Mohammad Ishaq Maths 2020 Icp Peshwar

NANOFLUID FLOW OF
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS UNDER THE

INFLUENCE OF SELECTED
PHENOMENA
A thesis presented to Islamia College Peshawar, in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree of
Ph.D in Mathematics
By
MOHAMMAD ISHAQ
Registration No. 2011/ICP/MS.Maths-140
Supervised by
Professor Dr. Gohar Ali

Department of Mathematics,
Islamia College Peshawar
2020
ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
The undersigned hereby certify that they read and recommend to the faculty of
Graduate Studies for acceptance a thesis entitled “Nanofluid flow of non-Newtonian
Fluids under the Influence of selected Phenomena.” by Mohammad Ishaq
Registration No. 2011/ICP/MS.Maths-140 is partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Ph.D in Mathematics.
Dated: 2020
Research Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Gohar Ali
Co-Supervisor
Dr. Hamid Khan
Dean Faculty of Sciences

Prof. Dr. Syed Inayat Ali Shah
ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR
Author: Mohammad Ishaq Registration No. 2011/ICP/MS.Maths-140

Title: Nanofluid flow of non-Newtonian Fluids under the Influence of
selected Phenomena.
Department: Mathematics
Degree: Ph.D in Mathematics Dated: 2020
Permission is here-with granted to Islamia College Peshawar to circulate and

to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon
the request of individuals or institution.
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THE AUTHOR RESERVES OTHER PUBLICATION RIGHTS, AND NEITHER THE

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IN SCHOLARLY WRITING) AND THAT ALL SUCH USE IS CLEARLY
ACKNOWLEDGED.
Dedicated to
To my all family members

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I bestow praise, acclamation and appreciation to Almighty

ALLAH for giving me strength, good health, guidance and which has been with
me from the start till the end of this work. I also thanks to the Last prophet Hazrat
Muhammad, Sallallahu Alayhi Wa Alihi Sallam who is always a torch of guidance
for humanity and who exhorts his followers to seek for knowledge from cradle to
grave. I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Dr. Gohar Ali, my co-supervisor
Hamid Khan for their encouragement, suggestions and constant support during this
research. I am also thankful to Professor Dr. Syed Inayat Ali Shah Dean Faculty of
Technologies and Engineering Sciences, Dr. Arshad Ali Chairman Department of
Mathematics, Dr. Sher Muhammad, Dr. Syed Asif Hussain, Dr. Muhammad Tahir,
and Mr. Asif ur Rehman for their guidance in the entire research and writing of my
thesis. My words will not be enough for thanks giving.
I am very thankful to the teachers and administration of Islamia College Peshawar
for providing me with the requisite facilities that were imperative for my studies and
research.
My deepest gratitude to my parents, brothers, my wife and my children whose special
prayers, love and blessing has been a constant source of my success.
I also appreciate the moral support of all my friends, class fellows, room mates, for
the help and support at every stage throughout my life. Last but not least, thanks are
to ALLAH for my life through all tests in the past five years. You have made my life
more bountiful. May your name be exalted, honoured, and glorified.
Islamia College Peshawar Mohammad Ishaq

2020.
v
NANOFLUID FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS UNDER

THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED PHENOMENA
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of
Ph.D in mathematics
Signature
Mohammad Ishaq
Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Gohar Ali
Department of Mathematics
Chairman
Prof. Dr. Arshad Ali
Department of Mathematics
vi
CERTIFICATE
I hereby declare that this thesis neither as a whole nor as a part there of has been
copied out from any source except where specific acknowledgement is given. It is
further declared that I have developed this thesis on the basis of my personal efforts
made under the sincere guidance of my supervisor.
Signature
Mohammad Ishaq
vii
ABSTRACT
The research work predominantly focuses on the theoretical study of nanofluid flow
of non-Newtonian fluids under the impact of various selected phenomena. This
study elaborates two types of nanofluids, Eyring-Powell fluid, Burgers’ fluid and it
also includes analysis of stagnation point nanofluid flow. This study investigates the
influence of some selected phenomenons like, Brownian motion, thermal radiation,
magneto-hydrodynamics, thermophoresis and heat generation/absorption etc. The
elementary constitutive un-steady velocity, heat and concentration equations are
modeled as PDEs (Partial Differential Equations) and are regenerated to a nonlinear
system of ODEs (Ordinary Differential Equations) by using suitable similarity
functions. Moreover, we have used a standard semi analytical technique, HAM
(homotopy analysis method) to get appropriate results from the modeled problem
and also its convergence identified numerically.
Chapter I: In this episode as an introductory we have presented a brief description
about the literature of some of the important fundamental non-Newtonian fluids. The
historical background, the physical properties and their engineering applications of
the fluids are concisely presented in this chapter. This subpart of the thesis we have
also enclosed objectives, statement of problem and thesis outline.
Chapter II: The on-going section is all about the literature survey and methodology.
Chapter III: This subdivision inquires entropy generation on 2-D Eyring Powell
nano-fluid film flow with heat and mass transfer on a time dependent porous
enlarging surface in the occurrence of thermal radiation and (MHD) magnetic
field. The unsteady fundamental differential equations of momentum, mass and
temperature transmission are modeled and regenerated to non-linear system of ODEs
by using suitable similarity variables. In this work entropy generation is main focus,
the thermophoretic and Brownian motion effect is also considered in the model of
viii
nano-fluids. The embeded parameters are analyzed and discussed numerically as

well as graphically.
Chapter IV: This subsection investigates 2-dimensional nano-fluid film flow of
Eyring Powell fluid having variable transfer of heat under the influence of MHD on
a porous un-steady enlarging surface. The basic governing equations of momentum,
mass and heat transmission are modeled and reduced to a non-linear system of ODEs
by using suitable similarity variables. The discrepancy of skin friction, Sherwood
number, Nusslet number and their impact upon the momentum, concentration and
heat field are analyzed. In addition to, for understanding the embedding parameters
like, Thermophoretic parameter, unsteady parameter, Magnetic parameter, Schmidth
number, Prandtl number, Eyring Powell fluid parameter and Brownian motion
parameter etc. have been plotted graphically and discussed.
Chapter V: The purpose of on-going phase of study is to look into the flow of
steady 2-D Burgers’ nanofluid in parallel channels with thermal radiation effect. The
nano-fluid flow is assumed in steady state over a stretching sheet. The effect of the
Brownian motion, heat absorption/generation and thermophoresis of nanoparticles
on the flow are taken in the Nano-fluids model. The similarity variables are applied
to alter the coupled system of non-linear PDEs to ODEs. The modeled problem
is solved through semi-analytical technique HAM. The variation of mass flux
(Sherwood number), skin-friction , and heat flux (Nusselt number) are examined.
Furthermore, the variations in the dimensionless momentum, heat, and concentration
of nanoparticles with different physical parameters are graphed and discussed in
detail.
Chapter VI: This episode is about the stagnation point nanofluid flow of (Ag)
Silver and (Cu) Copper nano-material over the linear porous expanding surface
having the impact of injection/suction and thermal radiation. The similarity variables
are applied to alter the non-linear system of PDEs to ODEs. Graphs are made for the
purpose to examine the respective involved parameters. Furthermore, the coefficient
of heat flux and skin friction are presented numerically through tables.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES xviii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Fluid Dynamics 1
1.1.2 Newtonian and non-Newtonian Fluids 2
1.1.3 Non-Newtonian Nanofluids 3
1.1.4 Non-Newtonian Nanofluid Models 4
1.1.5 Entropy Generation 5
1.1.6 Megnatohydrodynamics fluids flow on
stretching surface 5
1.1.7 Fluid flow over porous media on a
stretching Surface 6
1.2 Basic Equations 7
1.2.1 Continuity Equation 7
1.2.2 Navier-Stokes’ Equations or Law of
Momentum Conservation 7
1.2.3 Energy Equation 8
1.2.4 Eyring-Powell fluid model 9
1.2.5 Entropy Generation Analysis: 9
x
1.2.6 Burgers’ fluid model 10

1.2.7 Physical Quantities: 10
1.2.8 Heat transmission 11
1.2.9 Conduction of Heat 11
1.3 Transfer of Heat through Convection 12
1.4 Transfer of Heat through Radiation 13
1.5 Problem statements 14
1.6 Aim and Objective of the Research 16
1.7 Thesis Outlines 17
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.1.1 Literature Review 19
3 Entropy Generation on Nanofluids Thin Film Flow

of EyringPowell Fluid with Thermal Radiation and
MHD Effect on an Unsteady Porous Stretching Sheet 25
3.1 Problem Formulation 26
3.2 Basic Equations 27
3.3 Physiological Measures: 31
3.4 Solution by HAM 32
3.5 Entropy Generation Analysis: 36
3.6 Convergence of Solution: 37
3.7 Analysis and Outcomes 38
3.8 Tables Discussion 49
3.9 Tables 50
3.10 Primary Settlements of on-line episode 54
4 Nanofluids Film Flow of Eyring Powell Fluid with

Magneto hydrodynamic effect on Unsteady Porous
Stretching Sheet 55
4.1 Problem Formulation 56
4.2 Homotopic Solution: 60
xi
4.3 Convergency: 64
4.4 Tables Discussion 71
4.5 Tables 72
4.6 Written communication 74
4.7 Closing Comments 77
5 Semi Analytical Solution Of Steady Burgers’

Nanofluid Flow between Parallel Channels with
Heat Generation/Absorption under the Influence of
Thermal Radiation 78
5.1 Flow Analysis and Mathematical Formulation 79
5.1.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES 83
5.2 Solution [HAM] 84
5.2.1 Zeroth-Order Deformations 85
5.2.2 I th Order Deformations 86
5.3 Convergence of HAM 88
5.4 TABLES 89
5.5 GRAPHS 91
5.6 Discussions: 98
5.6.1 Influence of Thermophoresis and
Brownian motion parameter: 98
5.6.2 Influence of porosity parameter: 99
5.6.3 Influence of Prandtl number and Lewis
number: 99
5.6.4 Influence of heat generation/absorption
parameter: 100
5.6.5 Influence of Radiation parameter: 100
5.6.6 Influence of Deborah numbers: 101
5.6.7 Tables Discussion: 101
5.7 Furnishing Points 102
xii
6 The Stagnation point float of Cu and Ag Nano-

particles on a Linear enlarging Surface with
Thermo-Radiative and Suctions/Injections result 103
6.1 Mathematical Formulation 104
6.2 Discussion 107
6.2.1 Discussion of Copper (Cu): 107
6.2.2 Discussion of Silver: 110
6.3 TABLES 114
6.4 Concluding Remarks 116
7 CONCLUSIONS 117
7.1 Future suggestions 123
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
3.1 Physical Geometry of the fluids Problems. 41

3.2 Combine h-curve of fanction f and θ at 7th order
aproximation, when γ = Sc = A = ξ = β = k = 0.1,
N b = N t = Rd = 0.3,M = P r = 1. 41
3.3 h curve of function φ at 7th order approximation, when
γ = Sc = A = ξ = β = k = 0.1, N b = N t = Rd =
0.3,M = P r = 1. 42
3.4 Impingement of A on f (η). 42
3.5 Impact of β on f (η). 42
3.6 Impact of k on f (η). 43
3.7 Impact of M on f (η). 43
3.8 Impact of A on θ(η). 43
3.18 Impact of Nb on φ(η). 43
3.9 Impact of β on θ(η). 44
3.10 Impact of M on θ(η). 44
3.11 Impact of Nb on θ(η). 44
3.19 Impact of Nt on φ(η). 44
3.12 Impact of Nt on θ(η). 45
3.13 Impact of Pr on θ(η). 45
3.14 Impact of Rd on θ(η). 45
3.20 Impact of Pr on φ(η). 45
3.15 Impact of Sc on θ(η). 46
3.16 Impact of A on φ(η). 46
3.17 Impact of β on φ(η). 46
xiv
3.21 Impact of Rd on φ(η). 46

3.22 Impact of Sc on φ(η). 47
3.23 Entropy Profile for verious values of Br. 47
3.24 Entropy Profile for verious values of k. 47
3.25 Entropy Profile for verious values of M . 48
3.26 Entropy Profile for verious values of Rd. 48
3.27 Entropy Profile for verious values of Re. 48
4.1 Geometry 57
4.2 Combine h curve of function f and θ at 7th order
approximation, when γ = Sc = A = ξ = β = k = 0.1,
N b = N t = Rd = 0.3,M = P r = 1. 64
4.3 h curve of function φ at 7th order approximation, when
γ = Sc = A = ξ = β = k = 0.1, N b = N t = Rd =
0.3,M = P r = 1. 64
4.4 Impact of A on f (η), where β = 0.4,M = 1,γ =
0.7,λ = k = 0.6. 65
4.5 Effect of β on f (η), where A = 0.1,M = 1,γ =
0.7,λ = k = 0.6. 65
4.6 Impect of γ on f (η), where β = 0.4,M = 1,A =
0.9,λ = 0.5,k = 0.6. 65
4.7 Effect of k on f (η), where β = 0.4,M = 1,A =
0.9,λ = γ = 0.5. 66
4.8 Impact of M on f (η), where β = 0.4,γ = 0.7,λ =
0.3,A = 0.9,k = 0.6. 66
4.9 Influence of A on θ(η), where γ = Sc = ξ = 0.6,
β = 0.1,N b = 0.3, M = 0.5, N t = k = 0.4, P r = 1. 66
4.10 Influence of β on θ(η), where γ = A = Sc = ξ =
0.6,M = 0.1,N b = 0.3, N t = k = 0.4,P r = 1. 67
4.11 Influence of M on θ(η), where γ = A = Sc = ξ =
0.6,β = 0.1,N b = 0.3, N t = k = 0.4,P r = 1. 67
xv
4.12 Impect of Nb on θ(η), where γ = A = Sc = ξ =

0.6,β = 0.1,M = 0.5, N t = Rd = k = 0.4,P r = 1. 67
4.13 Impect of Nt on θ(η), where γ = A = Sc = ξ =
0.6,β = 0.1,M = 0.5,N b = 0.3, Rd = k = 0.4,P r =
1. 68
4.14 Affect of Pr on θ(η), where γ = A = Sc = ξ = 0.6,β =
0.1,M = 5,N b = 3, N t = Rd = k = 0.4. 68
4.15 Affect of Sc on θ(η), where γ = A = ξ = 0.6,β =
0.1,M = 0.2,N b = 0.3, N t = k = 0.4, P r = 1. 68
4.16 Impact of A on φ(η), where γ = Sc = ξ = 0.6,β =
0.1,M = 0.5,N b = 0.3, N t = k = 0.4, P r = 1. 69
4.17 Influence of β on φ(η), where γ = 1.9,Sc = 0.3,ξ =
1.1,M = 0.2, N b = 0.5, A = 1.2, N t = 0.5, k = P r = 0.1. 69
4.18 Impact of N b on φ(η), where γ = Sc = ξ = 0.6,β =
1,M = 0.1,A = 0.5, N t = k = 0.4, P r = 1. 69
4.19 Influence of N t on φ(η), where γ = Sc = ξ = 0.6,
β = 0.2,M = 0.1, N b = A = 0.5, k = 0.5, P r = 1. 70
4.20 Influence of P r on φ(η), where γ = Sc = A = ξ =
0.6,β = 0.1,M = N b = N t = 0.5, k = 0.4. 70
4.21 Influence of Sc on φ(η), where γ = ξ = 0.6, β = 0.2,
M = 0.1,N b = A = 0.5, N t = k = 0.4, P r = 1. 70
5.1 Geometry of the problem. 79

5.2 Impact of N t on the heat field θ(η). When β2 =
0.6, γ = Le = 0.2, β1 = 0.5, ω = 0.8, Pr = 0.4, β3 = 0.3. 91
5.3 Impact of N b φ(η). When β2 = 0.2, γ = Le =
0.2, ω = 0.9, N t = 0.1, Pr = 0.6, β1 = 0.2, β3 = 0.1. 91
5.4 Impact of N t on the concentration field φ(η). When
γ = 0.2, ω = 0.8, Le = 0.2, N b = 0.8, Pr = 0.6, β1 =
β2 = β3 = 0.2. 92
5.5 Impact of N b on the heat field θ(η). When Le =
Pr = 0.4, ω = 0.8, N t = 0.3, β1 = 0.5, β2 = 0.6, β3 = 0.3. 92
xvi
5.6 Impact of k on the velocity field f (η). When β1 =

β2 = 0.2, ω = 0.8, β3 = 0.6. 93
5.7 Impact of Pr on the heat field θ(η). When γ =
0.2, ω = 0.9, Le = 2, N t = 0.3, β1 = β2 = β3 = 0.5. 93
5.8 Impact of Pr on the heat field θ(η). When γ =
0.2, ω = 0.9, Le = 2, N t = 0.3, β1 = β2 = β3 = 0.5. 94
5.9 Impact of Le on the concentration field φ(η). When
γ = 0.2, ω = 0.8, N b = 0.8, N t = 0.1, β1 = β2 =
β3 = 0.2. 94
5.10 Impact of Le on the heat field θ(η). When γ =
0.4, ω = 0.9, Pr = 0.1, N t = 0.3, β1 = β2 = 0.5, β3 = 0.3. 95
5.11 Impect of γ on the heat field . When Le = Pr =
0.4, ω = 0.8, N t = 0.3, β1 = 0.5, β2 = 0.6, β3 = 0.3. 95
5.12 Impect of γ on the heat field. When Le = Pr =
0.4, ω = 0.9, N t = 0.3, β1 = 0.5, β2 = 0.6, β3 = 0.4. 96
5.13 Impect of Rd on the heat field θ(η). Where γ =
0.2, Le = 0.3, N t = 0.1, Pr = 0.5, ω = 0.9, β1 =
β2 = β3 = 0.2. 96
5.14 Impact of β1 on the heat field θ(η). When γ =
0.2, ω = 0.9, eL = 0.3, N t = 0.1, Pr = 1.5, β2 = β3 = 0.2. 97
0.2, Le = 0.3, ω = 0.9, N t = 0.1, Pr = 1.5, β1 = β3 = 0.3. 97
0.1, ω = 0.9, eL = 0.3, N t = 0.1, Pr = 1.4, β1 = β2 = 0.1. 98
6.1 Geomatry of the problam. 104

6.2 Response of φ on f 0 (η). 108
6.3 Response of δ on f 0 (η). 108
6.4 Response of α on f 0 (η). 109
6.5 Response of S on θ(η) 109
6.6 Response of γ on θ(η) 110
6.7 Response of φ on f 0 (η). 111
xvii
6.8 Response of δ on f 0 (η). 111

6.9 Response of N r on θ(η). 112
6.10 Response of P r on θ(η). 112
6.11 Response of γ on θ(η). 113
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xix
List of symbols
Symbol Description Symbol Description
Sh Sherhood number κ Absorption coefficient
β Film Thickness parameter Ψ(x, y, t) Stream function
Nu Nusslet number Pe Peclet number
A Unsteady parameter φ Stefan Boltzmann constant
Re Reynold number δ(t) Thickness of liquid
M Magnetic parameter qr Radioactive heat fluctuation
Pr Prandtl number kp Thermal conductivity
Le Levis number cp Specific heat
Sc Schmidth number B0 Magnetic field strength
DB Brownian diffusion of nanofluids k ∗ Porosity parameter
U0 (x, t) Stretching velocity k Eyring Powell fluid parameter
Nt Thermophoretic parameter Br Brinkmann number
Cref Reference concentration β1,3 Deborah number
Nb Brownian motion parameter β3 material parameter of Burgers fluid
Tref Reference temperature uw Stretching velocity
Rd Radiation parameter K Permeability parameter
τ Cauchy stress tensor ue Stagnation point
γ Stretching parameter κ∗ Mass absorption coefficient
τij Extra stress tensor (vw > 0) Suction
I Identity tensor (vw < 0) Injection
υ Kinematic viscosity
ρ Density
µ Dynamic viscosity
σ Electrical conductivity
T Temperature
α Thermal diffusivity
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The preliminary introduction of the present dissertation work will be

discussed in this chapter. In this subpart of the dissertation, problem statement,
objectives of the research and outlines of the dissertation will be discussed.
1.1.1 Fluid Dynamics
It has been recognized by the researchers that the field of physics has many
branches. Fluid mechanics and fluid dynamics are the most inportant among them.
Fluids and the behavior of fluids play a vital role in the survival of life. Drinking
water and breathing air are the integral part of our body mass which are surely fluids.
For the sustainability of life oxygen from air is the natural process. The movement
of air in a worm room is the source of comfort for us. Most of our body fluids are
based on water. The regular movement of fluids inside the bodies and even up to
the cellular level assures the condition of health. Fluids are classified as, Newtonian
fluid, Real fluid, ideal plastic fluid, non-Newtonian, Ideal fluid, Compressible and
incompressible fluid etc. In this thesis our focus is to analyze non-Newtonian
nanofluids flow under the influence of selected phenomena.
2
1.1.2 Newtonian and non-Newtonian Fluids
The model of Newtonian fluid may be effectively applied for the conditions
of flow of water molecule having small sizes. Nevertheless, the behavior of fluid in
huge amount cannot be reflected for model of Newtonian fluid. The non-newtonian
fluids having shear-independent viscosity demonstrate differences of normal stresses
behavior. Solutions of polymer and polymers in molten state are non-newtonian
fluids, besides these, some other non-newtonian fluids are paint, shampoo, starch
suspension, blood etc. The correlation between shear rate and shear stress might
be different and depend upon the time. Remarkably, under the influence of
different conditions of flow, similar fluids act as Newtonian or non-newtonian. The
investigation of non-newtonian fluids will be therefore benefited us in finding the
most suitable model under the influence of various conditions of flow. Particularly, in
the industry of polymers, the non-newtonian fluids have appealed the concentration
of many researchers worldwide. Dissimilar viscous fluids, a single equation is not
sufficient to explain the characteristics of non-newtonian fluids. Hence, several
constitutive mathematical equations are available in the literature. Even though,
various models are presented to demonstrate non-newtonian liquids, the study
relating the accurate models is still limited. Many efforts will have to be performing
for the development of new models and the utilization of numerical and mathematical
tools for understanding the mechanism of non-newtonian fluids for the purpose
of reporting real worlds problems in the industry of engineering by means of the
current models. The non-newtonian fluid has tremendous applications and it has
now been regarded as an exception. The prevailing equations regarding models of
non-newtonian fluid exhibit extremely non-linear behavior and are not possible to
work it out analytically as the solutions of numerical is provided in general. The
most frequently employed relationship for non-newtonian fluid is power
n law fluid.
∂u
The shear stress τ for the Newtonian fluids is given by τ = k , Here k is
∂y
∂u
consistency index and its unit is P a.s−1 , is the velocity gradient and its unit
∂y
is s−1 ), and n represents index of flow behavior which is dimensionless quantity.
n−1
∂u
Moreover, τef f = kef f is effective viscosity.
∂y
3
1.1.3 Non-Newtonian Nanofluids
Newtonian fluids like glycerol, engine oil, air, water, engine oil, spirits and
milk where non-Newtonian liquid like as paint, ketchup, blood, custard, toothpaste,
shampoo and starch suspensions etc. vary tremendously in their properties and
behaviors. It is immensely important to study the physical behavior of these
fluids in order to enhance their performance in various industrial and manufacturing
procedures. One of the pertinent non-Newtonian fluid nowadays is nanofluid which
has extensive range of utility in numerous engineering problems e.g., heat exchangers,
chemical processes, cooling of electronic equipment, in nuclear-powered containers,
safer surgery, cancer therapy, heat transmission, in manipulating waste temperature
removal equipment, paper production, polymer extrusion, spray freezing, glass
blustering, microelectronic cooling, and wire drawing. Thus, this thesis emphasizes
on the modeling of nanofluids flow of non-Newtonian fluids possessing distinct flow
geometries and their solutions. The nanofluid are ability heat transmission liquids
with enriched thermophysical character and temperature transmission performance
may be carried out in many devices for higher performances. Augmentation of
heat transmission on nanofluid has attained momentum interests over time because
of its extensive application in nanotechnology in industries and public endeavors in
organic, physical sciences, transference, electronics cooling, and countrywide safety
etc. Currently many scholars have specified that replacements of conventional coolant
by means of nanofluid seem promising. Applications of nanofluid in solar water
heating, machine engine cooling, freezing of converter oil, refining diesel generator
performance, freezing of heat swap over devices, atomic reactor and protection and
space was studied and presenter. The scholars additionally critically scrutinized some
of the programs and recognized research gaps for in more investigation. Furthermore,
demanding situations and forthcoming direction of nanofluid application have been
analyzed and provided in this thesis. Depend upon on available results in the
4
literature, it had been observed that nanofluid have greater and stronger heat-depend
thermal conductivity at very low atoms concentration than orthodox liquids. This
may be taken into consideration as one of the main variable for improved the
presentations for a several practical application of nanofluid. Due to its greater
thermal performance, modern day in current literature on this property were prcised
and represented in the next chapter of this thesis as well. Nano-fluid constitutes of
tiny (nanometer) sized nanomaterials, like carbide or CNT, metal and oxide where
conventional fluids consists of water, machine oil and ethylene glycol. A nano liquid
is useful in convection of heat transmission and conductivity of heat. In advanced
engineering science, nanoparticles are very important in heat transfer phenomena.
MHD effect on nano liquids are also extraordinary due to its vast applications,
like optical modulators, optical switches and wavelength filters. In biomedical
engineering, MHD nano-particles are also helpful in cancer therapy, MRI and drug
delivery etc. Particularly, convective flow and transfer of heat are effected by the
nanofluids features like, viscosity and thermal conductivity. In the last few years, a
novel technique has been introduced to intensify heat transmission having solid ultra
fine material in nanofluids.
1.1.4 Non-Newtonian Nanofluid Models
Basic cognitive process has been dedicated to analyze various non-Newtonian

fluids model. Eyring- Powell nanofluid model is one of them. Although it is very
complex but it has comparatively many benefits. It is derived from kinetic molecular
theory fluids as an alternative of emparical relations of the Power-laws model.
For high and low sheer rate it reduces to Newtonians behaviour. Shear thinning
properties described by Eyring-Powell nanofluid model. Burgers nanofluid flow in
two horizontal and parallel channels in the occurrence of gyrotactic microorganism
with impact of thermal radiations plays a vital role and it attract the scientists due to
its practical applications. Many researchers mentioned in next chapter studied in this
area according to their needs. The essential effectiveness of the non-linear materials
5
has broadly involved the researchers, engineers and scientists in their investigation
during the last few years. Such a type materials are included in, bioengineering,
nuclear and chemical productions, oils reservoirs engineering, cosmetic progressions,
solutions of polymer, paper manufacturing etc. For this purpose many kinds of
non-Newtonian fluids models were recommended adapting to the features of the
nan-Newtonian fluids. The Burgers fluids model was suggested to predict properties
of retardation and relaxation time.
1.1.5 Entropy Generation
In the area emerging fields of sciences, analysis and generation of entropy on

thin film nanofluid flow has significantly contributed. Entropy is a thermodynamic
quantity. It represents unavailability of systems thermal energy or a measure of the
energy dispersal in the system. Highest entropy has been noted in many places of
our lives. Examples of entropy are a campfire, gases and smoke. Analysis of entropy
generation of thin film flow problems have many applications in various area such
as lubrication problems in engineering and flow in human lungs which are the vast
fields. Its applied employment is a thought-provoking interaction among structural
mechanics and fluid mechanics.
1.1.6 Megnatohydrodynamics fluids flow on stretching surface
Megnatohydrodynamics is the analyses of electrically conducting fluids

flow in the existence of extrinsic magnetic force fields. Electromagnetism
and Hydrodynamics are its two main branches. The word hydro means
water and hydrodynamics is the analyses of gases and liquids. Therefore,
Megnatohydrodynamics is the study of electrically conducting substance (liquid or
an ionized gas with magnetic field) in the occurrence of dynamic trait. Common
6
theory relate conducting fluid and plasma, considering that plasma is one of the
continuous fluids as kinetic theory affirms true for it. Electric current induce by
MHD as a result mechanical force is produced which produces motion in liquid.
Therefore, this significance assures the analysis of electrical conductivity in fluid flow
in the existence of crosswise magnetic field. MHD as a subject has contributed in
many areas of study of magnetism like,the inter stellar space, the stars, interior of
the sun, problems of earth, etc. Megnatohydrodynamics consists of problems like,
nuclear reactor’s cooling through sodium by removal of direct electric force from
hot pot plasma with a strong magnetic environment. Electrically conducting fluid
on an expanding sheet with homogeneous magnetic force field has a lot of practical
applications in versatile engineering trait like, polymer technology. A Significant
application of MHD fluid flow in metallurgy is the purification process of molten
metal from non-metallic inclusions using magnetic field.
1.1.7 Fluid flow over porous media on a stretching Surface
Literally, a pours medium is a solid, it contains small number of holes all over
the solid. All these holes are either active or inactive. If the fluid pass over these
holes then it is called active otherwise inactive. The porous media are categorized as
consolidated and unconsolidated. The human lung, charcoal, most of the naturally
happening rocks such as limestone, sand stones, etc. are the main examples of
consolidated media. Moreover, glass, soil gravel, bench sand, beds etc. are the
counter examples of unconsolidated pours media. The fluid flow over pours media
is categorized by the negligible to viscus forces and inertial forces. In nature, the
fluid flow over pours media is very predominant and such a kind fluid flow study
become key interest in several engineering and scientific application. It is of excessive
significance to the gasoline engineers concerned with motion of gas and the chemical
engineers in linking with purification processed, etc.
7
1.2 Basic Equations
1.2.1 Continuity Equation
Universal law of Conservation of mass states that,”Mass can neither be

produced nor ad-versed.” It is also called equation of continuity. Mathematically it
can be expressed like:
Dρ
ρ div V + = 0, (1.1)
Dt
D ∂ D ∂
Here = +V.∇ with material derivative , Local derivative and convective
Dt ∂t _
Dt
_ _
∂t
part of derivative V.∇. Velocity is V = u1 i +u2 j +u3 k, Compressible
fluid
density is
∂ ∂ ∂
ρ, and it is the function of x,y,z,t. Gradient operator is ∇ = , , . Left side
∂x ∂y ∂z
of the equation is called Lagrangian’s part and right hand side is known as Eularian’s
derivative part. Simplified form of equation(1.1) is
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ρ
(ρu1 ) + (ρu2 ) + (ρu3 ) + = 0, (1.2)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
is continuity equation with unsteadiness and compressibility. For time independent,

incompressible flow equation (1.2) becomes as,
∇.V = 0 (1.3)
The above equation (1.3) is logical for incompressible and time dependent flow.
1.2.2 Navier-Stokes’ Equations or Law of Momentum Conservation
In a flowing fluid’s frame, viscous liquid particles bending momentum, which

is not constant and is variation in velocity. It will cause momentum deviation.
The fluctuation takes place because of extrinsic force and is known as material’s
body force. This Phenomena is expressed through the favorable essential equations.
8
Liquid viscosity with density ρ, unambiguous viscosity µ, and its flow velocity is
v = (u1 , u2 ) the lengthwise and tangential form of momentum equations are:

∂u1 ∂u1 ∂u1 ∂τxx ∂τyx ∂p
ρ + u1 + u2 = + − + ρgx (1.4)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x

∂u2 ∂u2 ∂u2 ∂τxy ∂τyy ∂p
ρ + u1 + u2 = + − + ρgy (1.5)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y
The incompressible and time dependent

flowon viscous fluid can be expressed in the
∂ui ∂uj
form of equations as τij = µ + which is tensor of second order, with
∂zj ∂zi
x1 = x and x2 = y. Here the body forces are ρgx and ρgy , and the pressure gradients
∂p ∂p
are and . For incompressible and time dependent flow the equations becomes;
∂x ∂y
∂ 2 u1 ∂ 2 u1

∂u1 ∂p
ρ = ρgx − +µ u1 2 + u2 2 (1.6)
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂ 2 u2 ∂ 2 u2

∂u2 ∂p
ρ = ρgy − +µ u1 2 + u2 2 (1.7)
∂t ∂y ∂x ∂y
These 2-D equations are derived from C.Eqn.
1.2.3 Energy Equation
The integral energy of the surrounding is the sum total of wark dane and heat
bring through to the systam. In the case, moving matter, the totel enargy would
composed of Potantial and Kinatic enargy of liquid material. The energy equation for
unidirectional, incompressible and time dependent motion of viscous fluid is as under.
D
whare ρ, cP , T , , k, ∇ and φ represents density, specific heat,temperature, total
Dt
derivative, conductivity, gradient and function of viscous dissipation respectively.
9
1.2.4 Eyring-Powell fluid model
Eyring-Powal modal is
∂ui −1 −1
h
−1 ∂u
i
τij = µ + β sinh c ∂xj i (1.8)
∂xj
Here c and β are features of the Eyring Powell fluid, I is identity tensor and p is
pressure. Here
3
−1 −1 ∂ui −1 ∂ui 1 −1 ∂ui ∂ui
sinh c −c + c ≈ 0, |c−1 | ≺ 1. (1.9)
∂xj ∂xj 6 ∂xj ∂xj
1.2.5 Entropy Generation Analysis:
Volumetric production of entropy in Eyring-Powell fluids flow is
" 2 2 # 2 4

µ

000 ∂ Tb b3 −1 ∂ Tb ∂bu 1 ∂b
u 1
Sgen = k Tb0−2 + 5.3σ T k +− 1+
∂y ∂y ∂by 6ρBC ∂y
Tb0 ρBC
2
σB02 2

RD ∂ C ∂ Tb ∂C ∂C ∂ Tb
b + RDTb0−1
b
+ + u + (1.10)
C0 ∂y Tb0 ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x
The following influences have been identified in the introduction of entropy:
(i) Unchangeableness of fluid Diffusion.
(ii) Unchangeableness of fluid friction.
(iii) Unchangeableness of Conduction effect.
The characteristics of production of entropy is:
000 k(∆T )2
S0 = (1.11)
L2 Tb02
10
utilizing equation (1.12), entropy has its dimensionless form as:
000
Sgen

02 −1 002 γβ 004 02
NG = 000 = Re(1+Rd)θ (ζ)+ReBr Ω (γ + 1)f (ζ) − f (ζ) + M f (ζ) +
S0 3
−2 −1
Ω 02 Ω
Reλ1 φ (ζ) + Reλ1 θ0 (ζ)φ0 (ζ) (1.12)
χ χ
The parameters as follows:
bL L2
u u2w
µb ∆T ∆C RDC0
Re = , Br = 0
,Ω = ,χ = , λ1 = (1.13)
v k∆T T0
b C0 k
1.2.6 Burgers’ fluid model
The rheologic Burger fluid flow model is:
D2

D →
− D − →
1 + λ1 + λ2 2 S = µ 1 + λ3 A1 (1.14)
Dt Dt Dt
Here time of relaxation and retardation are represented by λ1 and λ3 (≤ λ1 )

respectively, material Burger fluid parameter is λ2 , Extra stress tensor is denoted by
→
−
S , Dynamic viscosity is shown by µ.
1.2.7 Physical Quantities:
For the sack of physiological benefits of engineers the skin friction, Nusselt
number(heat flux), Sherwood number(mass flux) are defined as under:

( S
bxy )y=0 hQ w ∂T
Cbf =
2
, Nu = ,Qw is heat flux and Qw = −b
k ,
ρb
uw k(T0 − Th )
b ∂y y=0
hJw DB −1

1 ∂C
Sh = , Jw is mass flux and Jw = − using dimensionless
C0 − Ch DB −1 ∂y y=0
transformations, we get
N ux Shx
N ur = 1 = −(1 + Nr )θ0 (0), Shr = 1 = −φ0 (0) (1.15)
Rex2
Rex
2
11
u
bw x
where local Reynolds number is represented by Rex = .
v
1.2.8 Heat transmission
Heat transmission is the transfer of heat from one point to other point and heat
flow indicates the drive of thermal energy [ ].Conduction, convection and radiations
are the main three modes of heat transmission.
1.2.9 Conduction of Heat
The conductions is a flow of heat in a substantial due to interchange of energy

among the particles having extra energy and particles having a lesser amount of
energy. The elements have extra kinetic energy increase speed those atoms, which
are slow, and heat flow from the cooler portion to warmest face. Heat conductions
can spot in heated metallic rod in which cooler portion of rod is heated afterward due
to sometime the transmission of high temperature energy of closed pack molecules of
the rod.
12
1.3 Transfer of Heat through Convection
The convection is the transference of energy from one part to other part due to
macroscopic movement in fluid, added on to the energy transference by conduction
is called heat transmission by convection. Additionally, convection has a two main
classes forced convection and natural convection. Its example is to place a electric
heater in a chamber in winter season, and after some time we understand that thermal
energy is spread in overall chamber.
13
1.4 Transfer of Heat through Radiation
The radiation is the third type of heat transmission, which is relatively

changed. All the physical matter originates the thermal radiations in form of
electro-magnetic waves because of vibrating and rotating actions of the particles and
molecules, which make up matter. No substance is exchanged and no medium is
required in the radiation manner. The best example of radiations of heat is expansion
of warmness from the sun.
14
1.5 Problem statements
(i) How to model the elementary equations of nanofluid flow problems?
(ii) What is the impact of unsteady porous stretching sheet on the nanofluid flow?
(iii) What are the leading parts of the nanofluids flow problems?
(iv) What is the main role of heat profile on the flow of nanofluids ?
(v) How to operate HAM to solve nonlinear system ODEs?
(vi) How can we administer the entropy generation on Erying Powells nanofluid
thin film flow model?
(vii) What are the main parameters involved in the entropy generation?
(viii) What are the parameters that are responsible to control the loss of energy?
(ix) How to analyze flow of Erying Powell nanofluids with Magneto-

hydrodynamics?
(x) What will be the characteristics of flow with and without radiation effect?
(xi) What will be the impact of Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis
parameter in the nanofluid flow model?
(xii) How to get Semi Analytical Solution of Steady Burger nanofluids flow model
in parallel disks?
(xiii) What will be the effect of heat absorptions/ Generations under the Influence of
thermal radiations on the Burgers model?
(xiv) How to investigate about stagnation point nanofluids flow of Copper and Silver
Nanomaterials on a Linear Enlarging Sheet?
(xv) What are the impacts of radiations parameter and Suction/Injection over
stagnation Point nanofluids flow?
(xvi) How to obtain the convergence of problem through HAM?

15
(xvii) How to examine the variation in local Skin-friction, heat transfer, mass transfer
and their impacts on velocity, heat and concentration profiles.
(xviii) How to explore actions of flow from tables and diagrams?

16
1.6 Aim and Objective of the Research
The main aim and objectives of this research work are
(i) To scrutinize the two dimensional Nanofluid flows with temperature and mass
Transference on the unsteady enlarging porous sheet.
(ii) To observe the nanofluids flow in the presence of magneto hydrodynamics

(MHD).
(iii) To model the nanofluid flow problem in the form of PDEs.
(iv) To convert the modeled equations of velocity, temperature and concentration

into a System of nonlinear ODEs by applying appropriate similarity variables.
(v) To analyze the problem by means of HAM technique.
(vi) To observe the effect of and thermophoresis parameter Brownian movement

parameter in the model of nanofluids.
(vii) To examine the discrepancy in Skin friction, heat transfer, mass transfer and
their influence on momentum, heat and concentration fields.
(viii) To interpret impacts of emerging physical parameters with the help of tables
and graphs.
(ix) To solve the problems, construct tables and draw the graphs we will use
Mathematica software.
17
1.7 Thesis Outlines
This book of Ph.D thesis covers the mathematical and theoretical studies of the
Nanofluid flow of non-Newtonian Fluids under the Influence of selected Phenomena.
The whole book is divided into six chapters.
In Chapter I as an introductory we have presented a brief description about the
literature of some of the important fundamental non-Newtonian fluids. The historical
background, the physical properties and their engineering applications of the fluids
are concisely presented in this chapter. This subpart of the thesis we have also
enclosed objectives, statement of problem and thesis outline. The on-going Chapter
II is all about the literature survey and methodology. Chapter III inquires entropy
generation on 2-D Eyring Powell nano-fluid film flow with heat and mass transfer
on a time dependent porous enlarging surface in the occurrence of thermal radiation
and (MHD) magnetic field. The unsteady fundamental differential equations of
momentum, mass and temperature transmission are modeled and regenerated to
non-linear system of ODEs by using suitable similarity variables. In this work
entropy generation is main focus, the thermophoretic and Brownian motion effect
is also considered in the model of nano-fluids. The embeded parameters are
analyzed and discussed numerically as well as graphically. Chapter IV investigates
2-dimensional nano-fluid film flow of Eyring Powell fluid having variable transfer
of heat under the influence of MHD on a porous un-steady enlarging surface. The
basic governing equations of momentum, mass and heat transmission are modeled
and reduced to a non-linear system of ODEs by using suitable similarity variables.
The discrepancy of skin friction, Sherwood number, Nusslet number and their impact
upon the momentum, concentration and heat field are analyzed. In addition to, for
understanding the embedding parameters like, Thermophoretic parameter, unsteady
parameter, Magnetic parameter, Schmidth number, Prandtl number, Eyring Powell
fluid parameter and Brownian motion parameter etc. have been plotted graphically
and discussed. The intention and purpose of on-going Chapter V is to look into the
flow of steady 2-D Burgers’ nanofluid in parallel channels with thermal radiation
effect. The nano-fluid flow is assumed in steady state over a stretching sheet. The
effect of the Brownian motion, heat absorption/generation and thermophoresis of
18
nanoparticles on the flow are taken in the Nano-fluids model. The similarity variables
are applied to alter the coupled system of non-linear PDEs to ODEs. The modeled
problem is solved through semi-analytical technique HAM. The variation of mass
flux (Sherwood number), skin-friction , and heat flux (Nusselt number) are examined.
Furthermore, the variations in the dimensionless momentum, heat, and concentration
of nanoparticles with different physical parameters are graphed and discussed in
detail. The episode Chapter VI is about the stagnation point nanofluid flow of (Ag)
Silver and (Cu) Copper nano-material over the linear porous expanding surface
having the impact of injection/suction and thermal radiation. The similarity variables
are applied to alter the non-linear system of PDEs to ODEs. Graphs are made for the
purpose to examine the respective involved parameters. Furthermore, the coefficient
of heat flux and skin friction are presented numerically through tables. Chapter VII is
the brief conclusion of the whole dissertation.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Introduction
To support the present attempt a few already published written material is

reviewed and enclosed in this subdivision. This episode consists a brief verbal
description associated to nanofluid flow of non-Newtonian fluids under the influence
of various selected phenomena. The methodology adopted through out this thesis has
also been focused is this chapter.
2.1.1 Literature Review
The pioneer who discuss the motion of viscous liquid on a linear stretching
sheet was Crane [1] . The flow of visco-elastic nanofluids with heat transmission on
a enlargiing surface was studied by Dandapat [2]. Wang [3] was the first to analyze
un-steady expanding sheet and liquid film flow. The same problem was studied and
extended to thin film flow with heat transfer analysis by Usha and Sridharan [4]. The
numerical methods were used to get solution by Liu and Andersson [5]. The impact
of inner heat transfer in an un-steady enlarging surface due to thin liquid film flow on it
was observed by Aziz et al. [6]. The thin film fluid thermal radiative flow on a porous
un-steady sheet, under the impact of MHD, using N-R and Runge kutta schemes for
the solution of nonlinear system of equations was inquired and a detailed analysis
20
is also given by Tawade [7]. Non-Newtonian thin film flow of liquids are present
everywhere in nature and is commonly used different areas of science and technology
and specially in industries. Andersson [8] was the first one to investegate thin film
flow by considering the power low model on an enlarging sheet. Later on most of
the mathematicians applied Power Law of fluids applying various cases in un-steady
enlarging surface like [9–12]. The thin film flow with temperature transmission
of Casson fluid in the occurrence of temperature flux and viscous dispersion with
condition of slip velocity was observed by Megahed et al. [13] . The entropy
generation of the Casson fluid with nano-materials was also explored by Abolbashari
et al. [14]. Currently, Thin film of the nanofluids taking an porous un-steady surface
was studied in Buongiorno’s model by Qasim [15]. The Eyring-Powell liquids are
a significant part of non-Newtonian nano-fluids. Eyring-Powell nano-fluid model
was derived from kinetic molecular theory as an alternative of empirical relation by
Hayat et al. [16]. Megnatohydrodynamics and thermal radiation effects on the Eyring-
Powell nanofluids’ model was discussed in detail by Sirohi et al. [17], Eldabe et al.
[18] and Patel et al. [19]. Heat transmission phenomenon and generation entropy was
studied by many researchers [20–22]. Generation of entropy is the integral subpart
of any system that involves thermodynamics like, viscosity, diffusion and especially
friction. The areas of some significant studies such as cooling process through
electronics, heat exchanger and turbo machinery involved entropy. Especially, heat
unchangeability take part in many thermal processes as in has temperature gradient to
reduce loss of energy and deficiencies [23]. Currently, the impact of unchangeability
in the energy interaction has gathered a remarkable acknowledgment. For instance,
Entropy generation of nanofluids in a time independent flow on a rotating magnetic
porous disc having MHD was analytically investigated by Rashidi et al. [24]. Qing
[25] analyzed generation of entropy over the Casson’s nanofluids on the stretching
surface with MHD effect. Many scientists analyzed generation of entropy with
complete detail. [26–30]. Substantial effectiveness of non-linear materials [31]
has widely involved the researchers in his research during the last a couple of decade.
Particularly such type material is involved in, Geophysics, Bio-Engineering, chemical
and nuclear industry, cosmetics, solutions of polymer, oils reservoirs engineering,
21
paper manufacturing etc. For this purpose and looking to the features of the non-
Newtonian nanofluids many kinds of non-Newtonian models were recommended.
The Burgers’ model is the most fundamental subpart among all the non-Newtonian
nanofluids. The Burgers fluid model was suggested to predict properties of retardation
and relaxation time. In this regard many researchers did their investigations. Hayat
[32] discussed the effect of Hall current on rotational Burgers’ fluid flow over
stretching sheet. Khan et al. [33] analyzed the speeded up flow of the visco-
elastic nanofluids having fractional Burgers’ model. Furthermore Khan et al. [34]
explored exact solution for certain oscillating motion of the fractional Burgers’ fluid.
Fetecau [35] analyzed the longitudinal oscillation of the generalize Burgers’ fluids
in the cylindrical domain. Khan et al. [36] calculated the exact solution for un-
steady Burgers’ fluid flow between two sided wall orthogonal to the surface. Shah
[37] discussed the helical Burgers’ fluids flow having fractional derivative. Jamil
and Fetecau [38] examined the exact solution for rotational flow of the generalize
Burgers’ fluid in the cylindrical domain. Porosity and stretching phenomena in
fluid flow have many practical applications. The stretching sheet with the porous
medium gained much consideration and has investigated in the last few years.
Ferdous and Hamad [39] calculated nanofluids with internal suction/blowing and
temperature generation/absorption for the stagnation point flow on boundary layer
through enlarging surface having medium of porosity. The silver water and copper
water Nano-fluid flow through the stretching surface with porosity has examined
by Kameshwaran et al. [40]. Fluid flow on the stretching surfaces have several
significant applications in the engineering system like continuous casting of metals,
drawing on plastic films etc. The applications which are involved in different features
of the flow through the expanding surface are stagnation point flow through the
stretching slip [41–45], Free convection flow of Magneto hydrodynamics having
the heat transmission was analyzed by sheikholeslami [46]. The nanofluids have
several applications in different areas, Hamad [47] investigated the solution of
nanofluids model for free convection flow in the presence of MHD. Muhammad et
al. [48] investigated the squeezing flow of MHD nano-tubes on a enlarging surface and
influence of thermal radiation. Sheikholeslami [49] investigated thermal radiations
22
effects on MHD flow and relocate of heat by multi-phase modality. The nanofluid
flow between parallel sheets is one of standard problems and is a challenge for the
researchers. Goodman [50] is pioneer to study viscous fluid in parallel surfaces.
Bharali and Borkakoti [51] studied hydro-magnetic viscid nano-fluid flow between
two parallel sheets where one of the sheet is shrinking. Sheikholeslami et al. [52, 53]
studied nanofluid flow among parallel sheets with rotary systems in three dimensions
under the influence of magnetohydrodynamics. The non-linear thermal radiative and
gyro-tactic microorganism effect on the Burgers’ nanofluid was analyzed by Khan et
al. [54]. Many mathematicians applied this technique because of its fast convergance
property [55–58].
Choi [59] was the pioneer who introduced the term nano-fluids in 1995 involving
nanometer size particles of different materials in conventional fluids like ethanol,
water etc. Following the fundamental conceptualization of choi many scientists
observed theoretical and experimental properties of nanofluids. For example,
quantitative as well as deductive results for collective affect of Brownian motion
and thermophoresis over nanofluids boundary-layer flow passing 2-dimensional plane
constituted in a soaked environment was examined Wang et al. [60], Saqib et al. [61],
sanabria et al. [62], Eastman et al. [63] and Nield and Kuznetsov [64]. A
fantastic survey on convective transport in nano-fluids was investigated by Kakac and
Pramuanjaroenkij [65]. The impact of temperature generation and heat absorption
over the flow of boundary region in Maxwell’s nanofluid model was investigated by
Wang et al. [66]. Although there are huge number of explorations in the form articles
ever-present about the field of nanofluids. We just explore some recent and relevant
area of studies [67–92].
In basic sciences and technologies, there are some complicated mathematical
problems that can not be solved exactly or its solution at times impossible. To cope
with these problems some well known analytical and numerical techniques are applied
to get an approximated solution of many problems. Among them the favourite and
practiced scheme is HAM i.e Homotopy Analysis Method. One of its chief benefit is
its applicability to the non-linear ODEs without discretization and linearization, it is
also a replacement technique.
23
Liao [93–100] is the pioneer of HAM scheme and its analysis for the solution of
problems as well as he verified it generally that this technique is speedily convergent
to the closest solution. HAM technique provides series solution witch includes a
function of single parameter. The signification of HAM technique is that it covers
total engaged parametric quantities in a model. Through this step by step algorithm
all variables could be analyzes conveniently. Many mathematicians like Rashidi
[101, 102] , Abbasbandy [103–105] , Tasawar et al. [106, 107], Nadeem [108, 109]
utilized this scheme to solve extremely coupled non-linear systems because of its fast
convergence. Currently, Boqi et al. [110] used a method called Fractal-Monte-Carlo
procedure on mass and heat transmission of media with porosity having shrinking
surface. Recently, hall current impacts on 3-D micropolar non-Newtonian nano-fluids
in a revolving framework was investigated by Shah et al. [111, 112].
Burgers’ nano-fluid flow between horizontal and parallel sheets in the occurrence
of gyrotactic microorganism with the affect of thermal radiations play an extremely
vital part in the factual world phenomena that appeal the scientist due to its immense
applications. There are too many research workers that are mentioned below have
already been working in this area according to their levels and necessity. The
essential effectiveness of the non-linear materials [31, 113, 114] has broadly involved
the researcher, engineers and scientists in their investigation during the last few
years. Such a type materials are included in, bioengineering, nuclear and chemical
productions, oils reservoirs engineering, cosmetic progressions, solutions of polymer,
paper manufacturing etc. For this purpose many kinds of non-Newtonian fluids
models were recommended adapting to the features of non-Newtonian nano-fluids.
In all these fluid, the Burgers fluid model signifying a sub-class. Burger model of
nanofluids was suggested because of retardation and relaxation time property. In this
regard many researchers did their investigations. Hayat et al. [32] explored hall
current impact on the rotational flow of Burgers fluids over surface having porosity.
The accelerated viscoelastic flow of liquids having fractional Burgers fluid model was
inspected by Khan [33]. Furthermore Khan et al. [34] have explored exact solution
for certain oscillating motion of the fractional Burgers fluids. Fetecau et al. [115]
have scrutinized the longitudinal oscillation of the generalize Burgers fluids in the
24
cylindrical domain. Shah [37] was explored the helical flow of the Burgers fluids
having fractional derivative. Jamil and Fetecau [38] have examined exact solutions
for rotational flow of the generalize Burgers fluids in the cylindrical domain.
CHAPTER 3
Entropy Generation on Nanofluids Thin Film Flow of EyringPowell Fluid with

Thermal Radiation and MHD Effect on an Unsteady Porous Stretching Sheet
This subdivision inquires entropy generation on 2-D Eyring Powell nano-fluids

film flow with heat and mass transfer on a time dependent porous enlarging
surface in the occurrence of thermal radiation and (MHD) magnetic field. The
unsteady fundamental differential equations of momentum, mass and temperature
transmission are modeled and regenerated to non-linear system of ODEs by using
suitable similarity variables. In this work entropy generation is main focus, the
thermophoretic and Brownian motion effect is also considered in the model of
nano-fluidss. The embeded parameters are analyzed and discussed numerically as
well as graphically.
26
3.1 Problem Formulation
Assume two dimensional incompressible nanofluids liquid films floating of

Eyring-Powell fluidss having thermo-radiative on the unsteady porous stretching
surface with simultaneous transfer of mass and heat. The coordinate axes are selected
such that the slit is along the direction of x-axis and surface is perpendicular to y-axis.
Linear speed of the collection plate is on optimistic x-axis. Assumptions are
αx
U0 (x, t) = (3.1)
1 − γt
which is stretching, where γ is the stretching parameter.
The volume concentration of the nanofluids is

αx2
Cw (x, t) = C0 − Cref × (1 − γt)−3/2 (3.2)
2v
and similarly the surface temperature for the nanofluids is

αx2
Tw (x, t) = T0 − Tref × (1 − γt)−3/2 (3.3)
2v
αx2
The time dependent term be recorded as the Reynold numbers,
v(1 − γt)
dependent on the stretched speed U0 (x, t). T0 , C0 is characterized as temperature
and concentration over the slice respectively, Cref and Tref are the substance
concentration and reference heat as Cref ∈ [0, C0 ] and Tref ∈ [0, T0 ]. At the start,
the slit is initiated along the Origin and after that extrinsic force-out acted to elongate
α
the slite in the +ve x-axis directions having rate with time γ ∈ [0, 1] where
1 − γt
U0 (x, t) initial velocity.
27
3.2 Basic Equations
The basic governing equations are
div Vb = 0 (3.4)
ρai = −∇p + ∇ (T ) + Jb × B
b (3.5)

2 D T
Vb .∇ T = α∇ T + ρ DB ∇C.∇T + ∇T.∇T (3.6)
T0
(Vb .∇)C − DT T0 −1 ∇2 T = DB ∇2 C (3.7)
Cauchy stress tensor T can be expressed as
T = −pI + τ (3.8)
The rheological model of Eyring-Powell fluids [16] is

∂ui −1 −1 ∂ui
βτij = βµ + sinh c (3.9)
∂xj ∂xj
Here c and β represents attributes of the Eyring Powell liquid, where p and I are the
force per unit area and the indistinguishability tensor respectively. Where
3
−1 ∂ui 1 −1 ∂ui −1 −1 ∂ui
−1 ∂ui
c − c ≈ sinh c , c
≺ 1. (3.10)
∂xj 6 ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj
Basic dominant equation are [17] Considering the above assumptions, the leading
equation of contanuity, velocitys, power and concantrations of two dimensional thin
film flow are as under [19]
∂b
u ∂bv
+ = o, (3.11)
∂x ∂y
2 2 2
∂b
u ∂b
u ∂b u 1 ∂ u 1 u ∂ u
∂b
− v+
b
u + vb + +
b
2 3
b
∂x ∂y ∂t ρβC ∂y 2ρβC ∂y ∂y 2
σBb2 ν
0
= b(t) − ∗ u
u b(t) (3.12)
ρ k
28
2
∂T ∂T ∂T −1 ∂ ∂T

∂C ∂T Dt ∂T
+u
b + vb − ρcp K(T ) = t DB +
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y T0 ∂y
1 ∂qr
− (3.13)
ρcp ∂y
1 ∂ 2C ∂ 2T

∂C ∂C ∂C DT
+u + vb − = (3.14)
DB −1 ∂y 2 ∂y 2
b
∂t ∂x ∂y T0
Here u and v represents the constituent part of velocity , υ denoted coefficient of
kinematic viscosity, ρ represent density where as σ andµ represents the electrical
conductivity and dynamical viscousness respectively. Within Eq. (3.13) T represents
temperature, α is thermo- diffusivity, k ∗ represents porosity, cp represent ad hoc
heat, thermo-conductivity of fluids is depicted as kp , Brownian diffusion coefficient is
(ρcp )p
denoted by DB , t = where ρf denote the base liquid density and ρb represent
(ρcp )f
density of particle, C represent coefficient of volumetric expansion. qr Indicate the
radio-active temperature fluctuation, and the Rosseland estimation is;
4
∗ ∗ ∂T
3κ qr = −16σ (3.15)
∂y
Here κ∗ , σ ∗ denoted average absorptions coefficient and the Stefan-Boltzmann

invariable respectively. Applying Taylor’s series we have
2
4
T = T04 + 4T03 T − T0 + ... (3.16)
By ignoring higher order term we obtain
T 4 = 4T T03 − 3T04 (3.17)
∂qr
Now using Eq. (3.17) in Eq.(3.15); the constituent reduced to attribute;
∂y
∂qr 16σT 3 ∂ 2 T
=− (3.18)
∂y 3κ∗ ∂y 2
The selected B.Cs are:
u
b = U0 , vb = 0, T = Tw , C = Cs at y = 0, (3.19)
29
∂b
u ∂T ∂C dh
= = = 0, vb = = 0, at y = h(t), (3.20)
∂y ∂y ∂y dx
Where the thickness of liquid is h(t). The similarity variables for non
dimensionalization are as follows:
r r
α υα
η= y,
Ψ(x, y, t) = x f (η),
υ(1 − γt) 1 − γt

αx2
T (x, y, t) = T0 − Tref (1 − γt)−3/2 θ(η),
2v
αx2
C(x, y, t) = C0 − Cref (1 − γt)−3/2 φ(η)
2v
(3.21)
∂Ψ ∂Ψ

where Ψ is float mathematical function such that u b, vb = ,− . The prime
∂y ∂x
indicates differential coefficient w.r.t η and thickness of non-dimensional nanofluids
α

film is represented by β where β = h(t).
υ(1 − γt)
1
dh βγ h υ i 2 −1
=− 1 − γt 2 (3.22)
dt 2 α
Inserting equation(3.21) in (3.11 - 3.14), where (3.11) identically holds and we get
the following governing equations:

000 00
(1 + k)f + f f − A f + 0 η 00
2
f − λ(f 00 )2 f 000 − k ∗ f 0 − M f 0 = (f 0 )2 , (3.23)

1 4 00 A
1 + Rd θ + θ0 f − 2f 0 θ − ηθ0 + 3θ + N bφ0 θ0 + N t(θ0 )2 = 0
Pr 3 2
−1 (3.24)
1 A N b
0 0
−1 φ f − 2f φ − ηφ00 + 3φ + N φ00 = −φ00 (3.25)
Sc 2 t
The corresponding non-dimensional boundary condition is
f 0 (0) = 1, f (0) = 0, φ(0) = θ(0) = 1 (3.26)
sβ 0
f 00 (β) = 0, f (β) = , φ (β) = θ0 (β) = 0 (3.27)
2
30
The non-dimensional parameters after simplification can be defined as:

v 4σ ∗ Ts3 σB02
P r = is prandtl number, Rd = is radiation parameter, M = (1 −
α (ρcp )f κkp ρα
γ v
γt) is magnetic parameter, A = is unsteadiness parameter and Sc = Schmid
α DB
τ DB (Cω − C0 ) (ρcp )p DT T0
number, N b = is parameter of Brownian motion, N t =
v (ρcp )f Tc
3 3
1 α x
is Thermophoretic parameter, γ = 3
is Stretching parameter,
2ρβC 1 − λt r
1
k ∗ = υρκ∗ −1 1 − γt is Porosity parameter, and k = is Eyring Powell fluids
µBCr
parameter.
31
3.3 Physiological Measures:
For our physiological curiosity the Skin-Frictions is characterized as C

bf =
−1 −1
u2w
ρb is characterized N u = hQw k(T0 − Th ) , Qw
(Sbxy )y=0 , the Nussaltnumber b
∂T
is energy flux, Qw = −b k and Sher-wood number is defined as Sh =
∂y y=0

−1 ∂C
hJw DB (C0 − Ch ) , Jw is mass flax and Jw = −DB using dimensionless
∂y y=0
transformation in equation(3.21), we get
N ux Shx
N ur = 1 = −(1 + Nr )θ0 (0), Shr = 1 = −φ0 (0) (3.28)
Rex
2
Rex
2
u
bw x
where Rex = represents the local Reynalds number.
v
32
3.4 Solution by HAM
The following initial guesses are nominated as under;
η = fb0 (η), 1 = θb0 (η), and 1 = φb0 (η). (3.29)
Lf , Lθ , and Lφ are representing linear operators
000 = L (fb),
fc θb00 = Lθ (θ), c00 = Lφ (φ).
φ (3.30)
f
b b
which have the succeeding relevance;
Lθ (e4 + e5 η) = 0, Lf (e1 + e2 η + e3 η 2 ) = 0, Lφ (e6 + e7 η) = 0. (3.31)
The coefficients involve in chief statements are ei where 1 ≤ i ≤ 7. Proportionate

nonlinear operator Nf , Nφ , Nθ , are cautiously selected as constitute:
2
∂ 3 fb ∂ 2 fb

∂ fb ∂ fb η ∂ 2 fb
(1 + k) 3 − +f 2 −A +
∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η 2 ∂η 2
2 3
∂ 2 fb ∂ fb ∗ ∂f ∂ fb
b h i
−λ − k − M = Nf fb(η; ξ) (3.32)
∂η 2 ∂η 3 ∂η ∂η
2b " 2 #
∂ θ 1 b A
4 ∂ θ
b ∂ f ∂θ
b ∂θb ∂ θ
b ∂ φ
b
1 + Rd 2
+ −1 fb − 2θb − 3θb + η + Nt + Nb
3 ∂η P r ∂η ∂η 2 ∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η
h i
= Nθ fb(η; ξ), θ(η; b ξ) (3.33)
b ξ), φ(η;
" #
∂ 2 φb 1 ∂ φ
b ∂ b A
f 2b
∂ φ N t ∂ 2 θb
+ b − 2φb
f − 3φ + η 2 +
∂η 2 Sc−1
b
∂η ∂η 2 ∂η N b ∂η 2
h i
= Nφ fb(η; ξ), θ(η; b ξ) (3.34)
b ξ), φ(η;
33
The elemental result procedures by HAM is in [3.29 - 3.57].

The 0th Order system form Eqs. (3.35-3.37) is:
fb0 (η)] − phf Nf [fb(η, ζ)] = (1 − ζ)Lf [fb(η, ζ), (3.35)
phθ Nθ [fb(η, ζ), θ(η, b ζ)] = (1 − ζ)Lθ [θ(η,

b ζ), φ(η, b ζ) − θb0 (η)] (3.36)
ζhφ Nφ [fb(η, ζ), θ(η, b ζ)] = (1 − ζ)Lφ [φ(η,

b ζ), φ(η, b ζ) − φb0 (η)] (3.37)
The corresponding limit constraint is;
sβ
fb(η, ζ)|η=0 = 0, fb(η, ζ)|η=β − =0 (3.38)
2
∂ fb(η, ζ) ∂ 2 fb(η, ζ)
|η=0 − 1 = 0, |η=β = 0 (3.39)
∂η ∂η 2
b ζ)|η=0 − 1 = 0, ∂ θ(η,
b ζ)
θ(η, |η=β = 0 (3.40)
∂η
b ζ)|η=0 − 1 = 0, ∂ φ(η,
b ζ)
φ(η, |η=β = 0 (3.41)
∂η
where 0 ≤ ζ ≤ 1 be emmbeding constrants, hθ , hf , hφ are utilised to adjust
divergency. for ζ = 1 and ζ = 0 obtaining;
fb(η, 1) = fb(η), θ(η,

b 1) = θ(η),
b φ(η,
b 1) = φ(η)
b (3.42)
Taylor’s series approximation for ζ = 0 is used to expand the speed, fundamental heat
measure and diligence fields θ(η,
b ζ), φ(η,
b ζ), and fb(η, ζ)
∞
X
fb0 (η) + fbk (η)ζ k = fb(η, ζ) (3.43)
k=1
∞
X
θb0 (η) + θbk (η)ζ k = θ(η,
b ζ) (3.44)
k=1
∞
X
φb0 (η) + φbk (η)ζ k = φ(η,
b ζ) (3.45)
k=1
34
∂ fb(η, ζ) ∂ θ(η,
b ζ) ∂ φ(η,
b ζ)
fbn (η)−(n!)−1 |ζ=0 = 0, θbn (η)−(n!)−1 |ζ=0 = 0, φbn (η)−(n!)−1 |ζ=0 = 0
∂η ∂η ∂η
(3.46)
The secondary restrictions hf , hθ and hφ are selected as that the serieses (3.43),(3.44)
and (3.45) converges at ζ = 1 so, switching ζ = 1 in (3.43),(3.44) and (3.45) we
obtain:
∞
X
fbn (η) = fb0 (η) − fb(η), (3.47)
n=1
∞
X
θbn (η) = θb0 (η) − θ(η),
b (3.48)
n=1
∞
X
φbn (η) = φb0 (η) − φ(η),
b (3.49)
n=1
The nth ordering problems satisfy in beneath:
h i
hf Rkf (η) = Lf fbn (η) − χn fbn−1 (η) , (3.50)
h i
hθ Rnθ (η) = Lθ θbn (η) − χn θbn−1 (η) , (3.51)
h i
φ
hφ Rn (η) = Lφ φn (η) − χn φn−1 (η) .
b b (3.52)
The homogeneous B.Cs are:
φbn (0) = fbn (0) = fbn0 (0) = θbn (0) = 0, φb0n (β) = fbn00 (β) = θbn0 (β) = 0 (3.53)
Here
n−1 n−1
000
X
0
X h η 00 i
Rnf (η) − (1 + k)fbn−1 + fbn−1−k fbk0 − fbn−1−k fbk00 + A fbn−1
0
+ fbn−1
k=0 k=0
2
n−1
X 2
−λ 00
fbn−1−k fbk000 + M fbn−1
0
+ k ∗ fbn−1
0
= 0, (3.54)
k=0
35

Pn−1 b 
f n−1−k
b0 − 2 Pn−1 fb0
θ θ
bk
k=0 k k=0 n−1−k
4 A
 P 
θ 00 n−1 b 00 
Rn (η)− 1 + Rd θbn−1 −P r  − 0
η θn−1 + 3θn−1 + k=0 θn−1−k θk  = 0,
 b b b
3  2 
+N b n−1
P b0 b0 Pn−1 b0 b0
k=1 θn−1−k φk + N t k=1 θn−1−k θk
(3.55)

St P
Rnφ (η)
Pn−1 b 0 n−1 0
− Sc k=0 fn−1−k φk −
b 3φbn−1 + η φb0n−1 2 k=0 fn−1−k φk
b b
2
N t b00 00
− θn−1 − φbn−1 = 0 (3.56)
Nb
Where 
 1, ζ > 1
χn = (3.57)
 0, ζ 6 1
36
3.5 Entropy Generation Analysis:
Entropy generation(volumetric) for the Eyring-Powell fluids is as follows:
" 2 2 # 2 4
k

000 ∂ Tb b3 −1 ∂ Tb ∂b
u−1 1 1
∂b
u
Sgen = + 16σ T (3k) +µTb0 − 1+
Tb02 ∂y ∂y ∂b
y ρBC
6ρBC ∂y
b 2 σB02 2

−1 ∂C −1 ∂C ∂ Tb ∂ Tb ∂C
RDC0 + u
b + RDT0
b + (3.58)
∂y Tb0 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
The entropy generation in the above equations consists of these effects:
(i) Diffusive irreversibility (DI) (also known as Diffusion).
(ii) Fluid,s fraction changelessness (FFI).
(iii) Heat transfer changelessness(HTI) (also known as Conduction effect).
The characteristics of entropy generation is:
000 k(∆T )2
S0 = (3.59)
L2 Tb02
using Equation (3.59), the dimensionless form of entropy generation is
000
Sgen

02 −1 002 γβ 004 02
NG = 000 = Re(1+Rd)θ (ζ)+ReBr Ω (γ + 1)f (ζ) − f (ζ) + M f (ζ) +
S0 3
χ 2 −1
02 Ω
Reλ1 φ (ζ) + Reλ1 θ0 (ζ)φ0 (ζ) (3.60)
Ω χ
These number are granted in the beneath;
bL L2
u u2w
µb ∆T ∆C RDC0
Re = , Br = 0
,Ω = ,χ = , λ1 = (3.61)
v k∆T Tb0 C0 k
37
3.6 Convergence of Solution:
The ordering set of concentration, speed and fundamental heat quantity

function are computed by HAM, the assisting parameter hf,θ and hφ appears, which
is obligated for accommodating to converge the set of result. h-curve graphs of
f 00 (0),θ0 (0) and φ0 (0) for 7th order Approximation are plotted to get the possible
region of h in the Figures (3.2-3.3) for various values of embedded variables. The
h-curves consecutively display the valid region. Table.1 demonstrates numeric value
of HAM results on contrastive estimation using dissimilar values for various factors.
Clearly table values reflect that homotopys analysis method is a quickly converging
technique. The convergency region of the h-curve in Figs. 3.2 and 3.3 is shown as
−0.2 ≤ h ≤ 0.0 which is a valid region.
38
3.7 Analysis and Outcomes
This piece of writing administers the theory-based and graphic-based trait

of dissimilar physiological measure that is acquired in constitute flow problem.
A computation software package Mathematica has been utilised to enquire the
adornment of the whole physiological parameter. Particularly, we talk of their
consequences on velocity profiles, temperature profiles, nano-particle’s diligence
profiles, and entropy’s field. The graphic thought process of these parametric
quantities has been demonstrated in Figs. [3.4-3.27]. The consequence of un-steady
restriction A on f (η) profile illustrated in Fig.3.4. The velocity field f (η) rises with
the rise in unsteady parameter A. The effect of film thickness β has been demonstrated
for various values of fluids velocity mentioned in Fig.3.5. It shows that f (η) come
down with high value of β.The impact of Erying fluids factor k over the f (η) is
exposed in Fig.3.6. It has been observed, when Erying fluids parameter k increases
then it raises the nanofluids film motion, and this effect is clear at the stretching
surface. The distinguishness of magnetized factor M on fluids speed and heat profile
appear in Figs.3.7 and 3.10. It is obvious from mathematical formulation that the
magnetic parameter M is inversely varied with velocity distribution f (η). Increase
in magnetic parameter M causes decrease in speed’s environment. This influence of
magnetic field is caused by the production of friction force to the movement known as
the Lorentz force which brings retardation to the flow of the fluids and hence reduces
fluids velocity at the edge. The gradient in the fundamental heat quantity distribution
drop-off with decreasing within width of the thermo-edge layer. The time dependent
factor A has contrary affect on fundamental heat measure field. Fig.3.8. interpret
that temperature diminish with A parameter. The indistinguishable effect of the un-
steady parameter A is noticed for every liquid. It is also obvious from Fig.3.16
that the step-up value of unsteady variable A increment the concentration profile
φ(η). The fluids produces confrontation to the flow of film and shows a tendency
to reduce the velocity of fluids flow having larger values of β and it is clear in Fig.3.9.
The fluids film size absorbs heat that causes fall down in temperature distribution.
The temperature autonomous layer is incremented with the Brownian molecular
motion as decorated in Fig.3.11. Actually Brownian molecular movement is the
39
unreliable random move of minute subatomic particle in a fluids, as a consequence

of around-the-clock attack from molecules of the close substance. The realism is that
capricious movement of molecules of the liquid bring forth conflict in the material.
Increase in Brownian movement variable N b causes growth in temperature of the
fluid. Accordingly, it forces step-down in free layer nano-particle volume friction.
Overdue to Kinatic moleculer hypothesis the heated fluids gained owing the growth
of Brownians movement. Thusly the achieved resullt is in acceptable correspondence
the actual condition. Impacts of varying N b parameters with the concentration profile
φ(η) on region 0 ≤ η ≤ 1, An augmentative affect of φ(η) determined for both
suction and injection and it is exposed within Fig.3.18. The thermophoretic factor N t
fasces diminution in comparison with temparature visibility. Afoot physical process
has been delineated in Fag.3.12. The thermophoretic limitations assist to grow the
superficial fundamental heat quantity. The asymmetrical motion of nanometer size
supported molecule in the fluids interpret the Brownian motion. Because of this
dissymmetry in movement nano-delayed particlas acquire kinatic energy which grow
up temparature as consequence the thermophoratic forcefulness initiated. This forse
is causal agent to intensify fluids evaporation from the outer layer of the enlarging
surface. Later on, the heat within the edge layer boost as N t grow up. Physically,
Prandal number is the retio of kinamatic vicidness to thermo-diffusevity and is a
dimensionless quantity. The P r is increased if the values of momantum diffusevity
is large then the thermo-diffusevity. Therefare, energy transfer at thee outer layer
grows with increase in P r values while masses magnitude transfer is condensed as
Prandal number grows. Impect of P r is given in Fag.3.13. clearly shows θ(η) reduces
with large P r number. The logic behind is that with the large value of P r, thermal
layer of the boundary reduces. The phenomenon is to a greater extent perceptible
for little Prandal measure as width of the thermo-edge part is comparatively greater.
The influence of Rd parametric quantity on temperatures and concentrations is
presented in Figs.3.14 and 3.21. Thermal radiation have an imperative part in
inclusive boundary heat transmittance if the coefficients of convection temperature
transfer is diminished. Whenever, Rd grows up, it is perceived that it augment
heat in the edge layer of the fluids. This growth causes to decrement the charge
40
per unit of cooling in nano-fluids flows. The similar consequence is look into for
the concentration spatial arrangement illustrated in Fig.3.21. The heat field θ(η)
increase with the change in the Schmidt number illustrated in Fig.3.15, and the nan-
dimansional concantration profaile reduces with dissimilar measures of parameter
Sc shown in Fig.3.22. It is evident that a flow layer speeds up in the crosswise
direction by boost in the Sc. It’s trivial that with rise in the Schmidt number, the
flow portion speeds up in x-directions. The logic behind is Schmidt parameter is
ratio of impulse and concentration diffusivity. Rise in values of Sc decreases width
of the fluids and causes fall down in θ(η). The viscousness dispersion effect on
the nano-particle volume’s friction is inappreciable for high quantities of Sc. The
concentration of fluids φ(η) ascending as values of β progresses as exhibited by
Fig.3.17. The logic behind this is then the fluids flim width exhibit diract relation
with thermal conductivity and viscosity. As thermophoresis parameter N t rises,
elevetion occurs in the concentretion profaile. Thermophorasis restraction also helps
in raising the sarface nano-particle valume friction like the sarface temparature shown
in Fig.3.19. The sarface masses transffer rate in steedy and unsteedy casces decrease
with increasing the thermophoresis factor N t, but show hagh sarface masses transffer
rate in unsteedy case as compared to steady one. Concentration profile exhibits
the inverse relation with P r number shown in Fig.3.20. It means thinning of the
thermal boundary layer progresses the flow in the x-direction which is reflected in
the graph. Figures(3.23-3.27) represents the entropy profile for the Brinkmann Br,
Eyring Powell parimeter k, Magnatic parameter M , Rediation parameter Rd and
Reynolds number Re. it is clear from the figures 3.23, 3.25, and 3.27 that the entropy
profile increases due to increase in Br, M , and Re respectively. On the other hand it
is reflected from the figures 3.24 and 3.26 that the entropy generation field decreases
with increasing values of parameter k and Rd.
41
Figure 3.1: Physical Geometry of the fluids Problems.
Figure 3.2: Combine h-curve of fanction f and θ at 7th order aproximation, when
γ = Sc = A = ξ = β = k = 0.1, N b = N t = Rd = 0.3,M = P r = 1.
42
Figure 3.3: h curve of function φ at 7th order approximation, when γ = Sc = A =

ξ = β = k = 0.1, N b = N t = Rd = 0.3,M = P r = 1.
Figure 3.4: Impingement of A on f (η).
Figure 3.5: Impact of β on f (η).

43
Figure 3.6: Impact of k on f (η).
Figure 3.7: Impact of M on f (η).
Figure 3.8: Impact of A on θ(η).
Figure 3.18: Impact of Nb on φ(η).

44
Figure 3.9: Impact of β on θ(η).
Figure 3.10: Impact of M on θ(η).
Figure 3.11: Impact of Nb on θ(η).
Figure 3.19: Impact of Nt on φ(η).

45
Figure 3.12: Impact of Nt on θ(η).
Figure 3.13: Impact of Pr on θ(η).
Figure 3.14: Impact of Rd on θ(η).
Figure 3.20: Impact of Pr on φ(η).

46
Figure 3.15: Impact of Sc on θ(η).
Figure 3.16: Impact of A on φ(η).
Figure 3.17: Impact of β on φ(η).
Figure 3.21: Impact of Rd on φ(η).

47
Figure 3.22: Impact of Sc on φ(η).
Figure 3.23: Entropy Profile for verious values of Br.
Figure 3.24: Entropy Profile for verious values of k.

48
Figure 3.25: Entropy Profile for verious values of M .
Figure 3.26: Entropy Profile for verious values of Rd.
Figure 3.27: Entropy Profile for verious values of Re.

49
3.8 Tables Discussion
Table quantities such as film thickness β, skin friction co-efficient f 00 (0),

heating fluxes N u = −θ0 (0) and masses flax Sh = −φ0 (0) far engineering interest
are calculated through Tables 2,3,4 and 5. In Table.2 values of thin film thickness
β are determined using increasing value of A. It is analyzed that thin film thickness
reduces randomly when A is increased. The present results are compared with Wang
[3], Narayana and Sibanda [39], and Qasim [15]. complete agreement has been found
among all the results. Table.3 compares the present results of skin friction co-efficient
with Wang [3], Narayana and Sibanda [39], and Qasim [15] for increasing values of
A using M, St, β and γ closed agreement has been found. In table.4 the effect of M,
Nt, St and Pr on wall temperature is calculated taking St = 0.8 the large value of
M and Nt increas the wall temparature while the largger value of St and Pr raduces
the wall temparature. Table.5 exemines the impacts of embadding parametars Nb,
β, Pr, Nt on the heat flax N u = −θ0 (0) and mass flux Sh = −φ0 (0) . It has
been see that the increaseing values of Nb, β and Pr decreases masses flux while the
incraesing values of Nt increases masses flux. Notably increasing velues of embedded
parametars randomly varies heat flux. The current results of −θ0 (0) and −φ0 (0) has
also been compared with the previous one. The present outcomes are compared with
the foregoing ones, an outstanding agreement is initiated between the current and
previous results. The results obtained for velocity, temperature and concentration
profiles through HAM have also been weighted up with numerical calculations in
tables [1-5] respactively. A closed correspondence of the numarical and HAM mathod
validate the prevail outcomes for all the profiles through HAM.
50
3.9 Tables
Table 1. Comparison of values of films thicknass β for various velues of

S.
S Wang [3] Narayana and Sibanda [40] Qasim [15] Present Results
β β β β
0.4 5.122490 4.981455 4.981454 5.523451
0.6 3.131250 3.131713 3.131710 4.002111
0.8 2.151990 2.151994 2.151994 3.992358
1.0 1.543620 1.543618 1.543616 3.113001
1.2 1.127780 1.127780 1.127781 1.625391
1.4 0.821032 0.821032 0.821032 1.896541
1.6 0.576173 0.576173 0.576173 0.876512
1.8 0.356389 0.356389 0.356389 0.266156
Table 2. Camparision of values of skin frictions coefficent f 00 (0) and

βf 00 (0) for various values of S.
S Wang [3] Narayana and Sibanda [40] Qasim [15] Present Results
f 00 (0) βf 00 (0) βf 00 (0) βf 00 (0)
0.4 -6.699120 -5.6494483 -5.6494474 -4.33027
0.6 -3.742330 -3.7427896 -3.7427863 -3.94882
0.8 -2.680940 -2.6809660 -2.6809656 -2.64208
01 -1.972380 -1.9723877 -1.9723819 -1.33999
1.2 -1.442631 -1.4426237 -1.4426252 -0.92157
1.4 -1.012784 -1.0127798 -1.0127802 -0.56897
1.6 -0.642397 -0.6423970 -0.6423970 -0.34227
1.8 -0.309137 -0.3091369 -0.3091367 -0.03027
51
Table 3. The wall temperature for unalike value of M, St, Pr and Nt if

St = 0.8, Gm = 0.2, N b = 0.4, β = 0.9, Gr = 0.4, Ec = 1.6.
M Nt St Pr Tawade et al. Qasim et al. Present

(2016) (2016) (2017)
Results Results Results
θ(β) θ(β) θ(β)
0 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.257696 0.9604803 0.223456
1 0.420739 0.6925326 0.432111
2 0.526782 0.0978841 0.712351
5 0.695757 0.0248625 1.023001
1 0.01 1.030899 0.0083111 1.625341
0.1 0.931433 0.0013612 1.236540
1.0 0.420739 0.0002935 0.988872
5.0 0.011137 0.0000390 0.566100
1.0 0.0 0.227566 0.222109
1.0 0.420739 0.432091
3.0 0.715871 0.674109
5.0 0.826899 0.992221
1.0 0.1 0.190930 0.011236
0.2 0.223926 0.227634
0.3 0.250515 0.537000
0.4 0.281804 0.719273
0.340312 1.200235
52
Table 4. The Nusslet number Φ0 (0) and Sherwood numbers Θ0 (0) v/s
varied value of embadded parameters when St = 0.8.
Ec β Pr Nt −Θ0 (0) −Θ0 (0) −Φ0 (0) −Φ0 (0)

Tawad et al. Present Qasim et al. Present
(2016) (2017) (2016) (2017)
Results Results Results Results
0.0 0.2 1.0 0.1 2.46682 0.682385 4.69946 6.68238
0.5 1.66004 0.541422 5.63125 4.94142
1.0 1.17173 0.440569 5.73992 5.44569
0.2 2.08356 0.321022 4.96867 5.12101
0.3 1.37004 0.300420 5.68398 5.70742
0.4 0.94740 0.291420 5.75820 5.29140
0.5 2.46062 0.371420 4.65665 5.37143
1.5 1.65905 0.182285 5.59404 6.78223
5.0 1.17298 0.011422 5.70473 7.01147
0.4 1.96299 0.612427 5.01443 4.11207
0.6 1.28112 0.691428 5.66638 4.69458
0.8 0.87980 0.500987 5.73093 7.50097
53
Table 5. Convergence of f 00 (0), θ0 (0) and φ0 (0) by HAM Method if N t =

N b = Rd = 0.3, A = Sc = k = ξ = γ = β = 0.1, M = P r = 1.
Solution f 00 (0) θ0 (0) φ0 (0)

Approximation
1 -0.05401 -0.10070 -1.10075
4 -0.10218 -0.18890 -1.38506
7 -0.10813 -0.19903 -1.88867
10 -0.10888 -0.20281 -1.99293
13 -0.10894 -0.20154 -2.01113
14 -0.10896 -0.20475 -2.01406
17 -0.10897 -0.20478 -2.01451
20 -0.10897 -0.20479 -2.01458
25 -0.10897 -0.20479 -2.01458
54
3.10 Primary Settlements of on-line episode
This chapter inquires entropy generation in 2-D nano-fluid film flow of Eyring-Powell
nanofluid having transfer of heat over a porous enlarging sheet in the presence of
MHD and thermal radiation. Observance of this research works depends on the effect
of magnetic field, temperature and thermal radiations on nanoliquids film flow. The
modeled system is solved through HAM scheme. Numerical convergence of this
technique is shown in tables. The impact of parameters are determined graphically.
The main key objectives are:
• Progressive values of Brinkmann, Hartmann number and Reynold number

increases entropy field.
• Rising values of k and Rd drops the entropy field.
• Heat field incremented with increment in N b.
• The surface temperature rises with the rising values of P r, where the inverse
impact is found for A it means that surface temperature reduces for greater
values of A.
• Liquid film velocity decreases with Porosity parameter.
• Large values of N t decreases heat field and it rises for smaller numerical
quantity.
• Growing value of N b parameter decreases the masses fluxion Sh, as well as

thermophoresis rises the Sh. The higher values of Re decay the Sh, where it
grows with growing values of Schmidt number.
• Concentration profile and temperature gradient are directly proportional with

M.
• Increasing the nano material concentration efficiently augments the friction of

Eyring nanofluid.
CHAPTER 4
Nanofluids Film Flow of Eyring Powell Fluid with Magneto hydrodynamic

effect on Unsteady Porous Stretching Sheet
This subsection investigates 2-dimensional nano-fluids film flow of Eyring

Powell fluids having variable transfer of heat under the influence of MHD on a
porose un-steady enlarging surface. The basic governing equations of momentum,
mass and heat transmission are modeled and reduced to a non-linear system of ODEs
by using suitable similarity variables. The discrepancy of skin friction, Sherwood
number, Nusslet number and their impact upon the momentum, concentration and
heat field are analyzed. In addition to, for understanding the embedding parameters
like, Thermophoretic parameter, time dependent parameter, Magnetic parameter,
Schmidth number, Prandtl number, Eyring Powell fluids parameter and Brownian
motion parameter etc. have been plotted graphically and discussed.
56
4.1 Problem Formulation
Assume 2-D incompressible nano-fluids liquid film of Eyring Powell fluids flow along
with megnetohydrodynamics on an time dependent porose expanding surface with
simultaneous transfer of mass and heat. The coordinate axes are selected such that
the slit is in x-axis direction and surface is orthogonal to y-axis severally. The plate
and its linear velocity are on +ve x-axis and are assumed like:
αx
U0 (x, t) = (4.1)
1 − γt
which is stretching, where γ is the stretching parameter.

The surface temperature of the nano-fluidss is

αx2
Tw (x, t) = T0 − Tref × (1 − γt)−3/2 (4.2)
2v
and similarly the volume concentration for the nano-fluidss is

αx2
Cw (x, t) = C0 − Cref × (1 − γt)−3/2 (4.3)
2v
αx2
The time dependent term is the local Reynold number, dependent on the
v(1 − γt)
stretching velocity U0 (x, t). Here T0 and C0 are temperature and concentration at
the slit respectively, Cref and Tref are the reference concentration and reference
temperature such that Cref ∈ [0, C0 ] and Tref ∈ [0, T0 ]. At the start, the slit is
initiated along the Origin and after that an extrinsic forces is acted to deform the slite
α
in the +ve horizontal axis at the change per unit in the time γ ∈ [0, 1] with
1 − γt
U0 (x, t) initial velocity.
57
Figure 4.1: Geometry
The basic governing equations are
div Vb = 0 (4.4)
ρai = −∇p + ∇(T ) + Jb × B

b (4.5)

2 DT
α∇ T + ρ DB ∇C.∇T + ∇T.∇T = (Vb .∇)T (4.6)
T0
DT 2
DB ∇2 C + ∇ T = (Vb .∇)C (4.7)
T0
Cauchy stress tensor T can be expressed as
T = −pI + τ (4.8)
The rheological model of Eyring-Powell fluids [16] is

∂ui 1 −1 −1 ∂ui
τij − µ − sinh c =0 (4.9)
∂xj β ∂xj
Here c and β represents attributes of the Eyring Powell liquid, where p and I are the
force per unit area and the indistinguishability tensor respectively. Where
3
∂u i 1 ∂u i ∂u i ∂u i
c−1 c−1 ≈ sinh−1 c−1 , c−1

− ≺ 1. (4.10)
∂xj 6 ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj
58
Considering the above postulates, the leading equation of continuity, velocitys, power
and concentrations of 2-D thin film flow are as under
∂b
u ∂bv
+ =0 (4.11)
∂x ∂y
2
∂ 2u b2

1 1 ∂ 2u
∂b
u σB 0 ν ∂b
u ∂b
u ∂b
u
v+ − −
b
u
b(t)− ∗ ub(t) = +ub +b v
b
ρβC ∂y 2 2ρβC 3 2 ρ k ∂t ∂x ∂y
∂y ∂y
2 (4.12)
1 ∂ ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T

∂C ∂T Dt ∂T
K(T ) + t DB + = +ub + vb
ρcp ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y T0 ∂y ∂t ∂x ∂y
(4.13)
∂ 2C DT ∂ 2 T

∂C ∂C ∂C
DB 2 + = + u + v (4.14)
T0 ∂y 2
b b
∂y ∂t ∂x ∂y
Here u and v are the fluids velocity components, υ denotes coefficient of kinematic
viscosity, ρ represents density where as σ andµ represent the electrical conductivity
and dynamic viscosity respectively. In equation (4.13) T represents the temperature,
α is thermal diffusivity, k ∗ represents porosity, cp represents specific heat, thermal
conductivity of fluids is represented by kp , Brownian diffusion coefficient is denoted
(ρcp )p
by DB , t = where ρf denotes the base fluids density and ρb represents density
(ρcp )f
of the particle, C represents coefficient of volumetric expansion.
The Boundary conditions for the state problem includes:
u
b = U0 , vb = 0, T = Tw , C = Cs at y = 0, (4.15)
∂b
u ∂T ∂C dδ
= = = 0, vb = = 0, at y = δ(t), (4.16)
∂y ∂y ∂y dx
Where the thickness of liquid is δ(t). The similarity variables for non
dimensionalization are as follows:
r r
α υα
η= y, Ψ(x, y, t) = x f (η),
υ(1 − γt) 1 − γt

αx2
T (x, y, t) = T0 − Tref (1 − γt)−3/2 θ(η),
2v
αx2
C(x, y, t) = C0 − Cref (1 − γt)−3/2 φ(η)
2v
(4.17)
59

∂Ψ ∂Ψ
Here Ψ represents stream function such that, u b, vb = ,− . The prime
∂y ∂x
indicates derivative w.r.t η and the thickness
of non-dimensional nano-fluidss film is
α
represented by β. where β = δ(t).
υ(1 − γt)
1
dδ βγ h υ i 2 −1
=− 1 − γt 2 (4.18)
dt 2 α
Inserting equation(4.17) in (4.11-4.14), where (4.11) identically holds and we get the
following governing equations:

(1 + k)f 000 − (f 0 )2 + f f 00 − A f 0 + η2 f 00 − λ(f 00 )2 f 000 − k ∗ f 0 − M f 0 = 0, (4.19)

A
h i
00 0 0 0 0 0 2
1 + ξθ θ + P r f θ − 2f θ − 3θ + ηθ + N bφ θ + N t(θ ) = 0 (4.20)
0
2
Nt
00 A
0 0
φ + Sc f φ − 2f φ − 3φ + ηφ00 + φ00 = 0 (4.21)
2 Nb
The corresponding non-dimensional boundary conditions are
f 0 (0) = 1, f (0) = 0, θ(0) = φ(0) = 1 (4.22)
sβ
f (β) = , f 00 (β) = 0, θ0 (β) = φ0 (β) = 0 (4.23)
2
v
The non-dimensional parameters after simplification can be defined as P r =
α
σB02 v
is prandtl number, M = (1 − ξt) is magnetic parameter, Sc =
ρα DB
τ DB (Cω − C0 )
Schmid number, N b = is parameter of Brownian motion, N t =
v
(ρcp )p DT T0 ξ
is Thermophoretic parameter, A = is unsteadiness parameter, γ =
(ρcp )f Tc α
3 3
1 α x ∗ υ
is Stretching parameter, k = 1 − ξt is Porosity
2ρβC 3 1 − ξt r ρκ∗
1
parameter, and k = is Eyring Powell fluids parameter.
µBCr
60
4.2 Homotopic Solution:
The following initial guesses are nominated as under;
fb0 (η) − η = 0, θb0 (η) − 1 = 0, and φb0 (η) − 1 = 0. (4.24)
Lf , Lθ , and Lφ are representing linear operators
000 = 0,
Lf (fb) − fc b − θb00 = 0,
Lθ (θ) c00 = 0.
b −φ
Lφ (φ) (4.25)
where
Lf (e1 + e2 η + e3 η 2 ) = 0, Lθ (e4 + e5 η) = 0, Lφ (e6 + e7 η) = 0 (4.26)
The coefficients involve in the general solution are ei where 1 ≤ i ≤ 7. The

corresponding nonlinear operators Nf , Nθ , Nφ , are carefully chosen of the form:
2
∂ 3 fb ∂ 2 fb

h i
∂ f
b ∂ b η ∂ 2 fb
f
Nf fb(η; ξ) = (1 + k) 3 − +f 2 −A +
∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η 2 ∂η 2
2 3
∂ 2 fb ∂ fb ∗ ∂f
b ∂ fb
−λ − k − M (4.27)
∂η 2 ∂η 3 ∂η ∂η
i b ∂ 2 θb b∂ θb

h
1 + ξ θ ∂ fb A ∂ θb
Nθ f (η; ξ), θ(η; ξ), φ(η; ξ) =
b b b +f − 2θ b − 3θ + η
b
Pr ∂η 2 ∂η ∂η 2 ∂η
2
∂ θb ∂ θb ∂ φb
+ Nt + Nb (4.28)
∂η ∂η ∂η
" #
i ∂ 2 φb b A
∂ φ ∂ f 2b
∂ φ
h b
Nφ fb(η; ξ), θ(η; b ξ) =
b ξ), φ(η; + Sc fb − 2φb − 3φb + η 2
∂η 2 ∂η ∂η 2 ∂η
N t ∂ 2 θb
+ (4.29)
N b ∂η 2
61
The basic statements of HAM are defined inside [4.24-4.52].

The 0th Order system forms Eqs.(4.30-4.32):
(1 − ζ)Lf [fb(η, ζ) − fb0 (η)] − phf Nf [fb(η, ζ)] = 0, (4.30)
(1 − ζ)Lθ [θ(η,
b ζ) − θb0 (η)] − phθ Nθ [fb(η, ζ), θ(η,
b ζ), φ(η,
b ζ)] = 0, (4.31)
(1 − ζ)Lφ [φ(η,
b ζ) − φb0 (η)] − ζhφ Nφ [fb(η, ζ), θ(η,
b ζ), φ(η,
b ζ)] = 0. (4.32)
Corresponding B.Cs;
sβ
fb(η, ζ)|η=0 = 0, fb(η, ζ)|η=β − =0 (4.33)
2
∂ fb(η, ζ) ∂ 2 fb(η, ζ)
|η=0 − 1 = 0, |η=β = 0 (4.34)
∂η ∂η 2
b ζ)|η=0 − 1 = 0, ∂ θ(η,
b ζ)
θ(η, |η=β = 0 (4.35)
∂η
b ζ)|η=0 − 1 = 0, ∂ φ(η,
b ζ)
φ(η, |η=β = 0 (4.36)
∂η
Taking ζ = 0 , ζ = 1, the acquire consequences;
fb(η) − fb(η, 1) = 0, b − θ(η,

θ(η) b 1) = 0, b − φ(η,
φ(η) b 1) = 0 (4.37)
Taylor’s series approximation for ζ = 0 is used to expand the essential fields;
∞
X
fb(η, ζ) − fb0 (η) − fbk (η)ζ k = 0, (4.38)
k=1
∞
X
b ζ) − θb0 (η) −
θ(η, θbk (η)ζ k = 0, (4.39)
k=1
∞
X
b ζ) − φb0 (η) −
φ(η, φbk (η)ζ k = 0. (4.40)
k=1
1 ∂ fb(η, ζ) 1 ∂ θ(η,
b ζ) 1 ∂ φ(η,
b ζ)
fbn (η) = |ζ=0 , θbn (η) = |ζ=0 , φbn (η) = |ζ=0
n! ∂η n! ∂η n! ∂η
(4.41)
62
The serieses (4.38),(4.39) and (4.40) converges at ζ = 1 so, switching ζ = 1 in

(4.38),(4.39) and (4.40) we obtain:
∞
X
fb(η) − fb0 (η) − fbn (η) = 0, (4.42)
n=1
∞
X
b − θb0 (η) −
θ(η) θbn (η) = 0, (4.43)
n=1
∞
X
b − φb0 (η) −
φ(η) φbn (η) = 0, (4.44)
n=1
The nth order system forms:
h i
Lf fn (η) − χn fn−1 (η) − hf Rkf (η) = 0,
b b (4.45)
h i
Lθ θbn (η) − χn θbn−1 (η) − hθ Rnθ (η) = 0, (4.46)
h i
Lφ φbn (η) − χn φbn−1 (η) − hφ Rnφ (η) = 0. (4.47)
Invariable B.Cs:
fbn (0) = fbn0 (0) = θbn (0) = φbn (0) = 0, fbn00 (β) = θbn0 (β) = φb0n (β) = 0 (4.48)
Here
n−1 n−1
X
0 000
X h η b00 i
Rnf (η) + fbn−1−k fbk0 = (1 + k)fbn−1 + b b00 b0
fn−1−k fk − A fn−1 + fn−1
k=0 k=0
2
n−1
X 2
+λ 00
fbn−1−k fbk000 − M fbn−1
0
− k ∗ fbn−1
0
. (4.49)
k=0
n−1 n−1 n−1

X
0

00 1 Xb 00
X
Rnθ (η) +2 fn−1−k θk = 1 + ξθ θn−1 +
b b b ξ θn−1−k θk +
b fbn−1−k θbk0
k=0
P r k=0 k=0
n−1 n−1
A X
0 0
X
0
− 0
3θbn−1 + η θbn−1 + N b θn−1−k φk + N t
b b θbn−1−k θbk0 . (4.50)
2 k=1 k=1
63
n−1 n−1
X
0 00
X ASc
Rnφ (η) + 2Sc fbn−1−k φbk = φbn−1 + Sc fbn−1−k φb0k − 0
3φn−1 + η φn−1
b b
k=0 k=0
2
N t b00
+ θ (4.51)
N b n−1
Where 
 1, ζ > 1
χn = (4.52)
 0, ζ 6 1
64
4.3 Convergency:
We computed the solution of constituent distributions by HAM, the assisting

paremeters hf,θ and hφ appears, that are responsable for adjasting the convergency.
h-curve graphs of f 00 (0),θ0 (0) and φ0 (0) for 7th order Approcimation are ploted to get
the possible region of h curve in the Figures (4.2-4.3) for various values of embedded
variables. The h-curves sequentially display the legitimate location. The convergency
region of the h-curve in Figs. 4.2 and 4.3 is shown as −0.2 ≤ h ≤ 0.0 which is a
valid region.
Figure 4.2: Combine h curve of function f and θ at 7th order approximation, when
γ = Sc = A = ξ = β = k = 0.1, N b = N t = Rd = 0.3,M = P r = 1.
Figure 4.3: h curve of function φ at 7th order approximation, when γ = Sc = A =

ξ = β = k = 0.1, N b = N t = Rd = 0.3,M = P r = 1.
65
Figure 4.4: Impact of A on f (η), where β = 0.4,M = 1,γ = 0.7,λ = k = 0.6.
Figure 4.5: Effect of β on f (η), where A = 0.1,M = 1,γ = 0.7,λ = k = 0.6.
Figure 4.6: Impect of γ on f (η), where β = 0.4,M = 1,A = 0.9,λ = 0.5,k = 0.6.
66
Figure 4.7: Effect of k on f (η), where β = 0.4,M = 1,A = 0.9,λ = γ = 0.5.
Figure 4.8: Impact of M on f (η), where β = 0.4,γ = 0.7,λ = 0.3,A = 0.9,k = 0.6.
Figure 4.9: Influence of A on θ(η), where γ = Sc = ξ = 0.6, β = 0.1,N b = 0.3,

M = 0.5, N t = k = 0.4, P r = 1.
67
Figure 4.10: Influence of β on θ(η), where γ = A = Sc = ξ = 0.6,M = 0.1,N b =

0.3, N t = k = 0.4,P r = 1.
Figure 4.11: Influence of M on θ(η), where γ = A = Sc = ξ = 0.6,β = 0.1,N b =

0.3, N t = k = 0.4,P r = 1.
Figure 4.12: Impect of Nb on θ(η), where γ = A = Sc = ξ = 0.6,β = 0.1,M =

0.5, N t = Rd = k = 0.4,P r = 1.
68
Figure 4.13: Impect of Nt on θ(η), where γ = A = Sc = ξ = 0.6,β = 0.1,M =

0.5,N b = 0.3, Rd = k = 0.4,P r = 1.
Figure 4.14: Affect of Pr on θ(η), where γ = A = Sc = ξ = 0.6,β = 0.1,M =

5,N b = 3, N t = Rd = k = 0.4.
Figure 4.15: Affect of Sc on θ(η), where γ = A = ξ = 0.6,β = 0.1,M = 0.2,N b =

0.3, N t = k = 0.4, P r = 1.
69
Figure 4.16: Impact of A on φ(η), where γ = Sc = ξ = 0.6,β = 0.1,M =

0.5,N b = 0.3, N t = k = 0.4, P r = 1.
Figure 4.17: Influence of β on φ(η), where γ = 1.9,Sc = 0.3,ξ = 1.1,M = 0.2,

N b = 0.5, A = 1.2, N t = 0.5, k = P r = 0.1.
Figure 4.18: Impact of N b on φ(η), where γ = Sc = ξ = 0.6,β = 1,M = 0.1,A =

0.5, N t = k = 0.4, P r = 1.
70
Figure 4.19: Influence of N t on φ(η), where γ = Sc = ξ = 0.6, β = 0.2,M = 0.1,

N b = A = 0.5, k = 0.5, P r = 1.
Figure 4.20: Influence of P r on φ(η), where γ = Sc = A = ξ = 0.6,β = 0.1,M =

N b = N t = 0.5, k = 0.4.
Figure 4.21: Influence of Sc on φ(η), where γ = ξ = 0.6, β = 0.2, M = 0.1,N b =

A = 0.5, N t = k = 0.4, P r = 1.
71
4.4 Tables Discussion
This section is about the discussion of tables. Table.1 exhibit numeric values of
solution at dissimilar estimate for various parametars. Clearly the table values shows
that homotapy analysis tachnique is a quickly convergant technique. Table quanteties
such as film thickness β, skin frictions co-efficient f 00 (0), heat fluxes N u = −θ0 (0)
and mass fluxes Sh = −φ0 (0) are calculated from Tables 2,3 and 4. In Table.2; skin
frictions co-efficient f 00 (0) and thin film thickness β are determined using increasing
values of A. It is analyzed that skin frictions co-efficient increments and the thin film
thickness reduces randomly with increasing values of A. In table.3 the affect of M,
Nt, A and Pr on wall temperature is calculated taking A = 0.8 the large value of M
and Nt step-up the wall temparature while the enormous values of A and Pr bring
down the wall temparature. Table.4 look into the effect of embeding parametars Nb,
β, Pr and Nt on the heat flux N u = −θ0 (0) and mass flux Sh = −φ0 (0) . It has been
seen that the augmentative values of Nb, β and Pr decreases mass fluxes while the
growing values of Nt develop mass fluxes. It has also been seen that the increasing
values of embeded parametars randomly varies heat flux. The current results of
−θ0 (0) and −φ0 (0) having a resemblance in appearance.
72
4.5 Tables
Table 1. Convergency of f 00 (0), θ0 (0) and φ0 (0) by HAM method acting if

N t = N b = 0.3, A = Sc = k = ξ = γ = β = 0.1, P r = M = 1.
Solution f 00 (0) θ0 (0) φ0 (0)

Approximation
1 -0.05401 -0.10070 -1.10075
4 -0.10218 -0.18890 -1.38506
7 -0.10813 -0.19903 -1.88867
10 -0.10888 -0.20281 -1.99293
13 -0.10894 -0.20154 -2.01113
14 -0.10896 -0.20475 -2.01406
17 -0.10897 -0.20478 -2.01451
20 -0.10897 -0.20479 -2.01458
25 -0.10897 -0.20479 -2.01458
Table 2. Give rise skin frictions coefficient f 00 (0) and film thickness β for several
values of A.
A Present Results Present Results

f 00 (0) β
0.4 -4.33027 5.523451
0.6 -3.94882 4.002111
0.8 -2.64208 3.992358
1.0 -1.33999 3.113001
1.2 -0.92157 1.625391
1.4 -0.56897 1.896541
1.6 -0.34227 0.876512
1.8 -0.03027 0.266156
73
Table 3. The wall temperature for dissimilar values of M, A, Pr and Nt when

A = 0.8,N b = 0.4,β = 0.9,N b = 1.6
M Nt A Pr Present
(2017)
Results
θ(β)
0 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.223456
1 0.432111
2 0.01 0.712351
0.1 0.0 1.023001
1.0 0.1 1.625341
0.2 1.236540
Table 4. The Nusslet number φ0 (0) and Sherwood numbers θ0 (0) verses various
value of embedded parameters when A = 0.8.
Nb β Pr Nt −θ0 (0) −φ0 (0)
Present Present
Results Results
0.0 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.682385 6.68238

0.5 0.541422 4.94142
1.0 0.440569 5.44569
0.2 0.321022 5.12101
0.3 0.300420 5.70742
0.4 0.291420 5.29140
0.5 0.371420 5.37143
1.5 0.182285 6.78223
5.0 0.011422 7.01147
0.4 0.612427 4.11207
0.6 0.691428 4.69458
0.8 0.500987 7.50097
74
4.6 Written communication
Present work concentrate on the comprehension of fluids film motion through with
modeled parametric quantity. The visual communication of these factors have been
illustrated in Figs. [4.4-4.21] while Figure.4.2 is the combine h curve graph of
velocity and temperature profiles and Fig.4.3 is the h curve graph of concentration
profile. Both the graphs reflect valid region which gaurantees that homotapy analysis
method is speedy convergant technique. The influence of time dependent constraint
A on the fb(η) field shown in Fig.4.4. The velocity visibility fb(η) rises with the rise
in A. Velocity increases with the time dependent constraint A. The influance of
film thickness β has been displayed for unlike values of fluids velocity in Fig.4.5.
It has observed that fb(η) come down over with greater value of β. The impact of
stretching parameter γ on fb(η) has been appeared in graph.4.6. It has been seen
fb(η) drop-off with growing values of stretching parameter. The effect of Erying
fluids factor k over the fb(η) is exposed in graph.4.7. It has been seen, when Erying
fluids parameter k modify then it increments the nano-fluidss films movement, and
this influance is clear at the enlarging surface. The attributes of magnatic factor M
on fluids velocity and heat profile are shown in Figs.4.8 and 4.11. It is obvious
from mathematical formulation that M is inversely varied with velocity flied fb(η).
Increasing M decreases the velocity field. This affect of magnatic field is caused
by production of friction force to move and is known as Lorantz force that bring
retardation to fluids flow and hence decreases fluids velocity at the upper surface.
It is clear from Fig.4.16 that maximum fluidss reflect the similar response to the
time dependent parameter. The slope in the temparature distribution falls down
with decreasing the width of thermal boundary layers. It means that time dependent
parameter A has inverse affect on the temparature field. Fig.4.9. shows that heat
profile decreases with the parameter A. All fluids observes the same affect on
temparature profile for parameter A. Actually, the fluids produces resistance to the
flow of films and shows a tendency to decay the velocity of fluids flow having greater
values of β and it is obvious in Fig.4.11. The fluids films size absorbs heat that causes
falls down in heat distribution. The expose layer temperature is incremented with the
Brownian-motions restriction as ilustrated in Fig.4.12. The realism is that the random
75
movement of molecules of fluids produces collisions among molecules. Increase

in Brownian-motions parameter N b, results increment in temperature of the fluids,
Accordingly, it causes redaction in free-surfase nanoparticale volume-fractions and is
shown in Fig.4.18. The thermophoretic parametar N t decreases as the temparature
profile increases and it can be seen in Fig.4.13. The thermophoresis constraint is
responsible for raise in surface temperature. The random motion of nano particles of
fluids produces Brownian motion. This irregular motion of nano suspended particles
is responsible for kinetic energy and it causes rise in temperature. Consequently,
thermo-force is bring about. This causal agent produces intensiveness in the fluids to
evaporate from the upper layer of the expanding surface. Afterwards, the temparature
of internal boundary layers boost as N t increases. Physically, Prandtl number is ratio
of kinematic viscidness to thermal diffusivity and is a dimensionless quantity. The
value of P r is increased if values of thermo-diffusivity is less then the momentum
difusivity. Therefore, heat transmission at the exterior increases as the values of P r
increase while mass transmission reduces as the Prandal number grows up. Influence
of P r is in Fig.4.14. It obviously shows that θ(η)
b reduces with large P r number. The
logic behind is that large quantity of Prandal number reduces thermal layera of the
boundary. The consequences are more prominent for minor Prandtl quantity because
of relatively greater width of thermo-boundary layers. Heat system θ(η)
b increase
with change in the Schmit numbers and is shown in Fig.4.15, and the undimensional
concantration profile reduces with dissimilar measures of parameter Sc displayed in
Fig.4.21. It’s viewable that flow region up rise in crosswise direction by rising the
Schmit number. Clearly it reflects that with rise in the Schmidt number, the flow
layer step-up in x-direction. The logic is that the Sc parameter is ratio of moment
to the diligence diffusavity. The growth in Sc reduces width of fluids and causes
fall down in θ(η).
b The vicidness disipation effect on nanoparticles volume-fractions
is inappreciable for high value of Schmit numbers. The concentration of the fluids
φ(η)
b increases as values of β grows as presented by Fig.4.17. The logic behind is
that width of fluids films exhibit direct proportion with thermal conductivity as well
as with viscosity. As thermophoresis parameter N t increases, concentration field
elevates. Just like surface temperature, thermophoresis factor also help in increasing
76
the exterior of nanoparticles volume fraction and is illustrated in Fig.4.19. Increasing

values of N t drop-off the surface masses transffer rate in both steady and time
dependent cases, merely shows higher masses transffer rate on external edge in time
dependent case as compared to steady one. Concentration profile shows the inverse
relation with P r number as shown in Fig.4.20. It means thinning of thermal boundary
layer increases flow in the x-direction, which is clearly exhibited in the graph.
77
4.7 Closing Comments
This chapter analyzes 2-D nano-fluid thin film flow of Eyring-Powell fluid having
heat transfer on a porous expanding surface with magnetic flied. The observation of
this study depends upon the affect of variable temperature and MHD on fluid thin
film flows. The influence of Sherwood number Sh, Nusslet number N u and skin
fractionCf , is shown numerically. The central concluding points are:
• Rise in P r rises surface heat, and the inverse impact is observed for A
parameter.
• Velocity profile decline with magnetic parameter and variable viscosity.
• Concentration and heat profile are proportional with magnetic parameter.
• Greater values of M falls the motion of the liquid.
• large values of Re fall down the N u and it grows with growing values of
Schmidt number.
• HAM convergence is shown numerically.

CHAPTER 5
Semi Analytical Solution Of Steady Burgers’ Nanofluid Flow between Parallel

Channels with Heat Generation/Absorption under the Influence of Thermal
Radiation
This subsection of the thesis deals with Burgers nanofluid flow in two parallel
disks under impact of thermal radiation. The nanofluid flow is assumed in a
steady state and medium among the disks is kept porous. The impacts of the
heat generations/absorptions and nanomaterials on the flow are consider. The
significant influences of Brownian motions and thermo-phoresis have been taken
in Nano-fluids model. The system non-linear PDEs of Burger nanofluids relation
are reduce into nonlinear system of ODEs by means of suitable transformations and
interpreted by the HAM techniue. The convergence of HAM technique is illustrated
numerically. The characteristics of the dimensionless velocity, heat, concentrations
and nanoparticles motile microorganism density with various thermo-physicals, non-
Dimensionals parameters are displayed through graphs and thorough exploration of
these parameters are shown. The present work identifies that the heat profile of the
nanofluids enhance for the bigger values of Brownian motions and thermophoratic
parameter. Graphs for the Nusselt-number, Sherwood numbers are calculated and
scrutinized. Moreover, the influence of various embedded parameters are shown and
studied graphically in detail.
79
5.1 Flow Analysis and Mathematical Formulation
Consider Burgers nanofluid flow in two horizontals parallel disks with

distance between them. The coordinate system is elected in such a manner that below
disk is placed on horizontal axis (x-axis) while the y-axis is normal to lower plate,
which is presumed to be fixed. It is imagined that Burgers nanofluid flows under the
impacts of thermal radiations and medium between the plates is kept porous. The
flow of the nanofluids, mass transmission and temperature transmission are taken in
steady 2-D states, which are incompressible, laminar and stable [48]. The upper plate
is movable with velocity →−v . Constant temperatures given at upper plate is T and
2
lower plate is T1 . The geometry of the nanofluid flow phenomena is shown in Fig.5.1.
Figure 5.1: Geometry of the problem.
The flow fields of velocity, energy, concentration and Cauchy Stress tensor in the case
of two dimensional flow are assumed as:
→
− →
− →
−
V = (u(x, y), v(x, y), 0) , T = T (x, y), C = C(x, y), S = S (x, y) (5.1)
The flow of nanofluids is incompressible, laminar and stable. The rheological model
80
of the Burgers’ fluid is written as:
D2

D →
− D − →
1 + λ1 + λ2 2 S = µ 1 + λ3 A1 (5.2)
Dt Dt Dt
In mentioned equation λ1 and λ3 (≤ λ1 ) represents relaxation and retardation times

→
−
separately, λ2 represents material parameter of Burgers’ fluids, S denotes the extra
−→ →− → − ∗
stress tensor, µ denotes the dynamic viscosity, where A1 = ∇ V + ∇ V
D
shows first Rivlin-Ericksen tensor and represents the upper convicted derivative.
Dt
By using above data, the basic equations of the continuity, velocity, energy and
concentration become as follow:
Continuity Equation:
→
−
div V = 0 (5.3)
In case of two dimensional flows the continuity equation is as under:
ux + vy = 0 (5.4)
Momentum Equation [48]:
→
−
DV k
ρnf = ∇Te − ∇(P + ρg) (5.5)
Dt µ
→
−
Here V is velocity vector, ρnf denotes the base fluids densaty, Te denote Cauchys
strass tensar, ∇ is nebla operator, ρg is a force of body. Governing equations [31] for
steady flows of the Burgers’ nanofluids are:
uux + vuy + λ1 u2 uxx + v 2 uyy + 2uvuyx

 
u3 uxxx + v 3 uyyy + u2 (uxx ux + uy vxx + 2vx uyx )
 
+ λ2  +3v 2 (vy uyy + uy ) + 3uv(uuyxx + vuyyx ) 
 
 
+2uv(vy uxx + vx uyy + vy uyx − uy vyx )
1 h i v
= − Px + v uxx + vyy + λ2 (uuyyx + vuyyy − ux uyy − uy uyy ) − u, (5.6)
ρ k
81
uvx + vvy + λ1 u2 vxx + v 2 vyy + 2uvvyx

 
u3 vxxx + v 3 vyyy + 2uv(vxx uy + vx vyy − vx vyx − vy vyx )
 
 2
 +u (vxx vx − 3vy vxx − 3vvyxx − vy vyx + 2vx vyx ) 

+ λ2 
 
2
 +v (2vy vyy − vx vyy + 2uvyyx + 2uy vyyx + uvyyx ) 

 
+2uv(uy uxx + vx uyy + vy uyx − uy vyx )
 
3
1 vxx + vyy + λ3 (uvyyx + uvxxx + vvyxx + v vyyy − vx uxx
= − Py + v   , (5.7)
ρ −vx uyy − vy vxx − vy vyy )
Thermal Energy Equation [31]:
→
−
V .∇T −∇. (kT )∇T (ρcp )f −1 = τf n DB ∇C.∇T + DT ∇T.∇T T0 −1 −Q (T − T0 ) ,

(5.8)
For 2-D flow equation (5.8) reduced:

∗ DT 2 2

uTx + vTy − α (Txx + Tyy ) = τ DB {Cx Tx + Cy Ty } + Tx + Ty
T0
Q0 1
− (T − T0 ) − (qdr )y , (5.9)
(ρc)f ρCp
In above mentioned equation (5.9), T and C represents the temperature at the plate
(ρc)p
and volumetric fraction of the nanoparticles,τ ∗ = , where (ρc)p and (ρc)f
(ρc)f
represents temperature capacity of nanoparticles and fluids separately, qrd be the
radiative heat flux, DB and DT denotes Brownian diffusion and thermophoretic
diffusion coefficients separately, α denotes the thermal diffusivity, Q0 be the heat
generation/absorption material to the heat capacity of the fluids. The heat flux qrd is
modeled as:
4σ ∗ 4
qdr = − (T )y , (5.10)
3K ∗
where σ ∗ and K ∗ represents Stafan Bolzmann constent and Mean obsorption
coefficients separately. Using Taylar’s series and neglacting highir tarms, equation
(5.10) reduced as: The governing mass transfer equation [31] is:
V~ .∇C − DB ∇2 C + DT T0 −1 ∇2 T = 0, (5.11)
82
The Mass transfer Eq. for two dimensional flow is given bellow:
DT {Txx + Tyy }
uCx + νCy = DB {Cxx + Cyy } + , (5.12)
T0
For lower and upper plates the feasible auxiliary conditions are:
ν = 0, u = 0, C = C0 , T = T1 ,
DT
ν = 0, u = 0, T = T2 , Cy DB + Ty = 0. (5.13)
T0
The non-dimensional similarity variables are:
−1
1 1 xf (η)
u= f 0 (η), v = − q f (η), Ψ(x, y) = q ,
bx 1 1
bv bv
y T − T0 C
η = p v , θ(η) = , φ(η) = −1 + . (5.14)
b
T2 − T0 C 0
By using the similarity variables of Equation (5.14) into the main governing Equations
(5.6), (5.7), (5.9), (5.13) we are getting dimensionless ordinary differential equations:
f iv − f 0 f 00 + f f 000 − β1 f 2 f iv − 2f f 002 − 2f 02 f 00 + β2 [3f 2 f 0 f iv + f 3 f v − 10f f 0 f 002

− 6f 2 f 00 f 000 − 2f 03 f 00 − 2f 000 f 02 ] − β3 [f 0 f iv − 2f 00 f 000 + f f v ] − kf 00 = 0, (5.15)

4
1 + Rd θ00 + P rf θ0 + N t(θ0 )2 + N bθ0 φ0 + γθ, (5.16)
3
N t 00
φ00 + Lef φ0 + θ = 0, (5.17)
Nb
The non-dimensional parameter after simplification are:
4σT 3 Qv
Rd = , β1 = bλ1 , β2 = b2 λ2 , β3 = bλ3 , γ = , (5.18)
3kr αb(cρ)f
v bc Wc v (cρ)p Dt (T2 − T0 )
Sc = ,Pe = , Pr = , N t = , (5.19)
Dn Dn α (cρ)f αT0
bc0 v ν (ρc)p C0 DB
bc = , Le = , k = , Nb = . (5.20)
∆c DB bκ (ρc)f α
In the model equations (5.16) to (5.20) different parameters are used like Rd
83
represents the thermal radiation parameter, β1,3 = λ1,3 b represents the Deborah
numbers, β3 = λ3 b2 be the material parameter of the Burgers fluid. The other
dimensionless physical parameter which are used in our flow model are porosity (κ),
Peclet number (Pe), Prandtl number (Pr), Levis number (Le), Schmidt number (Sc),
Brownian motion (Nb) and thermophoresis parameter (Nt).
Moreover, for lower as well as for upper plate’s transformed form of the feasible
boundary conditions are defined in equations (5.13) are:
f (0) = 0, f 0 (0) = 0, f 0 (1) = 0, f (1) = ω, θ(1) = δθ , (5.21)
θ(0) = 1, N bφ0 (0) + N tθ0 (0) = 0, φ(1) = δφ . (5.22)
5.1.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
The physical quantities for our interest are Skin Friction Cf , Local Nusselt
number N ux and Local Sherwood Number Shx are defined as under:

xqω xqm ∂u
N ux = , Shx = , τω = µ , (5.23)
K (Tω − T0 ) DB (Cω − C0 ) ∂y y=0

2τ ω −1 −1 ∂T −1 −1 ∂φ

Cf = 2
, qω = (k )
, qm = −(DB )
. (5.24)
ρU ω ∂y
y=0 ∂y y=0
The dimensionless form of Local Nusselt Number, Skin-Friction and Local-Sherwood

Number as under:
1 p 1 1
Cf Rex = f 00 (0), N ux √ = −θ0 (0), Shx √ = −φ0 (0). (5.25)
2 Rex Rex
In Equation (5.25) Rex = xUω v −1 is represents locel Reynalds number.

84
5.2 Solution [HAM]
Lieo [93–100] was the first one who proposed the HAM (Homotopy Analysis
Method). He used one of the fundamental ideas of the topology called Homotopy to
develop this technique. He used two Homotopic functions in the derivation of this
method. The functions are called Homotopic functions when one of them can be
continuously distorted into another. Consider that F1 and F2 are two functions which
are continuous and are two topological space where F1 and F2 map from X to Y then
F1 is said to be homotopic to F2 if there is a continuous function Ψ,
Ψ : X × [0,,1] → Y .
such that ∀, x ∈ X
Ψ(X, 0) = F1 (X) and Ψ(X, 1) = F2 (X) (5.26)
Then the mapping Ψ is called Homotopic. The governing system of coupled ordinary
differential Eqs. (5.15)-(5.17) is nonlinear and extremely complicated in nature.
These equations are solved analytically by homotopy analysis method (HAM),
following Liao [93–100]. In order to solve the main equations with boundary-
conditions (5.21 and 5.22), we apply ”HAM” having the following technique. The
solution containing the auxiliary parameter ~ control and adjust the convergence of
solution. Furthermore, the initial guesses are carefully chosen as:
f0 (η) = 3η 2 ω − 2η 3 ω, θ0 (η) = 1 − η + δθ η, (5.27)

1
φ0 (η) = (−N t + N tη + N tδθ − N tδθ η + N bδφ ) . (5.28)
Nb
We select auxiliary linear operators as:
Lf (f ) = fηηηη , Lθ (θ) = θηη , Lφ (φ) = φηη . (5.29)

85
and
Lf ε4 η 3 + ε3 η 2 + ε2 η + ε1 = 0, Lθ (ε6 η + ε5 ) = 0, Lφ (ε8 η + ε7 ) = 0. (5.30)

P10
where j=1 εj ; denominate arbitarary constents.
Resultant nan-linear operatars are: Nf , Nθ , and Nφ .
∂ 4 f (η; ψ) ∂f (η; ψ) ∂ 2 f (η; ψ)

Nf (f (η; ψ)) = −
∂η 4 ∂η ∂η 2
" 2 2 2 #
4 2

∂ f (η; ψ) ∂ f (η; ψ) ∂f (η; ψ) ∂ f (η; ψ)
− β1 f 2 (η; ψ) 4
− 2f (η; ψ) 2
−2
∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η 2
∂f (η; ψ) ∂ 4 f (η; ψ) ∂ 5 f (η; ψ)
 
2 3 2
 3f (η; ψ) ∂η + 3f (η; ψ) − 10f (η; ψ)f (η; ψ) 
∂η 4 ∂η 5
−β2  2 2 2 
 ∂ f (η; ψ) ∂ 2 f (η; ψ) ∂ 3 f (η; ψ) ∂ 2 f (η; ψ) ∂ 3 f (η; ψ) 
− 6f (η; ψ) −2
∂η 2 ∂η 2 ∂η 3 ∂η 2 ∂η 3
" #
∂ 5 f~(η; ψ) ∂f 4 (η; ψ) ∂ f~(η; ψ) ∂ f~2 (η; ψ) ∂ f~3 (η; ψ) ∂ 2 f~(η; ψ)
−β3 f~(η; ψ) − − 2 −κ ,
∂η 5 ∂η 4 ∂η ∂η 2 ∂η 3 ∂η 2
(5.31)
∂ 2 θ(η; ψ)

4 1 ∂θ(η; ψ)
Nθ (θ(η; ψ), f (η; ψ), φ(η; ψ)) = 1 + Rd 2
+ −1
f (η; ψ)
3 ∂η Pr ∂η
2
∂θ(η; ψ) ∂φ(η; ψ) ∂θ(η; ψ)
+ Nb + Nt − γθ, (5.32)
∂η ∂η ∂η
∂ 2 φ(η; ψ) ∂φ(η; ψ) N t ∂ 2 θ(η; ψ)

Nφ (φ(η; ψ), f (η; ψ), θ(η; ψ)) = + Lef (η; ψ) + ,
∂η 2 ∂η N b ∂η 2
(5.33)
5.2.1 Zeroth-Order Deformations
(1 − ψ)Lf (f (η, ψ) − f0 η) = ψhf Nf (f (η, ψ)), (5.34)
(1 − ψ)Lθ (θ(η, ψ) − ηθ0 ) = ψhθ Nθ (θ(η; ψ), f (η; ψ), φ(η; ψ)), (5.35)
86
(1 − ψ)Lφ (φ(η, ψ) − ηφ0 ) = ψhφ Nφ (φ(η; ψ), f (η; ψ), θ(η; ψ)), (5.36)
The subjected boundary conditions are derived as:

∂f (η; ψ) ∂f (η; ψ)
f (η; ψ)|η=0 = 0, = 0, f (η; ψ)|η=1 = ω, = 0, θ(η; ψ)|η=0 = 1,
∂η η=0 ∂η η=1

∂θ(η; ψ)
φ(η; ψ)|η=0 = δφ θ(η; ψ)|η=1 = δθ , N b(φ(η; ψ))|η=0 + N t = 0. (5.37)
∂η η=0
when ψ = 0 and ψ = 1, we get;
f (η; 1) = f (η), θ(η; 1) = η(θ), φ(η; 1) = η(φ) (5.38)
Expand the non-dimensional velocity, temperature and concentration field

f (η, ψ), θ(η, ψ) and φ(η, ψ) by Taylor’s series we obtain:
X∞ ∞
X X∞
f (η, ψ) = f0 (η)+ fi (η), θ(η, ψ) = θi (η)+θ0 (η), φ(η, ψ) = φ0 (η)+ φi (η)
i=1 i=1 i=1
(5.39)
Where

−1 ∂f (η; ψ) −1 ∂θ(η; ψ) −1 ∂φ(η; ψ)

fi (η) = (i!) , θi (η) = (i!) ,φi (η) = (i!) .
∂η
ψ=0 ∂η
ψ=0 ∂η ψ=0
(5.40)
5.2.2 I th Order Deformations
The ith order deformation equation are:
Lf (ηfi − ξi (ηfi−1 )) = hf Rfi (η) , (5.41)
Lθ (ηθi − ξi (ηθi−1 )) = hθ Rθi (η) , (5.42)
Lφ (ηφi − ξi (ηφi−1 )) = hφ Rφi (η) . (5.43)

87
The resultant boundary conditions are:
fi (0) = 0, fi0 (0) = 0, fi (1) = 0, fi0 (1) = 0, θi (0) = 0, (5.44)
N bφi (0) + N tθi0 (0) = 0, θi (1) = 0, φi (1) = 0. (5.45)
i−1 i−1
000
X X
Rfi (η) = iv
fi−1 + fk f(i−1)−k − fk00 f(i−1)−k
0
k=0 k=0
P Pi−1 000 2 
i−1 3 v
P i−1 0 00 2 00
k=0 f (i−1)−k fk − 10 k=0 f(i−1)−k fk (f ) k − 6 k=0 fk f(i−1)−k fk 
+ β2  Pi−1 2 000
0 i−1 03 i−1 02
fkiv − 2 k=0 f(i−1)−k fk002 − 2 k=0
P P
+3 k=0 f (i−1)−k fk−1 f(i−1)−k fk
" i−1 i−1 i−1
#
X X 2
X 2
− β1 fk2 f(i−1)−k
iv
−2 (f 00 )k f(i−1)−k − 2 (f 0 ) fk00
k=0 k=0 k=0
" i−1 i−1 i−1
#
X X X
+ β3 fk0 f iv (i−1)−k − 2 00
fk (3) f(i−1)−k + 00
f(i−1)−k fkv − κfi−1 , (5.46)
k=0 k=0 k=0
i−1 i−1
4 00
X
0
X
Rθi (η) = 1 + Rd θi−1 + Pr f(i−1)−k θk + N b θk0 φ0(i−1)−k
3 k=0 k=0
i−1
X
+ Nt θk0 θ(i−1)−k
0
− γφi−1 , (5.47)
k=0
i−1
Nt X
Rφi (η) = φ00i−1 + 00
θi−1 + Le f(i−1)−k φ0k (5.48)
Nb k=0
Where 
 1, Ψ > 1
χi = (5.49)
 0, Ψ 6 1
88
5.3 Convergence of HAM
The solutions of nonlinear ordinary differential Eqs. (16)-(18) with boundary

conditions (20) are exist with the assistance of homotapy analysis tachnique (HAM).
This technique provides a way to check and adjust the convergence of the obtained
solution with the help of the auxiliary parameters ~f ,~θ ,~φ and the base functions.
These auxiliary parameters ~f ,~θ , and ~φ have a key role to control the convergence
of the series solutions. The appropriate values ~f ,~θ , and ~φ are determined by
considering minimum square which is defined as
N
" m
#2
X X
Ff,m = (N + 1)−1 Nf FJ (i∆η) (5.50)
j=0 i=0
Furthermore, the table.I shows the convergence of the series solution which shows
that convergent solution for the velocity is obtained at 19th -order of approximation;
whereas, such a convergence for temperature and concentration is achieved at 19th
and 23rd order of approximation. Clearly the table.I shows that homotopy analysis
method is a quickly convergent technique.
89
5.4 TABLES
Table I. Convergency up to 25th Order approximation’s where, β1 = β2 = β3 =

0.2, N t = N b = 0.9 and P e = γ = Le = Sc = 0.2.
Approximation f 00 (0) θ0 (0) φ0 (0)

Order
1 6.06152 × 10−1 −8.83175 × 10−1 2.5000 × 10−2
5 6.07948 × 10−1 −8.74976 × 10−1 6.7199 × 10−2
10 6.08196 × 10−1 −8.76470 × 10−1 7.8143 × 10−2
15 6.08203 × 10−1 −8.76471 × 10−1 7.9301 × 10−2
19 6.08204 × 10−1 −8.76468 × 10−1 7.9371 × 10−2
23 6.08204 × 10−1 −8.76468 × 10−1 7.9374 × 10−2
25 6.08204 × 10−1 −8.76468 × 10−1 7.9374 × 10−2
Table.II Variations in the skin friction coefficient for different parameters

where Le = P e = Se = 0.1 and N b = N t = 0.9.
1
β1 β2 β3 k −(Cf Rex ) 2
0.5 1.0 6.24882 × 10−1
1.0 6.24513 × 10−1
1.5 6.24145 × 10−1
2.0 1.0 6.23775 × 10−1
1.5 6.25138 × 10−1
2.0 6.26502 × 10−1
2.5 1.0 6.27868 × 10−1
1.5 6.27321 × 10−1
2.0 6.17001 × 10−1
2.5 0.1 6.27509 × 10−1
0.5 6.24883 × 10−1
1.0 6.20794 × 10−1
90
Table.III Variation in Local-Nussalt and Local-Sharwood numbers when β1 =

β2 = β3 = 0.1 and P e = k = 0.2.
Pr Nt Nb γ Le −θ0 (0) −φ0 (0)

0.1 −8.83702 × 10−1 6.71910 × 10−2
0.5 −8.78858 × 10−1 6.93250 × 10−2
1.0 −8.74976 × 10−1 7.20060 × 10−2
1.5 1.0 −7.67276 × 10−1 4.41683 × 10−1
1.5 −7.84356 × 10−1 3.77340 × 10−1
2.0 −8.88536 × 10−1 7.47020 × 10−2
2.5 1.0 −6.19626 × 10−1 −1.88557 × 10−1
1.3 −8.29813 × 10−1 2.95556 × 10−1
1.6 −1.00069 × 100 9.31405 × 10−1
2.0 0.1 −1.00973 × 10−1 3.32939 × 10−1
0.5 −8.23022 × 10−1 −1.72665 × 10−1
1.0 −7.26460 × 10−1 −6.07873 × 10−1
1.2 0.1 −1.21121 × 10−1 −1.21121 × 10−1
0.5 −6.82461 × 10−1 8.12013 × 10−1
1.0 −6.84269 × 10−1 8.13121 × 10−1
91
5.5 GRAPHS
Figure 5.2: Impact of N t on the heat field θ(η). When β2 = 0.6, γ = Le =

0.2, β1 = 0.5, ω = 0.8, Pr = 0.4, β3 = 0.3.
Figure 5.3: Impact of N b φ(η). When β2 = 0.2, γ = Le = 0.2, ω = 0.9, N t =

0.1, Pr = 0.6, β1 = 0.2, β3 = 0.1.
92
Figure 5.4: Impact of N t on the concentration field φ(η). When γ = 0.2, ω =

0.8, Le = 0.2, N b = 0.8, Pr = 0.6, β1 = β2 = β3 = 0.2.
Figure 5.5: Impact of N b on the heat field θ(η). When Le = Pr = 0.4, ω =

0.8, N t = 0.3, β1 = 0.5, β2 = 0.6, β3 = 0.3.
93
Figure 5.6: Impact of k on the velocity field f (η). When β1 = β2 = 0.2, ω =

0.8, β3 = 0.6.
Figure 5.7: Impact of Pr on the heat field θ(η). When γ = 0.2, ω = 0.9, Le =
2, N t = 0.3, β1 = β2 = β3 = 0.5.
94
Figure 5.8: Impact of Pr on the heat field θ(η). When γ = 0.2, ω = 0.9, Le =
2, N t = 0.3, β1 = β2 = β3 = 0.5.
Figure 5.9: Impact of Le on the concentration field φ(η). When γ = 0.2, ω =

0.8, N b = 0.8, N t = 0.1, β1 = β2 = β3 = 0.2.
95
Figure 5.10: Impact of Le on the heat field θ(η). When γ = 0.4, ω = 0.9, Pr =
0.1, N t = 0.3, β1 = β2 = 0.5, β3 = 0.3.
Figure 5.11: Impect of γ on the heat field . When Le = Pr = 0.4, ω = 0.8, N t =

0.3, β1 = 0.5, β2 = 0.6, β3 = 0.3.
96
Figure 5.12: Impect of γ on the heat field. When Le = Pr = 0.4, ω = 0.9, N t =

0.3, β1 = 0.5, β2 = 0.6, β3 = 0.4.
Figure 5.13: Impect of Rd on the heat field θ(η). Where γ = 0.2, Le = 0.3, N t =
0.1, Pr = 0.5, ω = 0.9, β1 = β2 = β3 = 0.2.
97
Figure 5.14: Impact of β1 on the heat field θ(η). When γ = 0.2, ω = 0.9, eL =
0.3, N t = 0.1, Pr = 1.5, β2 = β3 = 0.2.
Figure 5.15: Impact of β2 on the heat field θ(η). When γ = 0.2, Le = 0.3, ω =
0.9, N t = 0.1, Pr = 1.5, β1 = β3 = 0.3.
98
Figure 5.16: Impact of β3 on the heat field θ(η). When γ = 0.1, ω = 0.9, eL =
0.3, N t = 0.1, Pr = 1.4, β1 = β2 = 0.1.
5.6 Discussions:
This subsection is about the detailed discussions. The coupled set of Eqs.
(5.15)- (5.17) with boundary conditions (5.21 and 5.22 ) are solved analytically by
means of the homotopy analysis technique (HAM). The results for the skin-friction
coefficient, Nusselt, and sherwood numbers are tabulated in Table. II and Table. III
respectively. After a deep study on Burgers’ nanofluid flow between two parallel
plates under the impact of thermal radiation the following results with complete
details is achieved. Fig.5.1 shows the schematic diagram of the fluid model for
comprehension of the readers. The influences of various physical parameters on the
velocity f (η) , heat θ(η), and concentration φ(η) fields are described and illustrated
in the figs. (5.2-5.16).
5.6.1 Influence of Thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameter:
Fig. 5.2 represents the impacts of the thermophoresis parameter N t on the

heat profile θ(η). The heat profile and the related thermal boundary layers thickness
99
are increases with the growing values of thermophoresis parameter N t. Actually,

with the increase of N t parameter differences between the wall heat and reference
heat increases which increase the heat profile. Figs.5.3 and 5.4 are to understand
the sorts of Brownian motion parameter N b and thermophoresis parameter N t on
nano-fluid concentration profile φ(η) respectively. It is perceived from these sketches
that the concentration field φ(η) and related concentration boundary layers thickness
decreases for increasing values of Brownian motion N b. While on the other hand
reverse tendency is perceived for thermophoresis N t. Actually rise in the magnitude
of N b augments the rate at which nanoparticles moving with different velocities
in the diverse random directions due to Brownian impact. As an escalation in
the unsystematic motion of the fluid leads to fall in the φ(η) field and the related
concentration boundary layers thickness. Figs.5 shows the effect of Brownian motion
parameter N b on heat field θ(η). Heat profile θ(η) is increased by varying values
of N b as shown in fig.5.5. According to well-known Kinetic molecular theory the
temperature of the fluid increases with the increase of Brownian motion. This proves
that the specified result is in decent agreement with real situation.
5.6.2 Influence of porosity parameter:
Fig.5.6 describes the characteristics of porosity-parameter k on the velocity

profile f (η) of the nanofluid, which have a vital character in the fluid flow motion.
Clearly it is observed that increasing value of porosity parameter k enlarge the porous
spaces, which makes resistance in the fluid flow path and decreases the fluid flow
motion.
5.6.3 Influence of Prandtl number and Lewis number:
Fig.5.7 signifies the impact of the Prandtl number parameter Pr on heat profile
θ(η). Clearly it is seen that as Pr increases the heat field and thermal boundary layers
100
thickness controversially decreases. Figure.5.8 and 5.9 are representing the impact of
the Prandtl number Pr and Lewis number parameters Le on the concentration field
φ(η) respectively. Clearly, it can be understood from these figures that increasing
values of Pr and Le decrease the concentration field φ(η) and the associated
concentration boundary layer thickness. Because Le is inversely proportional to the
Brownian diffusion coefficient. The greater values of Le correspond to less diffusivity
and so the concentration field φ(η) decreases. Fig.5.10 displays that heat field θ(η)
reduces with the rise of Lewis number parameter Le. Actually, Le is the ratio of
thermal diffusivity and mass diffusivity. So when the thermal diffusivity drops it
automatically rises Lewis number Le.
5.6.4 Influence of heat generation/absorption parameter:
Fig.5.11 shows the impact of the heat generation phenomenon (γ > 0) on

heat field. It is perceived that the rise in a temperature generation phenomenon
(γ > 0), the temperature profile and the thermal boundary layer thickness rises.
As a temperature generation phenomenon (γ > 0) delivers more temperature to the
fluid that corresponds to rise in the heat profile and thermal boundary layer thickens.
Fig.5.12 represents the impact of the heat absorption phenomenon (γ < 0) on the heat
field. We detected that fluid heat and thermal boundary layer thickness fall with rises
in a heat absorption phenomenon (γ < 0).
5.6.5 Influence of Radiation parameter:
Fig.5.13 displays the impact of thermal radiation parameter Rd on heat field.

It is clear from the fig. 13 that an increase in the radiation Rd causes to increase the
heat of the nanofluid. This means that one can control the temperature profile of the
nanofluid due to the thermal radiation. The thermal boundary layer thickness of the
nanofluid also increases.
101
5.6.6 Influence of Deborah numbers:
The figs 5.14 and 5.15 illustrate the effects of the Deborah numbers β1 and β2
on the heat profile respectively. It is seen that by increasing the Deborah numbers β1
and β2 , the heat field and associated thermal boundary layers thickness are increased.
Fig.5.16 delivers the exploration for variation of Deborah number β3 on heat field.
Clearly it is perceived that the heat and the thermal boundary layers becomes small
for greater values of β3 .
5.6.7 Tables Discussion:
This section of the manuscript is about important physical quantities of

interest such as skin friction coefficient, heat flux and mass flux are deliberated in
Tables.II and III separately. Table.II shows the effect of inserting parameters β1 , β2 ,β3
and k on Skin friction Cf . It is observed that increasing values of β1 , β3 and k reduce
the skin friction, while the large values of β2 increase Cf . Table. III shows the effects
of embedding parameters N b, N t, Pr, Le and γ on heat flux N u and mass flux Sh. It
is seen that growing values of Le, N b and N t reduce the heat flux N u, where γ and
Pr increase the heat flux when it is increased. Moreover, Table.III shows that growing
values of N b, Pr, and Le increase the mass flux where N t and γ decrease the mass
flux. The greater values of Le reduce the mass flux, while it increases with increasing
value of Pr and γ.
102
5.7 Furnishing Points
In the present chapter, theoretical analysis has been represented for the two
dimensional Burgers’ nano-fluid flow between parallel channels on an expanding
sheet. The coupled non-linear ODEs are solved analytically by applying HAM
technique. Moreover, the variation in the CF , N u and Sh, and their impacts on
velocity, Heat and concentration profiles are determined. The main points of this
investigation are as follows:
• Increase in thermal radiation augmented the temperature which causes drop in

the rate of nanofluid flow cooling.
• Impacts of β1 and β3 on the heat and mass fraction function are quietly opposite.
• When N b increases it reduces the heat flux while it rises N u.
• Temperature profile is augmented by changing N t.
• HAM convergence have been shown numerically.
• It is observed that increasing β1 , β2 and k augmented the Cf , where the larger

values of β3 bring down skin friction Cf .
• Impact of N t and N b are opposite for Sh and the increasing values of Pr

increase the Sh.
CHAPTER 6
The Stagnation point float of Cu and Ag Nano-particles on a Linear enlarging

Surface with Thermo-Radiative and Suctions/Injections result
This subdivision is just close to the stagnation point nano-fluid float of

copper and silver nano-particle having the causing of consumption/injectant. The
flows are causes by the beingness of collinear exercising permeable layer. Thermic
radioactivity effect also consider in the nano-fluid flows. Computing main equation
boundery layers approximation is apply. In a Similar way variable are commence so
as to acquire the ordinary differential system by the aid of nonllinear partial diferential
equation. Method of Homotopy analysis are used to acquire semi analytical solution
for the speed and heat profiles. For to make up cognition and to analyzes respective
concern parameter of curiosity. Moreover, skin’s fraction and Nussalt number are also
reflected within table.
104
6.1 Mathematical Formulation
Assuming the stagnancy points nano-fluid flows on a porose sheet of

enlargement settled at y = 0. The flows are consider on location y > 0. The
porousness factor is used to act upon the outcome of intake and blow phenomenon.
A stretched plane are considere on the horizental axis with speed u = ax and vertical
axis is orthogonel to it as shown schematically in Fig. 6.1.
Figure 6.1: Geomatry of the problam.
The main equations traced as [72]:
ux + vy = 0, (6.1)
νnf ∂ue
uux + vuy = νnf uyy + (ue − u) + ue , (6.2)
K ∂x
knf 1 16σ ∗ T∞
3
uTx + vTy = Tyy + Tyy , (6.3)
(ρCp )nf (ρCp )nf 3k ∗
105
appropriate boundery condition is:
u = uw = ax, v = vw , −kf Ty = h(Tw − T ), as y = 0,
u → ue = bx, T → T∞ , as y → ∞, (6.4)
uw = ax is velocitys. Furtharmore, (u, v) is velocity componants in x and y directions

respectavely, K is permebility , ue is stagnancy point, σ ∗ is absorbtion coefficients,
σ ∗ the Stefen-Boltzmanns constants, (vw > 0) indicate the sucking, (vw < 0) indicate
the insertion situations. Thermal property of fluids is definad in:
−5

µf = µnf (1 − φ) 2 , 





− ρn φ = ρn (1 − φ) − ρnf , 


(6.5)
− (ρCp )s φ = (ρCp )f (1 − φ) − (ρCp )nf ,  


3
ks + 2kf − 2φ(kf − ks )(1 + ξ)



knf = 3
k f ,

ks + 2kf + 2φ(kf − ks )(1 + ξ)
here ξ is the nano-layers thackness parameters, µnf the affective dynamics viscosaty,
φ indicate volume frection, ρnf the affective densitys, (ρCp )nf heat capactance, knf
the affective thermel conductivitys of nano-fluids, introduces the simillarity variebles
√
r
a T − T∞
η= y, u = axf 0 , v = − aνf, θ(η) = , (6.6)
ν Tf − T∞
then use similaraty variable in Equation. (6.1-6.4); Equation. 6.1 are automatacally
satisfies and is:
 ρs 
(1 − φ) +
φ
000 ρf  00 02 0 (α − f 0 )
f + (f f − f ) − δf + + δα

(1 − φ)−2.5 (1 − φ)−2.5

 ρs 
(1 − φ) +
φ
ρf  2
+  α = 0, (6.7)

(1 − φ)−2.5
4 A2
θ00 + N rθ00 + P rf θ0 = 0, (6.8)
3 A3
106
where
f 0 (0) = 1, f (0) = S, θ0 (0) = −γ [1 − θ(0)] ,
f (∞) = α, θ(∞) = 0, (6.9)
within preceding equations ( S, δ, Pr,α, γ , and N r) symbole ratios on autonomous

streem velocitys to stretch the velocoy, porousness, Prandal, Biote, suctions/injaction
and thermal radiations and is defines as:
r
b ν ν knf h ν
α= , δ= , Pr = , A3 = , γ= ,
a aK α kf kf a
∗
4σ 3 vw (ρCp )nf
N r = ∗ T∞ , S = − √ , A2 = (6.10)
k kf aν (ρCp )f
The constituent skin friction coefficient and Nussalt numbers is gaven by:
f 00 (0)
Cf Re0.5
x = , N uRex−1/2 = −A3 θ0 (0). (6.11)
(1 − φ)2.5
107
6.2 Discussion
Equations (6.7) and (6.8) combineds with boundery condition (6.9) is solve
analytical aside using HAM scheme. Convergent series solutions are shown inside
Tables 1 and 2. Saction is develop of over-view the trait of varied parameter, which
appeares on that governs;
6.2.1 Discussion of Copper (Cu):
The influance of solid volame frection (φ) in vellocity proffile is depacted in

Figure.6.2. It seems that fluids velocities as will as the boundery layers thackness
increased with the increments for φ. Figure.6.3 displayed the affect of consistency
parameters (δ) over f 0 (η). Velocity as the dacreasing functions of δ. Physical,
enhancements on δ corresspond to the lowir permeabe parameters, it reduced the
fluids velocety. Fig.6.4 is prepareed to visualized the behaviour of stretch ratios
parameters (α) in the velocitys fields. It is noteed the increase in α generat an increas
fluids velocety. Figure.6.5 influances the variations on suctions parameters (S) in the
temparature fields. It found that energys of systam reduced quick for higher value in
S. Figure.6.6 demonstrat the veriation of Biots number (γ) in (θ(η)). It depacted that
temparature enhanced with the strangth of γ. Due to the facts that highar strangth of γ
lead much strong than heat transffer coefficcient, correspondding increasing energies.
108
Figure 6.2: Response of φ on f 0 (η).
Figure 6.3: Response of δ on f 0 (η).

109
Figure 6.4: Response of α on f 0 (η).
Figure 6.5: Response of S on θ(η)

110
Figure 6.6: Response of γ on θ(η)
6.2.2 Discussion of Silver:
Figare.6.7 is embattled to synthesize the affect of φ in speed force field. It is

depacted f 0 (η) growth as the strengthening of nano-particle φ increase. Figure.6.8
is plot to interpret the affect of δ in the matter velocities. Where velocity is the
decreasing function of δ. Figs.6.9 ilustrates the variations of thermo-radiative (N r) on
the fundamental heat measure environment. it seem that highar values of the thermo-
radiative parameters speeds up the power of the systems. Figs.6.10 ilustrates the
variate of Prandal numbers (P r) in the physical heat propertys. It show the highar
value of the P r falling the matter power. Impacts in Biots numbers γ on fundamental
heat quantity is in Figare.6.11. It notified that liquid temperatures increase with an
improvement in γ. It observe the liquid temparature increase within improvement in
γ. Thermo-physical property of liquid and nano-particle is list of Table-3. Table-4
and 5 appear the outcome of φ far disparate class of nano-particle in the skin-friction
and Nussalt numbers, respective.
111
Figure 6.7: Response of φ on f 0 (η).
Figure 6.8: Response of δ on f 0 (η).

112
Figure 6.9: Response of N r on θ(η).
Figure 6.10: Response of P r on θ(η).

113
Figure 6.11: Response of γ on θ(η).

114
6.3 TABLES
Table-1. HAM’s convergency up to 55th ordar aproximation,

when P r = 6.2, α = 0.3, ξ = 0.1, N r = 0.2 φ = 0.2, δ = 0.3 = γ, S = 0.2, (Cu -
H2 O).
Approximation Order −f 00 (0) −θ0 (0)
1 0.12014 0.11256
5 0.13182 0.12866
10 0.14310 0.14248
15 0.14412 0.15019
20 0.14439 0.16623
30 0.14987 0.18530
40 0.14987 0.20145
45 0.14987 0.20145
50 0.14987 0.20145
55 0.14987 0.20145
Table 2. HAM’s Convergence up to 55th order aproximation,

when P r = 6.2, S = 0.2, φ = 0.2, α = 0.3, δ = 0.3, γ = 0.15, ξ = 0.1, N r =
0.50 (Ag − H2 O)
Approximation Order −f 00 (0) −θ0 (0)

1 0.18713 0.18088
5 0.21371 0.18238
10 0.24371 0.19001
15 0.27371 0.19032
20 0.28371 0.22598
30 0.29345 0.29165
40 0.29345 0.31634
45 0.29345 0.31634
50 0.29345 0.31634
55 0.29345 0.31634
115
Table 3. Thermo-physical proparties of base fluids and nano-particle.
ρ/kgm−3 Cp /jkg −1 k k/W m−1 k β × 105/K −1

Pure water 9.97 × 102 4.17 × 103 6.13 × 10−1 2.1 × 101
Silver 1.05 × 104 2.35 × 102 4.29 × 102 1.89 × 100
Copper 8.93 × 103 3.85 × 102 4.01 × 102 1.67 × 100
Table 4. outcome of φ far nano-partcile in the skin-friction coefficients, for

P r = 6.2, φ = 0.25, δ = 0.2 = γ, S = 0.2, ξ = 0.1, N r = 0.2, α = 0.3
Solid volume fraction φ Copper Cu Silver Ag

0.1 2.0421 × 10−1 2.0246 × 10−1
0.3 2.1186 × 10−1 2.1211 × 10−1
0.5 2.2107 × 10−1 2.2014 × 10−1
Table 5. Outcome of ϕ for diversity of nano-fluid for the Nussalt numbers

coefficients, when δ = 0.5, P r = 6.2, γ = 0.7, S = 1, hs = 0.20 and α = 0.90.
Solid voluma fraction φ Copper Cu Silver Ag

0.1 3.6237 × 10−1 3.6478 × 10−1
0.3 3.5696 × 10−1 3.6209 × 10−1
0.5 3.5438 × 10−1 3.5965 × 10−1
116
6.4 Concluding Remarks
This chapter demonstrates the stagnation point nanofluid flow of (Cu) copper
and (Ag) silver nano-material with the influence of thermal radiation and
injection/suction. The obtained system of non-linear ODEs is solved through HAM
technique. Tables and Graphs have made for the purpose to study the involved
parameters. The key points are as below:
• Rd increases the heat of liquid, where P r falls the heat of liquid in case of (Ag)
particles.
• Velocity is inverse function of porosity, while it is directed proportional to

stretching ratio parameter and solid volume fraction in (Cu) case.
• Heat field is inversely related to the suction parameter and directly related to
Biot number, in case of (Cu).
• Increase in porosity parameter decreases Nusselt number.
• Skin friction coefficient increases with the increase in suction/injection.
• Grow in volume fraction of nanoparticles grows momentum boundary layer.
• Increase in magnetic parameter decreases the velocity field of silver.

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS
This thesis focuses on the study of nanofluid flow of non-Newtonian fluids under
the impact of various selected phenomena. In this research work four problems
which is already published in different well reputed journals have been included.
The conclusions of all these problems have been mentioned chapter wise. First two
problems are related to the study of Eyring Powell nanofluids model. In the first
problem Eyring Powell nanofluids model is studied with entropy generation, mass
and heat transmission, thermal radiation and Megnatohydrodynamics. In the second
problem the same model is studied with uniform magnetic field (MHD), variable heat
transmission without entropy generation and thermal radiation. The third problem is
about the two dimensional Burgers’ nanofluid flow model with thermal radiation and
steady flow. The fourth problem is the analysis of the stagnation point nanofluid flow
of some metals’ nanoparticles with suction and injection.
The results obtained and the brief discussion of the results on the mass and heat
transfer for the above mathematical modeled problems have been presented at the
end of individual chapters. The conclusions from the four main chapters investigated
in this thesis is presented below chapter wise.
118
Chapter III
This chapter inquires entropy generation in 2-D nano-fluid film flow of Eyring-Powell
nanofluid having transfer of heat over a porous enlarging sheet in the presence of
MHD and thermal radiation. Observance of this research works depends on the effect
of magnetic field, temperature and thermal radiations on nanoliquids film flow. The
modeled system is solved through HAM scheme. Numerical convergence of this
technique is shown in tables. The impact of parameters are determined graphically.
The main key objectives are:
• Increasing values of M (Magnetic parameter) drops the velocity field.
• Increasing values of Brinkmann, Hartmann number and Reynold number

increases entropy field.
• Rising values of k and Rd drops the entropy field.
• Heat field increases with increase in N b.
• The rise of Sc is caused by the reduction of thickness of thermal boundary layer

and N u grow up with grow in Rd.
• The surface temperature rises with the rising values of P r, where the inverse
impact is found for A it means that surface temperature reduces for greater
values of A.
• Liquid film velocity decreases with Porosity parameter.
• The large values of N t decreases the heat field and it rises for smaller values.
• The growing values of N b parameter decreases the mass flux Sh, as well as
thermophoresis rises the Sh. The higher values of Re decay the Sh, where it
grows with growing values of Schmidt number.
• Concentration profile and temperature gradient are directly proportional with

M.
119
• Increasing the nano material concentration efficiently augments the friction of

Eyring nanofluid.
120
Chapter IV
This chapter analyzes 2-D nano-fluid thin film flow of Eyring-Powell fluid having
heat transfer on a porous expanding surface with magnetic flied. The observation of
this study depends upon the affect of variable temperature and MHD on fluid thin
film flows. The influence of Sherwood number Sh, Nusslet number N u and skin
fractionCf , is shown numerically. The central concluding points are:
• Rise in P r rises surface heat, and the inverse impact is observed for A
parameter.
• Velocity profile decline with magnetic parameter and variable viscosity.
• Concentration and heat profile are proportional with magnetic parameter.
• Greater values of M falls the motion of the liquid.
• The heat profile increases with the rising values of N b
• The Boundary thickness decreases with rising values of Sc, and N u increases
with increase in Prandtl number.
• Porosity decrease the flow of the liquid films.
• The large values of Re fall down the N u and it grows with growing values of
Schmidt number.
• HAM convergence is shown numerically.

121
Chapter V
In the present chapter, theoretical analysis has been represented for the two
dimensional Burgers’ nano-fluid flow between parallel channels on an expanding
sheet. The coupled non-linear ODEs are solved analytically by applying HAM
technique. Moreover, the variation in the CF , N u and Sh, and their impacts on
velocity, Heat and concentration profiles are determined. The main points of this
investigation are as follows:
• Increase in thermal radiation augmented the temperature which causes drop in

the rate of nanofluid flow cooling.
• Impacts of β1 and β3 on the heat and mass fraction function are quietly opposite.
• Impacts of γ on the heat field is totally opposite for γ < 0 and γ > 0.
• When N b increases it reduces the heat flux while it rises N u.
• Greater values of thermophoresis N t comes down the heat flux and mass flux.
• Temperature profile is augmented by changing N t.
• HAM convergence have been shown numerically.
• It is observed that increasing β1 , β2 and k augmented the Cf , where the larger

values of β3 bring down skin friction Cf .
• Rising values of Pr and γ raise N u.
• Impact of N t and N b are opposite for Sh and the increasing values of Pr

increase the Sh.
122
Chapter VI
This chapter demonstrates the stagnation point nanofluid flow of (Cu) copper
and (Ag) silver nano-material with the influence of thermal radiation and
injection/suction. The obtained system of non-linear ODEs is solved through HAM
technique. Tables and Graphs have made for the purpose to study the involved
parameters. The key points are as below:
• Rd increases the heat of liquid, where P r falls the heat of liquid in case of (Ag)
particles.
• Impact of φ on silver nano-particles rises in velocity profile f 0 .
• Velocity is inverse function of porosity, while it is directed proportional to

stretching ratio parameter and solid volume fraction in (Cu) case.
• Heat field is inversely related to the suction parameter and directly related to
Biot number, in case of (Cu).
• The coefficient of local skin friction rises with the increase in solid volume
fraction.
• Heat field of the nano-material slow down with grow in case of

injection/suction.
• Increase in porosity parameter decreases Nusselt number.
• Skin friction coefficient increases with the increase in suction/injection.
• As volume fraction of Ag-particles grows, transfer of rate is increased.
• Grow in volume fraction of nanoparticles grows momentum boundary layer.
• Increase in magnetic parameter decreases the velocity field of silver.

123
7.1 Future suggestions
(i) The same flow models can be considered through permeable medium.
(ii) Moreover, these models can be analyzed in three dimensions.
(iii) Mass diffusion can be considered within the models.
(iv) Hall current effect can be involved in these models.
(v) The system of nonlinear ODEs can be solved using different other methods,
like OHAM,DTM,ADM etc.
124
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NANOFLUID FLOW OF

NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS UNDER THE

A thesis presented to Islamia College Peshawar, in partial fulfilment of the

Professor Dr. Gohar Ali

Dean Faculty of Sciences

Author: Mohammad Ishaq Registration No. 2011/ICP/MS.Maths-140

Permission is here-with granted to Islamia College Peshawar to circulate and

THE AUTHOR RESERVES OTHER PUBLICATION RIGHTS, AND NEITHER THE

To my all family members

First and foremost, I bestow praise, acclamation and appreciation to Almighty

Islamia College Peshawar Mohammad Ishaq

NANOFLUID FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS UNDER

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

nano-fluids. The embeded parameters are analyzed and discussed numerically as

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

1.2.6 Burgers’ fluid model 10

3 Entropy Generation on Nanofluids Thin Film Flow

4 Nanofluids Film Flow of Eyring Powell Fluid with

5 Semi Analytical Solution Of Steady Burgers’

6 The Stagnation point float of Cu and Ag Nano-

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Physical Geometry of the fluids Problems. 41

3.21 Impact of Rd on φ(η). 46

4.12 Impect of Nb on θ(η), where γ = A = Sc = ξ =

5.1 Geometry of the problem. 79

5.6 Impact of k on the velocity field f (η). When β1 =

6.1 Geomatry of the problam. 104

6.8 Response of δ on f 0 (η). 111

The preliminary introduction of the present dissertation work will be

1.1.1 Fluid Dynamics

1.1.2 Newtonian and non-Newtonian Fluids

1.1.3 Non-Newtonian Nanofluids

1.1.4 Non-Newtonian Nanofluid Models

Basic cognitive process has been dedicated to analyze various non-Newtonian

1.1.5 Entropy Generation

In the area emerging fields of sciences, analysis and generation of entropy on

1.1.6 Megnatohydrodynamics fluids flow on stretching surface

Megnatohydrodynamics is the analyses of electrically conducting fluids

1.1.7 Fluid flow over porous media on a stretching Surface

1.2 Basic Equations

1.2.1 Continuity Equation

Universal law of Conservation of mass states that,”Mass can neither be

is continuity equation with unsteadiness and compressibility. For time independent,

1.2.2 Navier-Stokes’ Equations or Law of Momentum Conservation

In a flowing fluid’s frame, viscous liquid particles bending momentum, which

The incompressible and time dependent

These 2-D equations are derived from C.Eqn.

1.2.3 Energy Equation

1.2.4 Eyring-Powell fluid model

1.2.5 Entropy Generation Analysis:

Volumetric production of entropy in Eyring-Powell fluids flow is

The following influences have been identified in the introduction of entropy:

(i) Unchangeableness of fluid Diffusion.

(ii) Unchangeableness of fluid friction.

(iii) Unchangeableness of Conduction effect.

The characteristics of production of entropy is:

utilizing equation (1.12), entropy has its dimensionless form as:

The parameters as follows:

1.2.6 Burgers’ fluid model

The rheologic Burger fluid flow model is:

Here time of relaxation and retardation are represented by λ1 and λ3 (≤ λ1 )

1.2.7 Physical Quantities:

1.2.8 Heat transmission

1.2.9 Conduction of Heat