Automobiles and Transportation:To reduce the carbon emission
cost-effective battery is a necessity in electric vehicle (EV) innovation. As EV sales
are expected to grow in the coming years, sodium-ion technology is the
undeniable choice for electric vehicles, including electric bikes and electric cars.
● Grid-level Applications:Smart grids rely on reliable power. The intermittent
power supply can impede grid functioning. Sodium Ion batteries can help
optimize solar energy and wind energy to effectively meet unique grid energy
storage requirements.
● Industrial Mobility:Sodium-ion batteries can maximize asset utilization and
minimize operating costs with a constant state of readiness and powerful peak
power.
 ● Power Backup:Data and telecom sectors rely heavily on battery-powered
infrastructure and operations to drive the global economy. Sodium-ion batteries
can provide on-demand power to ensure a safe and seamless power supply.
Concluding Remark
● Sodium ion batteries are way more advantageous than the lithium ion batteries
due to their low cost and stability.
● However, it is important to note that sodium-ion battery technology is still under
development, and challenges like energy density and life cycle need to be
addressed for widespread adoption.
Source:TH

Facts In News
69th National Film Awards
Syllabus: GS1/ Miscellaneous
News
● The 69th National Film Awards has been announced for the year 2021.
Overview
● National Film Awards are the most prestigious awards, which are announced
annually to honor the best filmmaking talent across the country. It aims at
encouraging the production of films of aesthetic and technical excellence and
social relevance.
● The awards are given in three sections – Features, Non-Features and Best
Writing on Cinema.
● The winners of the awards are decided by the Jury comprising persons
distinguished in the field of cinema, other allied arts and humanities.
History
● The awards were first presented in 1954 and were known as the ‘State Awards’.
At the time,only best films in different regional languages were recognised and
awarded.
● Separate awards for artists and technicians were instituted in 1968 for the
films of 1967.Nargis Dutt and Uttam Kumar being the first actress and actor
to get the Best Actress and Best Actor ( Awards respectively.
Key Recipient of 2023 Awards
● Best Feature Film: Rocketry
● Best Hindi Film: Sardar Udham
● Best Non-feature film: Ek Tha Gaon
● Best Actor:Allu Arjun , Pushpa
● Best Actress:Alia Bhatt, Gangubai Kathiawadi and Kriti Sanon,Mimi
Source:PIB
Insurance Surety Bonds
Syllabus: GS3/ Infrastructure
In News
● The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is advocating for the
adoption of surety bond insurance products for highway projects.
About
 ● Insurance surety bonds are instruments where insurance companies act as
‘surety’ and provide the financial guarantee that the contractor will fulfil
its obligation as per the agreed terms.
● The Surety Bonds were introduced with the expectation that construction
companies could utilize the liquidity to complete highway projects on
schedule.
Need & Significance
● Surety bonds act as a viable option to bank guarantees (BGs) and offer
longer maturity terms than the traditional banking products. Surety bonds are
one of the most cost-effective ways to finance contract security options.
● As India aspires to become a US$ 5 trillion economy, instruments like
insurance surety bonds will boost availability of liquidity and capacity of bidders
and concessionaires.
● It will help to strengthen national highway infrastructure development,
which has a cascading positive impact on the Indian economy.
● India is projected to become the world's third-largest construction market. The
infrastructure sector alone may need an estimated Rs 2.70 lakh crore of BGs in
2023, anticipated to grow by 6 to 8 per cent on a year-on-year basis.
● Replacing BGs with surety bonds could offer capital relief of up to Rs 50,000
crore to Indian contractors.
National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)
● NHAI was constituted by an Act of Parliament in 1988 under the
administrative control of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.
● The Authority consists of a full time Chairman, and not more than five full
time Members and four part time Members who are appointed by the
Central Government.
Source: BS
Next-Generation Photonic Analog to Digital Converters
(NG-PADC) Project
Syllabus: GS-3/Science and Technology
Context
● Recently, a new prototype in the Next-Generation Photonic
Analog-to-Digital Converters (NG-PADC) project was introduced .
About
● It carries out instant transport of Radio Frequency (RF) through optical
methods to improve digital and satellite communication.
● It is developed by IIT Madras in collaboration with the IMPRINT
programme of Science, Engineering, Research Board (SERB).
Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs):
● A converter that is used to change the analog signal to digital is known as an
analog to digital converter or ADC converter.
● This converter is one kind of integrated circuit that converts the signal directly
from continuous form to discrete form.
● These converters are critical components for developing the next generation of
advanced digital receivers.
 ● The digital signal is represented with a binary code, which is a combination of
bits 0 and 1.
● The bandwidth of ADC is 12 times higher than Electronic Analog-to-digital
converters (EADC).
IMPacting Research, INnovation and Technology (IMPRINT) Program
● It is a joint initiative of the Ministry of Human resource
Development (MHRD) and the Department of Science & Technology
(DST) (steered by Science and Engineering Research Board, SERB).
○ As per the National Education Policy (NEP), 2023, the Science
and Engineering Research Board (SERB), created by an act of
Parliament in 2008, will stand repealed and subsumed into the
National Research Foundation (NRF).
○ Board was vested with the function of research and development in
science and engineering.
● It is a unique technology development initiative for translation of research
knowledge into viable technology.
Source: PIB
Mera Bill Mera Adhikaar
Syllabus: GS2/Governance
In News
● The Government of India, in association with State Governments, is launching an
‘Invoice incentive Scheme’ by the name ‘Mera Bill Mera Adhikaar’.
About
● Objective: To encourage the culture of customers asking for
invoices/bills for all purchases.
● Aim: To bring a cultural and behavioural change in the general public to ‘Ask
for a Bill’ as their right and entitlement.
● The details of the Scheme are as under:
○ The Scheme will be launched on 1st September, 2023.
○ This scheme will initially be launched as a pilot in the States of Assam,
Gujarat & Haryana and UTs of Puducherry, Dadra Nagar Haveli
and Daman & Diu.
○ All B2C invoices issued by GST registered suppliers to consumers will be
eligible for the scheme. All residents of India will be eligible to
participate in this Scheme irrespective of their State/UT.
○ Invoices can be uploaded on Mobile Application ‘Mera Bill Mera
Adhikaar’ available on IOS and Android as well as on web portal
‘web.merabill.gst.gov.in’.
 ○ Minimum value for invoices to be considered for a lucky draw has been
kept at Rs. 200.
○ Maximum 25 invoices can be uploaded by an individual on App/web
portal in a month to be considered for lucky draw.
○ For each uploaded invoice an Acknowledgement Reference Number (ARN)
will be generated which will be used for the draw of prizes.
○ Winning invoices will be picked by a method of random draw at
regular intervals (monthly/quarterly).
○ This Pilot Scheme will run for a period of 12 months.
Source: PIB
Mine Developer and Operator Mode
Syllabus: GS3/Economy
In News
● SECL’s Pelma mine will become the first opencast mine in Chhattisgarh
under MDO (Mine Developer and Operator) mode.
About
● South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL) has signed an agreement with Pelma
Collieries to operate the Pelma opencast mine located in the Raigarh area.
● Pelma Collieries will operate the mine for the next 20 years, under which
Pelma Collieries will be responsible for all activities related to designing,
financing, procurement, construction, operation and maintenance of the project.
○ High quality G-12 grade coal will be extracted from the mine.
○ Ketki UG of Bishrampur area has achieved the distinction of
becoming the first coal mine in India to produce coal on MDO
mode.
● SECL Raigarh area is a strategically important coalfield in terms of coal
reserve, it is the third largest coalfield in the country with an estimated coal
reserve of about 1900 million tonnes.
○ Rail corridor is also being developed in this area by SECL for speedy
evacuation of coal.
About MDO Mode
● MDO mode is a novel concept of mine operation under which Government and
private enterprises will work together to fulfil the country's energy needs.
● This will help in expansion of coal production of SECL and will play an
important role in achieving the 1 billion tonne production target of Coal
India.
Source: PIB
SANKALP Programme
Syllabus :GS 3/Growth ,Development and Employment
In News
● The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), in
collaboration with Generation India Foundation (GIF) and Amazon Web Services
India Private Limited (AWS India) is providing ‘cloud’ skills training to 1,500
learners and connecting them to employment opportunities, under project
AMBER (co-funded by MSDE under the SANKALP programme).
Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion
(“SANKALP”)
● SANKALP is a Centrally sponsored scheme of the Ministry of Skill Development
and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) with loan assistance from the World Bank.
○ SANKALP was launched on 19th January 2018 .
● It aims to improve short term skill training qualitatively and quantitatively
through strengthening institutions, bring in better market connectivity and
inclusion of marginalised sections of the society.
● The outcomes in the project are measured through the Results Framework, and
Disbursement Linked Indicators (DLIs) agreed between MSDE and World Bank.

PROJECT AMBER (Accelerated Mission for Better Employment and

Retention)
● It is a joint initiative of the National Skill Development Corporation
(NSDC) and Generation India Foundation (GIF) under the aegis of the
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).
● This project is co-funded by MSDE (under the SANKALP programme) and
private philanthropy and aims to train 30,000 youth, 50% of whom will be
women trainees.
○ The training will be conducted in post-COVID resilient job roles, over a
period of two years.
Source:PIB
Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) meeting
Syllabus :GS 3/Defence
In News
● A Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) meeting held under the chairmanship
of the Defence Minister of India .
The Defence Acquisition Council
● It is the highest decision-making body in the defence ministry for deciding on
new policies and capital acquisitions for the three services( (Army, Navy and Air
Force) and the Indian Coast Guard.
Key outcomes of recent meet
● DAC accorded Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for capital acquisition proposals
worth approximately Rs 7,800 crore .
● The DAC has granted AoN for procurement and installation of Electronic Warfare
(EW) Suite on Mi-17 V5 Helicopters under Buy (Indian-IDDM) category which
 will enhance better survivability of Helicopters to enhance the efficiency
of the Indian Air Force.
○ The EW Suite will be procured from Bharat Electronics Limited
(BEL).
● The DAC has also accorded AoN for procurement of Ground-Based
Autonomous System for mechanised infantry and armoured regiments which
will enable various operations like unmanned surveillance, logistic delivery of
ammunition, fuel & spares and casualty evacuation in the battle field.
● Proposals for procurement of 7.62x51 mm Light Machine Gun (LMG) and
Bridge Laying Tank (BLT) have also been given go ahead.
● While induction of LMG will enhance fighting capabilities of infantry forces, the
induction of BLT will result in faster movement of Mechanised Forces.
● The AoN for procurement of Ruggedised Laptops and Tablets for the Indian
Army under Project Shakti has also been accorded.
○ All these procurements will be sourced from Indigenous vendors only.
Source:PIB

Khanan Prahari App

Syllabus:GS2/Governance
News
● The Khanan Prahari mobile app has received a significant response, with a total
of 483 complaints registered.
About
● The mobile app Khanan Prahari, allows citizens to report incidents of illegal coal
mining through geo-tagged photographs and textual information.It is a step
taken by the Ministry of Coal
● A corresponding web portal called the Coal Mine Surveillance &
Management System (CMSMS) has been developed to detect the location of
sites for unauthorized mining.
Key features of the app
● Reporting Incidents: Users can easily report incidents of illegal mining by
taking photographs and providing comments on the incident. The app allows for
the geotagging of photographs by enabling the GPS location feature.
● Confidentiality:The user's identity is kept confidential, ensuring privacy and
security.
● Complaint Tracking: Complainants receive a complaint number, which they
can use to easily track the status of their reported complaints on the Khanan
Prahari mobile app.
Concerns of illegal coal mining
● Environmental damage, loss of biodiversity, displacement of local communities,
unsafe working conditions.
● Loss of government revenue,affecting the country's economy.
● It can also lead to social conflict, funding of criminal activities, and violation of
human rights.
Source:PIB
 International Conference on Structural Integrity (ICONS)
Syllabus: GS3/Science and Technology
Context
● The Third International Conference on Structural Integrity (ICONS
2023) was inaugurated at Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu.
About
● The ICONS 2023, experts from diverse fields deliver technical talks and
discuss the recent trends and future directions in structural integrity,
which covers:
1. Fatigue life and fracture assessment of steel and concrete structural
components,
2. Design, manufacturing and quality assurance of large size components.
Do you know?
● Mamallapuram is an UNESCO world heritage site and is famous for
traditional art & culture.
● The town is known for various historic monuments, particularly, monolithic
rock carvings, built largely between 700 and 900 AD.
Major highlights of the conference
● The multidisciplinary community in the ICONS shared their experience for
setting up critical structures – design, manufacturing and construction.
● It includes ways to curb global warming and structural degradation due to
absorption of CO2 because of degradation of structures of power plants,
petrochemical industries and iconic structures.
● To develop Indian standards and codes for structural integrity assessment
and for various structural applications.
● Integrating quality assurance and structural integrity into the design
and fabrication process.
● New experiments in material science, like Mechanical behaviour of
materials, experimental, computational and analytical methods in fatigue and
fracture assessment, failure analysis. For example: Elastomeric materials.
PIB