1. Which of the following is a characteristic of a variable in statistics?

a) A quality that
remains constant in a dataset b) A value that varies across different instances or
observations c) A fixed value that represents a statistic d) A term used to describe the
process of data collection
• Answer: b) A value that varies across different instances or observations
2. What is the primary difference between data and information? a) Information is the
input for analysis while data is the output b) Data is the input for analysis while
information is the output c) Information is more accurate than data d) Data is more
accurate than information
• Answer: b) Data is the input for analysis while information is the output
3. What distinguishes mathematics from statistics? a) Mathematics is the application of
numbers; statistics is the application of theories b) Statistics is the application of
numbers; mathematics is the application of theories c) Mathematics is the science of
quantity and structure; statistics is the science of data and uncertainty d) Statistics is the
science of quantity and structure; mathematics is the science of data and uncertainty
• Answer: c) Mathematics is the science of quantity and structure; statistics
is the science of data and uncertainty
4. In the context of data, what is an observation? a) A fixed value in a dataset b) A record
or entry in a dataset c) A trend noticed in a dataset d) A method of collecting data
• Answer: b) A record or entry in a dataset
5. How are experimental and non-experimental studies different? a) Experimental studies
involve manipulation of variables, non-experimental do not b) Non-experimental
studies involve manipulation of variables, experimental do not c) Experimental studies
are conducted in laboratories, non-experimental are not d) Non-experimental studies
are conducted in laboratories, experimental are not
• Answer: a) Experimental studies involve manipulation of variables, non-
experimental do not
6. What is a distinguishing feature of cross-sectional data? a) Data collected over multiple
time points b) Data collected at a single point in time c) Data collected from a single
source d) Data collected from multiple sources
• Answer: b) Data collected at a single point in time
7. What does a longitudinal study involve? a) Observations of the same variables over
short periods of time b) Observations of different variables over long periods of time c)
Observations of the same variables over long periods of time d) Observations of
different variables over short periods of time
• Answer: c) Observations of the same variables over long periods of time
8. How does inferential statistics differ from descriptive statistics? a) Inferential statistics
summarize data; descriptive statistics predict future data b) Descriptive statistics
summarize data; inferential statistics predict future data c) Inferential statistics deal with
large datasets; descriptive statistics deal with small datasets d) Descriptive statistics
deal with large datasets; inferential statistics deal with small datasets
• Answer: b) Descriptive statistics summarize data; inferential statistics
predict future data
9. In statistics, what does a sample represent? a) A whole set of data being studied b) A
smaller group or subset selected from the population c) A single observation from the
population d) A method for data collection
• Answer: b) A smaller group or subset selected from the population
10. What is the concept of a 'population' in statistics? a) A characteristic or quality of the
data b) The total set of observations that can be made c) A subset of observations made
from the total set d) A graphical representation of the data
 • Answer: b) The total set of observations that can be made
11. What is an example of a measure of central tendency? a) Range b) Variance c) Mode
d) Interquartile Range
• Answer: c) Mode
12. What is the purpose of a measure of dispersion? a) To identify the middle value in a
dataset b) To understand the spread of values in a dataset c) To understand the
frequency of values in a dataset d) To identify the most common value in a dataset
• Answer: b) To understand the spread of values in a dataset
13. What is the primary use of a Pareto chart? a) To illustrate the correlation between two
variables b) To illustrate the dispersion of a single variable c) To illustrate the
cumulative frequency of a variable d) To illustrate the most significant factors in a
dataset
• Answer: d) To illustrate the most significant factors in a dataset
14. What is the purpose of a histogram? a) To illustrate the relationship between two
variables b) To illustrate the distribution of a single variable c) To illustrate the spread
of a single variable d) To illustrate the median of a single variable
• Answer: b) To illustrate the distribution of a single variable
15. What does the correlation coefficient indicate? a) The spread of values in a dataset b)
The most common value in a dataset c) The relationship between two variables d) The
average value in a dataset
• Answer: c) The relationship between two variables
16. What is a Z-score? a) A measure of how many standard deviations an element is from
the mean b) A measure of how dispersed the values are in a dataset c) A measure of
how frequent a value is in a dataset d) A measure of the average value of a dataset
• Answer: a) A measure of how many standard deviations an element is
from the mean
17. How are outliers typically identified in a dataset? a) Through the median value b)
Through the mode value c) Through Z-scores or the interquartile range d) Through the
correlation coefficient
• Answer: c) Through Z-scores or the interquartile range
18. In the context of matrix operations, what does the Matrix Multiplication do? a) It finds
the inverse of a given matrix b) It multiplies each element of one matrix with the
corresponding element of another matrix c) It solves a system of equations using
matrices d) It multiplies two matrices according to the rules of matrix multiplication
• Answer: d) It multiplies two matrices according to the rules of matrix
multiplication
19. What does the Integrate() function in R do? a) It calculates the definite integral of a
function b) It calculates the derivative of a function c) It calculates the determinant of
a matrix d) It solves a system of linear equations
• Answer: a) It calculates the definite integral of a function
20. What is a characteristic of data measured on the nominal scale? a) It can be ordered,
and the differences between data points are meaningful b) It can be ordered, but the
differences between data points are not meaningful c) It cannot be ordered, and it
represents categories of data d) It can be meaningfully averaged
• Answer: c) It cannot be ordered, and it represents categories of data