Q1.

This question is about disease.

Rose black spot is a disease where black spots develop on the leaves of rose plants.

(a)  What type of pathogen causes rose black spot disease?

Tick (✓) one box.

 

Bacterium

Fungus

Protist

Virus

(1)

(b)  Plants with rose black spot disease often have yellow leaves.

Suggest one reason why the leaves are yellow instead of green.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)  Explain why plants with yellow leaves grow slowly.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d)  The spread of rose black spot can be controlled using different methods.

Draw one line from each method of control to the explanation of how it works.
 
Method of control   Explanation

Creates a barrier to the

    movement of
pathogens

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 Remove and burn
   
infected leaves

    Pathogens are killed

     

Reduces the chance of

pathogens being
   
spread by water
droplets

Water the roots of the

plant only, not the    
leaves

Reduces the
temperature so
   
pathogens reproduce
less
(2)

(e)  Tobacco plants may become infected with a pathogen called TMV.

What type of pathogen is TMV?

Tick (✓) one box.

 

Bacterium

Fungus

Protist

Virus

(1)

Malaria is a disease caused by a protist.

(f)  How is the malaria pathogen transferred to humans?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(g)  How can the spread of malaria pathogens be reduced?

Tick (✓) one box.

 

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 Avoid sexual contact

Cook food thoroughly

Drain water from swamps

Use a tissue when sneezing

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q2.
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.

(a)  Which substance is used as an antibiotic?

Tick (✓) one box.

 

Aspirin

Digitalis

Penicillin

(1)

Gonorrhoea and chlamydia are two sexually transmitted infections.

Gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections can be treated with antibiotics.

(b)  Give one symptom of gonorrhoea.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

A scientist investigated which antibiotics were most effective at treating gonorrhoea and
chlamydia.

This is the method used.

1.   Grow gonorrhoea bacteria in a Petri dish.
2.   Prepare four different antibiotic solutions, A, B, C and D, of the same
concentration.
3.   Cut four filter paper discs to the same size.
4.   Soak each paper disc in a different antibiotic solution.

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 5.   Put the four paper discs into the Petri dish.
6.   Repeat steps 3 to 5 using a Petri dish with chlamydia bacteria growing in it.
7.   Keep both Petri dishes at 25 °C for 3 days.

(c)  Give two control variables used in this investigation.

1  _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2  _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

The figure below shows the results.

A clear area around a paper disc is where the antibiotic has killed the bacteria.

(d)  Which antibiotic did not kill either type of bacterium?

Tick (✓) one box.

 

A B C D

(1)

(e)  Which antibiotic would be the most effective to treat a person with a gonorrhoea
infection?

Tick (✓) one box.

 

A B C D

(1)

(f)   Which antibiotic would be the most effective to treat a person who had both
gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections?

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 Tick (✓) one box.
 

A B C D

(1)

(g)  Antibiotics cannot be used to treat HIV infections.

Suggest one reason why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Fungi can cause an infection of the fingernails and toenails.

Fungal nail infections can spread from one person to another person.

(h)  Some people go to nail salons to have their nails shaped and painted.

Suggest one way workers in nail salons can reduce the risk of infections being
spread.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(i)  Suggest one reason why fungal infection of toenails is more common than fungal
infection of fingernails.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q3.
New drugs are tested before they can be licensed for use with patients.

Figure 1 shows how much time the different stages of testing took for one new drug.

Figure 1

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 (a)     Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory.

What is the drug tested on in a laboratory?

Give one example.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     How many years did the clinical trials take for the drug in Figure 1?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Time for clinical trials = _______________ years

(1)

(c)     During Phase 1 clinical trials, the drug is tested on healthy volunteers using low
doses.

What is the main purpose of Phase 1 testing?

Tick (✓) one box.

 

To find the best dose to use.

To see if the drug is safe to use.

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 To see if the drug works.

(1)

During clinical trials, half of the patients are given a placebo in a double blind trial.

(d)     What is a placebo?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e)     Who knows which patients are given the placebo and which patients are given the
drug in a double blind trial?

Tick (✓) one box.

 

Not the patients or the doctors

The patients and the doctors

The patients but not the doctors

(1)

Paracetamol and ibuprofen are two medicines used to reduce a high body temperature.

Doctors investigated which medicine was more effective at reducing high body
temperature in 200 children who were ill.

The children were put into two groups, which were matched for:
•        age
•        gender
•        body mass.

Each group had 100 children.

This is the method used.

1.   Measure the body temperature of each child before any medicine is given.
2.   Give children in Group 1 paracetamol.
3.   Give children in Group 2 ibuprofen.
4.   Measure the body temperature of each child every hour after the medicine is given.

(f)      Give two control variables in this investigation.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(g)     None of the children was given a placebo.

Suggest one reason why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Figure 2 shows the results.

Figure 2

(h)     What was the mean body temperature after 6 hours for the children given
ibuprofen?

Mean body temperature = _______________ °C

(1)

(i)     The doctors concluded that children with a high body temperature should be given
ibuprofen and not paracetamol.

Give two reasons for the doctors’ conclusion.

Use Figure 2.

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 1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Q4.
Polio is a disease caused by a virus. In the UK, children are given polio vaccine to protect
them against the disease.

(a)     In the sentences below, draw a ring around the correct words in each box.

(i)      It is difficult to kill the polio virus inside the body

 
is not affected by drugs

because the virus lives inside cells

produces antitoxins
(1)
 
active

(ii)      The vaccine contains an infective form of the polio virus.

inactive
(1)

(iii)     The vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to

 
antibiotics

produce antibodies which destroy the virus.

drugs
(1)

(b)     The graph shows the number of cases of polio in the UK between 1948 and 1968.

Page 9 of 17
  

(i)      In which year was the number of cases of polio highest?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     Polio vaccination was first used in the UK in 1955.

How many years did it take for the number of cases of polio to fall to zero?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii)     There have been no cases of polio in the UK for many years. But children are
still vaccinated against the disease.

Suggest one reason for this.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q5.
(a)     Explain how diseases caused by bacteria are usually treated by doctors.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     Explain, as fully as you can, how white blood cells protect us from disease.

___________________________________________________________________

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 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 7 marks)

Q6.
Many diseases are caused by viruses. Children are given vaccines to protect them
against viral disease.

(a)     Explain how vaccination protects a child against a viral disease.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b)     In the 1990s many people thought that the MMR vaccine caused autism in some
children. This is why the Japanese government stopped using the MMR vaccine.

The graph gives information about the percentage of Japanese children who
developed autism during the 1990s.

Page 11 of 17
  

The data in the graph support the view that there is no link between MMR
vaccination and autism.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 12 of 17
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a)  fungus
1

(b)  less / no chlorophyll
or
chlorophyll has been broken down
allow reference to chloroplasts for chlorophyll
1

(c)  less photosynthesis
or
less light absorbed
1

(so) less glucose / sugar formed

1

or

less light absorbed (1)

(so) less photosynthesis (1)

(d)

 
extra line from a box negates that box
2

(e)  virus
1

(f)  by mosquito bites

allow by mosquitos
1

(g)  drain water from swamps

Page 13 of 17
 1
[9]

Q2.
(a)  penicillin
1

(b)  any one from:

•   (yellow / green / white / beige) discharge from vagina / penis
ignore colour of urine
allow yellow / green / white / beige discharge
•   pain on urinating
ignore pain unqualified
allow pain in abdomen
allow pain in testes
allow inflammation of foreskin
allow bleeding between periods
allow bleeding after sex
allow fever / nausea / vomiting
1

(c)  any two from:

•   concentration (of antibiotic)
•   type of disc
allow same type of (filter) paper
•   size of disc
•   temperature or kept at 25 °C
•   time or kept for 3 days
allow use sterile Petri dish or use sterile agar
2

(d)  B
1

(e)  C
1

(f)  A
1

(g)  any one from:

•   antibiotics do not destroy viruses
allow antibiotics do not kill viruses
allow antibiotics only kill bacteria
allow HIV is a virus
allow HIV is not a bacterium
•   viruses are inside cells
allow idea that it is difficult to get the antibiotic to
the virus
1

(h)  any one from:

•   disinfect / sterilise tools / scissors / files

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 allow put tools / scissors / files in fungicide
allow washing / cleaning tools
•   use a new file for each customer
allow use a new tool / scissors for each customer
•   do not treat people with a fungal nail infection
•   disinfect hands between customers
•   use new gloves for each customer
ignore gloves / PPE unqualified
allow wear masks
1

(i)  any one from:

allow converse statements
•   feet are washed less
•   feet are in (more) moist conditions
allow idea that less air gets to feet
allow idea that feet are wetter / warmer (inside
socks)
•   feet are (often) warmer
allow idea of (bare) feet in contact with the floor
allow idea of sharing footwear
1
[10]

Q3.
(a)  any one from:
•   (live) cells
•   (live) tissues
•   (live) animals
allow examples , eg mice / rats
1

(b)  7 / seven (years)

1

(c)  to see if the drug is safe to use

1

(d)  tablet that does not contain the drug / active ingredient

allow a sugar pill
allow a fake drug
1

(e)  not the patients or the doctors

1

(f)  any two from:

•   age
•   gender
•   body mass
•   number of children (in group)
or
100 in group
•   time (after taking medicine) when temperature was measured

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 allow all (children had a) high body temperature
(at the start)
allow dose of drug / medicine
ignore temperature unqualified
2

(g)  any one from:

•   unethical not to treat ill children
•   children were ill so had to be treated
•   children may become more ill if no drug given
1

(h)  37.4 (°C)
1

(i)  any two from:

•   reduced (body) temperature faster

allow converse arguments

•   decreased (body) temperature more

•   reduced (body) temperature to normal / 37 °C

allow paracetamol did not reduce (body)
temperature to normal

•   maintained normal (body) temperature / 37 °C for longer or for several

hours
2
[11]

Q4.
(a)     (i)      lives inside cells
1

(ii)     inactive
1

(iii)     antibodies
1

(b)     (i)      1950

1

(ii)     8 (years)
1

(iii)     any one from: eg

•        disease could be reintroduced (from abroad)

disease might come back insufficient

•        disease would spread if it came back

•        protection on holiday abroad

•        high proportion of immune people needed to prevent epidemic

Page 16 of 17
 1
[6]

Q5.
(a)     use antibiotics; or named one to kill bacteria; (not microbes)
each for 1 mark
2

(b)     some ingest/digest bacteria (not microbes) OWTTE

some produce antibodies;
which destroy bacteria/viruses;
some produce antitoxins;
which counteract poisons released by bacteria
each for 1 mark
5
[7]

Q6.
(a)     dead / inactive form of virus introduced into body
1

white blood cells stimulated to produce antibodies

1

correct antibodies rapidly made if the body is infected with the virus
1

(b)     the percentage of children vaccinated fell to zero in 1995

1

but the number of children developing autism rose and fell

during the period when % vaccinations was falling
1

number of children developing autism peaked after MMR

vaccination had ceased
1

which suggests that something other than MMR vaccination

was causing autism
1
[7]

Page 17 of 17