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What are Durability Properties of Search

Concrete with GGBFS?
by Maaz Khan / May 21, 2023

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The durability of concrete plays a vital role in determining the performance and longevity of structures. In
this article, we examine the impact of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) on the durability
properties of concrete. Durability is a crucial aspect that must be sufficiently addressed in any structure to
ensure it meets the intended requirements over time. This requirement applies to all structures, regardless
of the materials used in their construction. Therefore, when selecting materials for building construction,
durability considerations should be taken into account. In this discussion, we explore how the replacement
of concrete with GGBFS affects the durability properties of a structure.

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Table of Contents
What are Durability Properties of Concrete with GGBFS?

1. Effects of GGBFS on Creep and Shrinkage Behavior of Concrete

2. Improving Chloride Resistance in Concrete through GGBFS Addition

3. Strengthening Sulphate Resistance in Concrete with GGBFS

4. Strengthening Concrete Against Freeze-Thaw Damage: The Role of GGBFS

5. Effects of GGBFS on Reinforcement Corrosion in Concrete Structures

FAQs about Durability Properties of Concrete with GGBFS

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What effect does ground granulated blast furnace slag have on concrete?

What is GGBFS in concrete?

What is durability of aggregate in concrete?

What are Durability Properties of Concrete with

GGBFS?

Following are the durability properties of Concrete with GGBFS:

1. Effects of GGBFS on Creep and Shrinkage Behavior of

Concrete

Concrete deformation under sustained load over time is known as creep. Shrinkage, which can be
categorized as drying, chemical, or autogenous, also plays a significant role. Drying shrinkage, primarily
caused by water evaporation from the concrete structure’s voids, is the most prominent type. Creep and
drying shrinkage are essential time-dependent factors that impact the properties of high-performance
concrete (HPC). In this study, the variation of creep and shrinkage in an HPC specimen was examined for
three different concrete types: Concrete A with no replacement, Concrete B with GGBS replacement, and
Concrete C with silica fume plus GGBS replacement. The creep analysis was conducted at 180 days of
age, while the shrinkage measurements were taken at 210 days of age.

Fig.1: Creep Variation in Concrete A, B and C (Jianyong and Yan, 2001)

Fig.1: Creep Variation in Concrete A, B and C (Jianyong and Yan, 2001)

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Fig.2: Variation of Drying Shrinkage in Concrete A, B and C (Jianyong and Yan, 2001)

The replaced samples in Figure-1 exhibit lower creep values compared to samples with ordinary Portland
cement (OPC) alone. This can be attributed to the strength-gaining property of slag over time. As shown in
Figure-2, the drying shrinkage values are also lower in the replaced samples compared to those containing
only OPC. This can be explained by a primary factor, namely the absence of voids. Ground granulated
blast furnace slag (GGBS) effectively contributes to densifying the concrete and eliminating voids.
Consequently, water is trapped within these voids, reducing water vaporization and preventing the
shrinking effect.

2. Improving Chloride Resistance in Concrete through GGBFS

Addition

A study conducted by Dhir et al. (1996) found that adding ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to
ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete improves its resistance to chloride. The researchers tested the
chloride binding capacity of OPC concrete samples and those with GGBS replacements at percentages of
33.3, 50, and 60. The water cement ratio was kept constant at 0.55 throughout the tests. The results
showed that the chloride binding capacity of concrete increased with higher GGBS content. In particular,
replacements above 50% exhibited a fivefold increase in chloride binding capacity. Additionally, as the
chloride exposure increased, the binding capacity also increased proportionally, indicating a positive
correlation.

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Measuring the strength and permeability of the concrete can also provide insights into its chloride
resistance. In this regard, concrete containing GGBS demonstrated lower permeability compared to OPC
concrete. This reduced permeability helps prevent the movement of chloride ions, thereby enhancing the
concrete’s resistance to chloride attack.

3. Strengthening Sulphate Resistance in Concrete with

GGBFS

Sulphate attack is a detrimental factor that leads to the deterioration of hardened concrete structures. The
extent of sulphate attack depends on the duration of exposure to sulphate ions and the type of cement
used. Clayey soils, commonly containing magnesium or calcium sulphates, can transmit sulphate ions and
contribute to the spread of the attack. These salts have the potential to react with calcium hydroxide ions or
calcium aluminate hydrate (C3A) present in the concrete.

The reaction produces calcium sulphoaluminate and gypsum, which occupy a larger volume than their
original compounds. This expansion, combined with temperature fluctuations, causes disruption and
damage to the concrete structure. Penetration of sulphate ions into the concrete is a prerequisite for these
processes to occur. This is where Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) plays a role, as it
significantly enhances the impermeability of concrete, thereby reducing the impact of sulphate attack.
Figure 3 illustrates the relationship between the expansion rate of concrete and the percentage of cement
replacement with GGBS: higher replacement amounts of GGBS result in lower expansion.

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Fig.3: Expansion Rate of Concrete with GGBFS

Special cement types such as sulphate resisting Portland cement (SPRC), despite having a low C3A
content, demonstrate lesser performance compared to GGBS concrete. GGBS particles contribute to
sulphate resistance through three distinct mechanisms. Firstly, GGBS contains no C3A, and as the amount
of GGBS replacing cement increases, the overall C3A composition decreases accordingly. Secondly,
GGBS participates in pozzolanic reactions, consuming a significant portion of calcium hydroxide (CaOH2).
Consequently, there is less CaOH2 available for the formation of ettringite by C3A. Finally, GGBS
enhances resistance against sulphate ion penetration by increasing the permeability of the concrete.

4. Strengthening Concrete Against Freeze-Thaw Damage: The

Role of GGBFS

Temperature variations can significantly affect the properties of concrete, raising concerns about the
durability of structures. Freezing and thawing, triggered by water entrapment in the concrete, play a key
role in this process. Water behaves differently in cold and hot temperatures, leading to freezing and
thawing phenomena. These temperature fluctuations cause the concrete to expand and contract, resulting
in the formation of small cracks that can propagate and eventually lead to significant damage. To
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counteract this rapid deterioration, high-quality concrete mixes are crucial. Incorporating Ground
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in the concrete mixture contributes to its overall quality. GGBS
particles aid in reducing porosity, which is a fundamental factor in water entrapment. Moreover, the
inclusion of GGBS imparts distinct mineralogical characteristics to the concrete, further enhancing its
durability.

5. Effects of GGBFS on Reinforcement Corrosion in Concrete

Structures

Porosity and corrosion activity in concrete are closely related, as indicated by studies. When concrete is
exposed to seawater, there is a risk of chloride ion penetration, which leads to reinforcement corrosion.
Replacing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) with silica fume in a conventional concrete mix
has been found to enhance corrosion resistance compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete.

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Fig.4: The variation of surface area corroded with varying GGBS ratio, for two type of cement under ASTM
(Yeau and Kim,2005)

The corrosion rate of the surface area is lower when using 25%, 40%, and 55% replacement of cement
with GGBS compared to using zero percentage replacement. This comparison was made for three different
cover thicknesses: 1cm, 2cm, and 3cm. The study considered two types of cement, ASTM Type I and
ASTM Type V.

FAQs about Durability Properties of Concrete with GGBFS

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1. What effect does ground granulated blast furnace slag have on concrete?

GGBFS in concrete improves strength, durability, and workability. It reduces permeability, enhances
long-term strength, and increases resistance to corrosion and harmful substances.

2. What is GGBFS in concrete?

GGBFS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) is a by-product of the iron-making industry. It is a
glassy, granular material that is obtained by rapidly cooling molten slag from blast furnaces. In concrete,
GGBFS is used as a supplementary cementitious material. It is finely ground and behaves as a
hydraulic cement, contributing to the strength and durability of concrete when used as a partial
replacement for cement. GGBFS improves workability, reduces permeability, and enhances the long-
term performance of concrete structures.

3. What is durability of aggregate in concrete?

The durability of aggregates in concrete refers to their ability to withstand abrasion, weathering,
chemical attack, and physical degradation over time. Durable aggregates should be hard, strong,
dense, chemically inert, and free from deleterious substances. Their selection and quality control are
vital for ensuring the long-term performance of concrete structures.

Related Articles:

1. Hardened Concrete Properties with Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)

2. Durability of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag GGBFS Concrete

3. Highly Reactive Metakaolin Concrete – Properties and Applications

4. Characteristics of Rice Husk Ash Concrete – Workability, Strength and Admixtures

5. Factors Affecting Rheological Properties of Fresh Concrete

6. How to Reduce Environmental Impact of Concrete?

7. Factors Affecting Durability of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC)

8. Long Term Properties of Geopolymer Concrete with Low Calcium Fly Ash

9. Heat Resistant Concrete or Refractory Concrete -Installation and Applications

10. Effect of Water Impurities on Concrete Strength, Durability and Other Properties

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