LESSON 2: INVESTIGATION ● It is the process of inquiring, eliciting,

soliciting, and getting vital

information/facts/circumstances in order
Crime
to establish the truth

● Crime is an offense against public law ● It is the collection of facts in order to

● Any act that is contrary to a legal code
or laws
● Categories of Crime
➢ Felonies - violation of the RPC
accomplish the three-fold-aims to
identity the guilty party; locate the
guilty party; and to provide evidence of
his (suspect) guilt.

➢ Offenses - violation of the SPL Police Investigator, Police Detective & Case
Managers
➢ Misdemeanors - violation of
City or Municipal Ordinances 1. Police Investigator
➢ Direct and supervise the
note: all felonies are crimes but not all crimes Investigation of crimes
are felonies because they could also be a form of and other offenses in
offense or misdemeanors. violation of the laws of
the Philippines.

Elements of Crime
➢ Must be a graduate of
the Criminal
MOM Investigation Course
1. Motive - or desire is the reason why (CIC) for PNCO
there is a crime
➢ Investigation Officer
2. Opportunity - chance Basic Course for PCO

3. Means - instrumentality or capability or 2. Police Detective

ability of an individual - tools ➢ Certified as police
investigator but was
note: no crime will happen if one of the elements able to complete 18
of the crime is missing. units of Master’s degree
and completed the
Criminal Investigation Police Detective Course
(PDC)

● PNP defined it as an inquiry, judicial or 3. Case Manager

otherwise, for the discovery and ➢ Refers to a PCO who
collection of facts concerning the matter was previously certified
or matters involved. as Police Investigator
(PCO Category) but
 was able to complete a
Master's Degree, and
completed the
Investigation Officers
Investigative tasks & Investigative Thinking
Management Course
(IOMAC)
Characteristics of Competent Criminal
Investigator
1. Perseverance - steadfastness, persistence
in spite of obstacles
2. Endurance - lasts physically and
mentally, enduring sleepless nights and
tiresome days
3. Incorruptible Honesty and Integrity -
several temptations over money, drinks,
and women
4. Intelligence and Wisdom of Solomon -
can easily decipher falsehood from the
truth
5. Acting Activity - stopping down to the
level of a minor, the prostitute, or the
slum dwellers
6. Oral and Written Examination - in order
to not suffer setbacks in getting the
accurate facts, use appropriate words
7. Observation and Description -
8. Courage - tell the truth irrespective of
who gets hurt
9. Knowledge on Laws - knows the law
10. The power to “read between the lines” -
the deeper meaning behind a certain
statement
11. Technical Knowledge - defense tactics,
use of firearms, and the like
and Inductive Reasoning
● Investigative Tasks
➢ Indenitfying
➢ Physical Evidence
➢ Gathering Information
➢ Evidence Collection
➢ Evidence Protection
➢ Witness interviewing and
suspect interviewing and
interrogation
● Investigative Thinking
➢ Aimed at analyzing evidence
and information, considering
alternate possibilities
● Inductive Reasoning
➢ Sometimes called inductive
➢ From our current evidence or
information to a conclusion
about what we don’t know
Types of Reasoning:
1. Deductive
- states general ideas and verifiers
to reach conclusion
- Top down approach to
problem-solving
- ex: creating a social media
marketing plan for Gen z
Segment
- general idea: performance
results from the social media
campaign will determine if
social media is the best way to
reach the Gen z
2. Inductive
- Collects observations to reach
general conclusions
- Bottoms up approach to
problem-solving
- ex: using employee survey
results to create a new employee
wellness program
- observations: feedback and
results from employee survey
will inform what wellness
program to create
Kinds of Criminal Investigation in General
1. While the suspect is under arrest or
detention
2. Investigation while the suspect is “at
large” - not wanted before the eyes of
the law, therefore: cannot be lawfully
arrested without a warrant.
Phases of Criminal Investigation
1. Identify a Suspect/s through:
a. confession
b. eyewitness testimony
c. circumstantial evidence
d. associative evidence - used to provide
links between evidence and individuals
involved in a crime. (fingerprints or
DNA)
1, Tactical Investigative Response
Goals of Criminal Investigation
1. To determine whether the crimes have
been committed
2. To legally obtain information or
evidence
3. To identify the person/s involved
4. To arrest suspects
5. To recover stolen properties
6. To present the best possible case to the
prosecutor
Modes of Investigation
● Reactive Mode
- addresses crime that already
happened or occurred
● Proactive Mode
- Identifies and arrests suspects
before the crime will happens
- In Flagrante delicto cases
Big Investigative Errors
● Failing to identify ad collect all the
available evidence and information
● Failing to effectively analyze the
evidence and information collected to
identify suspects and form reasonable
grounds to take action
● Becoming to quickly focused on one
suspect or one theory of events and
ignoring evidence of other viable
suspects or theories that should be
considered
Responses
- Officers who are engaged in the
frontline response to criminal cases
- They must rely on the information of a
dispatched complain, coupled with their
own observations made once theta drive
at scene
2. Strategic Investigative Response ➔ Patterns, leads, tips
- Exists once the investigator has arrived
at the scene of an event and has brought note: if the theory is wrong, it may lead them in
the event under control by either the wrong direction.
determining that the suspect has fled and
no longer poses a threat to the life or
GOLDEN RULE in Criminal Investigation
safety of persons

➢ Never touch, alter, move, or transfer any

Cardinal Points in Criminal Investigation: The object at the crime scene unless it is
5WS and 1H
properly marked, documented,
measured, sketched, and/or
● Who? photographed.
● What?
● Where? ➢ PURPOSE: to avoid the MUTILATION,
● When? - specified as accurately as ALTERATION, and
possible CONTAMINATION (MAC) of the
● Why? physical evidence.
● How? - how the crime was committed

Methods of Recording the Investigation

Patterns, Leads, Tips, Theories
1. Photograph
● Patters
➔ Modus Operandi 2. Sketch
➔ Type of weapon being
used 3. Written notes (what you saw or
➔ Type of victim observed)
➔ Location
4. Developing and lifting found at the
● Leads crime scene
➔ Clues or pieces of
information 5. Gathering physical evidence
➔ Anything that can assist
the investigator in 6. Plaster Cast
resolving the
investigation 7. A tape recording of sounds

● Tips 8. Video tape recording of objects

➔ From the citizens
9. Written statements of subject/s and
● Theories witnesses
➔ Pertains to beliefs
regarding he based on
the evidence
 Why should crimes be investigated? Interview and Interrogation

● Future deterrence of Offenders ● Interview

➔ skillful questioning of
● The identification and punishment of a witnesses
criminal offender will hopefully deter
him from other misconduct in the future ➔ The simple questioning
of a person who has no
● Deterrence to others personal reason to
withhold information
● Community safety and is therefore
expected to cooperate
● Protection of the innocent with the investigation

● Field Inquiry
Tools of an Investigator in gathering facts
➔ is the general
questioning of all
● Information persons at the crime
➔ data gathered by scene conducted by the
investigators from other investigator
persons including the
victim himself and from ● Interrogation
the 3 kinds of ➔ the process of obtaining
information/sources. admission or confession
namely from those suspect who
has committed a crime
1. Regular Sources
➢ Public records ➔ it is confrontational in
➢ Private records nature
➢ Modus Operandi File
➔ questioning of a suspect
2. Cultivated Sources or person who is
➢ These are information normally expected to be
furnished by informants reluctant in divulging
and informers information

3. Grapevine Sources ● Instrumentation

➢ Information coming ➔ scientific examination
from the underworld of real evidence,
characters such as application of
prisoners or ex-convicts instrument and methods
of the physical sciences
in detecting crime.
 victim and from the perpetrator and their
Phases of Criminal Investigation
environment. Appreciation of forensic
science is vital
Phase #1: Identify the Suspect/s through

- Confession: this is an expressed

acknowledgment by the accused in
criminal cases of the truth of his guilt as
to the crime charged or of some of the
essential part thereof

- Eyewitness Testimony: made by several

objective persons who are familiar with
the appearance of the suspect who
personally witnessed the crime scene

- Circumstantial Evidence: evidence of

circumstances which are strong enough
to cast suspicion upon the defendant and
which are sufficiently strong to
overcome the presumption of innocence,
and to exclude every hypothesis except
that of the guilt of the defendant.

- Associate Evidence: links a suspect with

a crime

Phase #2: Locate and Apprehend Suspect/s

through

- the crime perpetrator may not operate

near his residence hence his flight from
the scene is merely a return home unless
he is recognized during the commission
of the offense.

Phase #3: Gather and Provide Evidence to

Establish the Guilt of the Accused

- the investigator must be capable of

locating pertinent evidence

- in criminal cases, physical evidence can

be found at the crime scene, with the