Le a rn in g Are a : ALGEBRA

LINEAR LAW
Teacher Rosdiana bint i Sarju
MRSM Johor Bahru
 01 Jaga hubungan dengan Allah.

02 Apa yang kita fikir, rasa, cakap, tulis dan

buat segalanya adalah DOA.

5 03 Confidence
I must practice what I have learnt in class.
Go l de n The more I practice, the better I get.
The better I get, the more confident I become.
Re min de r s The more confident I become, the easier my
exams shall be.

04 Time Management
1 markah = 1.5 minit
10 markah = 15 minit

05 Niat
LINEAR LAW

Convert non-linear relation

Forming Equations
to linear relations

Line of best Fit Solving problem involving

linear law
 y y 2
Forming y
y x x log10 y
Equations
Y

1 x+2
2
x
2
c x x log10 x
X

gradient Y = mX + c Y-intercept
( 0, y )
y2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1
Forming
Equations
Example 1 Write equations for each of the following
diagrams.
(a) (b) xy
y

m=2
m=2
5 1 2
5 1 2  =
x x
x x

Y = mX + c Y = mX + c xy=
2
+5
x
y = 2x + 5 1
xy = 2  + 5
 x
 Example 1
Forming
Equations
(c) 1
y
8−2
m= 1 31
• (4,8) 4−0 =  +2
y 2 x
6
=
• (0,2 ) 4 1 3
1
3 = +2
x = y 2x
2
Y = mX + c c=2
1 1
= m  + c
y  x
 Example 1
Forming
Equations
9−0 1
(d) a m= a = 3  − 9
• (6,9 )
6−3 b
=3 3
a = −9
at (6,9 ) b
•
1
1
( 3, 0 ) b a = 3  + c
b
Y = mX + c 9 = 3(6 ) + c
1 c = −9
a = m  + c
b
 Convert non-linear relation to linear
relations

Non-linear Linear

To reduce equation,
create the Y-intercept
or refer Y-axis

The graph which does The graph which forms

not forms a straight a straight line.
line.
 Create Y-intercept
Convert non-linear relation to linear (constant)
relations
Example 2
Convert=
y px + qx to linear form. Hence, identify Y, X, gradient and
2

Y-intercept.
y= px + qx
2
q y = px + qx p
2
2 Divide both sides of
Divide both sides of y px qx the equation by x2
2 the equation by x 2
= 2 + 2
y px qx x x x
= + y q
x x x = p+ q 1
2 = q 
x x x x
y
= px + q Compare with y 1
Y=mX+c = q  + p
 x
2
x x Compare with
Y=mX+c
Y = mX + c Y = mX + c
y
Y = m= p X =x c=q y
Y = 2 m=q X =
1
x c= p
x x
 Refer Y-axis
Convert non-linear relation to linear
relations
Example 3 (a)
Reduce the following non-linear equations to linear form. Hence, identify Y, X,
gradient,m and Y-intercept,c.

Non-linear Linear Y-axis, X-axis, m and c.

Multiply both sides of
(a) the equation by x
Y = xy
q
y = 2 px +  q  X =x 2
5x x( y ) = x 2 px + 
 5x 
m = 2p
Plot graph xy against x
2 q
xy = 2 px +2
q
5 c=
5
 Refer Y-axis
Convert non-linear relation to linear
relations
Example 3
(b)
Non-linear Linear Y-axis, X-axis, m and c.
(b)  2k  Take log both
log10 y = log10  x  Y = log10 y
2k sides
y= x p 
p X =x
log10 y = log10 2k − log10 p x

Plot graph log10 y against x m = − log10 p

log10 y = log10 2k − x log10 p
log10 y = − x log10 p + log10 2k c = log10 2k
( − log10 p ) x + log10 2k
log10 y =

11
 Refer Y-axis
Convert non-linear relation to linear relations

Example 3 (c)

Non-linear Linear Y-axis, X-axis, m and c.

nx py xy Divide both sides of 1
(c) = − the equation by y Y =
nx = py − xy y y y y
nx
1 = p−x Divide both sides of 1
Plot graph against
1
y x
y the equation by nx X =
nx p x x
= −
y ( nx ) nx nx p
m=
n
1 p1 1
=  − 1
y n  x n c=−
n
12
 Convert non-linear relation to linear
relations
Equations Method

=
y 5 x + 3x
2
y = 2 px +
q 1
5x Using multiplication, ÷ x =×  
x
nx = py − xy division, square,
factorization, rearrange …
b 1 1 1
y x = ab x + + =  1 
x v u f ÷ x=
× 
 x
b+ x Using logarithms
y = ax b
y=a
log=a xy log a x + log a y
2k
y= x x
p =
log a log a x − log a y
b
y
y = pk x
L = A(3) T log a x = n log a x
n

13
 Convert non-linear relation to linear
relations
create the Y-intercept / constant refer Y-axis

1. Choose suitable constant, 1. Refer Y-axis

then eliminate the variable.

2. The variables X and Y must 2. Using multiplication, division,

contain the variables only they square, factorization,
cannot contain the unknown rearrange or logarithms
constants.

3. m and c must contain only 3. Rearrange in the form

constant (no variables x/y). Y = mX + c

14
 SHORT
QUESTION
 Solution
Example 4
(a) y = px + qx
2
Divide both sides of
The variables x and y are related by equation y = px 2 + qx, the equation by x
2
such that p and q are constant. y px qx
The diagram below shows part of the line of best fit obtained
= +
y
x x x
by plotting the graph against x. y
x
(a) Convert the equation y = px 2 + qx to the linear form.
= px + q Compare with Y=mX+c
x =
m p=
,c q
=Y mx + c
(b) Find the value of p and q.

5−3 y 1
(b) p = = − x + q,
1− 9 x 4
2 at point (1,5 )
=
−8
1 (5) = − (1) + q
1
=− 4
4 21
q=
4
Example 5 Solution
y = 6x − x 2

Diagram 2 shows a straight line graph of

y
against x. 2 Divide both sides of
y 6x x the equation by x
= −
x

x x x
y
= 6− x
x
y
=− x + 6
x at (h,3)
y
at (2 ,k ) =− x + 6
x
− ( 2) + 6
k= 3 =−h + 6
=4 h=3
Example 6
Solution
Take log both sides

(a ) y = kx 4 log10 y = log10 kx 4

log10 y = log10 k + log10 x 4

log10 y = log10 k + 4 log10 x

=
Y mX + c
=
log10 y 4 log10 x + log10 k

(b) (i) log10 k = 3

h−3
=4
(ii) at (2, h ) 2−0
=h 4 ( 2) + 3 h−3 = 8
= 11 h = 11
Example 7 Solution
Hint : c = −3
y = −3 x + 5
2
Divide both sides of the equation by x 2
y − 3x 52

2
= 2 + 2
x x x
y 5
2
= −3 + 2
x x
y 5
=2 2
−3
x x Compare with Y=mX+c

y  1 
= 5 2  − 3
x 
2
x
y 1
Y= 2 X= 2
x x
Example 8 Solution x× x = x

 1   1  b  1 
=
y x  ab x  +  
 x  x x x
b
y = ab +
x
b
y= + ab Compare with Y=mX+c
x
1 m = b c = ab
y = b  + ab
 x
6−0 ab = 6
b b=
y x = ab x + 0 − ( −2 )
x
Divide both sides of the equation by x
a(3) = 6
6
=
1
Multiply both sides of the equation by
x a=2
2
=3
Example 9
Solution
15 − y (b) =
(a) m = Y mX + c
16 − 0
y 3 2
3 15 − y = x +3
= x 4
4 16 Multiply both sides
of the equation by x
(0, y )
3(16 ) = 4(15 − y ) y 3 2
= ( x) x ( x) + 3( x)
48 = 60 − 4 y x 4
3 3
4 y = 12 y = x + 3x
4
y=3
K (0,3)
Example 10 Solution
y = px r
Take log both sides

log10 y = log10 px r

log10 y = log10 p + log10 x r

log10 y = log10 p + r log10 x

=
log10 y r log10 x + log10 p Compare with Y=mX+c

=
Y mx + c
( 4, 0 )
( 0, −2 ) log10 p = −2 0 − ( −2 )
Write in index r=
−2
form 4−0
p = 10 1
Gradient
r=
p = 0.01 2
LONG QUESTION
PAPER 2
What you need…

RULER CALCULATOR GRAPH

Routine Non Routine

positive

negative

c (negative)
 Non Routine y
Non Routine

x
Value x (negative)

Value x/y-axis (negative) Y-axis not start from 0

Graph paper

11 petak

8 petak
Observe Table Value Type of graph Estimate graph
maximum value
given scale

X 1 4 9 16 25 36
Y 3.10 4.60 6.99 9.40 13.60 18.00

2 cm to 5 units on X-axis and 2 cm to 2 units on the Y-axis

1 Type of graph 2 X-axis 3 Y-axis

36
y = =
18
5 2
= 7.2 =9
x = 8 petak = 9 petak
positive
Observe Table Value Type of graph Estimate graph
maximum value
given scale

X 0.67 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.20 0.17

Y 0.50 1.30 2.15 2.60 2.85 2.95

2 cm to 0.1 unit on X-axis and 2 cm to 0.5 units on the Y-axis

1 Type of graph 2 X-axis 3 Y-axis

0.67
y = =
2.95
0.1 0.5
= 6.7 = 5.9
x = 7 petak = 6 petak
negative
Observe Table Value

Type of graph

y
Same direction

x
positive

Type of graph

Opposite direction
x
negative

30
 Line of best fit
y y

X X

X X
X X

X X

X X

X X
x x
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Line of best fit:
1. Points lie as close as possible to line
2. Line pass through as many points as possible
3. Points that do not fit onto the line should be more or less than same on both sides of the line.
SPM ANALYSIS

(wrongly recorded)
 T G C

 Construct new  Plot graph (mark  Reduce Equation -

table ‘X’) using pencil non linear to linear
Y=mX+c, then
 2 d.p  Line of best fit compare with
unknown. (Hint:
 Rounding off  Identify y-intercept refer y-axis)
and find gradient

33
Example 11

34
 Type of graph

1 negative

x 0.67 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.20 0.17

1
y 0.50 1.30 2.15 2.60 2.85 2.95

Estimate graph

maximum value
given scale

X-axis: Y-axis:
0.67
= =
2.95
0.1 0.5
= 6.7 = 5.9
= 7 petak = 6 petak
 1
x 0.67 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.20 0.17 N1
1
1 y 0.50 1.30 2.15 2.60 2.85 2.95 N1
y
nx = py + xy 4.0
Divide both sides by y 3.80 c = 3.8
nx py xy
= + 3.5
y y y 2.95 − 0.50
nx m=
= p+x Divide both sides by nx 3.0 x (0.17,2.95) 0.17 − 0.67
y
x = −4.9
1
=
p
+
x x
y nx nx 2.5
1 p1 1 x K1
P1 y = n  x  + n Compare with Y=mX+c 2.0
5.2
=
Y mX + c
p
m = ,c =
1 N1
n n 1.5
x N1
p 1.0
(i)
1
= 3.80 K1 (ii) = −4.9
n
K1
n
N1 p 0.5 (0.67,0.50) x
n = 0.263 = −4.9
0.263
1
N1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 x
p = −1.289
Example 12
Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.

Table 1 shows the data of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment.
A straight line will be obtained when a graph of , against 1 , is plotted.
2
y
x x
x 1.25 1.43 2.00 2.50 4.00 5.00
y 4.47 4.38 4.18 3.87 2.83 2.24
1 y2
(a) Base on table 1, construct a table for the values of and . [2m]
x x

y2 1 1
(b) Plot , against , using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the -axis and
x x x
y2
2 cm to 2 units on the -axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. [3m]
x
(c) Using the graph in (b),
Find the value of y when x = 2.7,
Express y in terms of x. [5m]

37
 x 1.25 1.43 2.00 2.50 4.00 5.00
Type of graph
y 4.47 4.38 4.18 3.87 2.83 2.24
1 positive

x 0.80 0.70 0.50 0.40 0.25 0.20

y2
x
15.98 13.42 8.74 5.99 2.00 1.00

Estimate graph

maximum value
given scale

X-axis: Y-axis:
0.8
= =
15.98
0.1 2
=8 = 7.99
= 8 petak = 8 petak
 y2 1
x
0.80 0.70 0.50 0.40 0.25 0.20 N1
x y2
15.98 13.42 8.74 5.99 2.00 1.00
16
x
xN1
1
(i) when x = 2.7, = 0.37 14 (0.80,15.98)
x c = −4 K1 x
y2 12
From graph, = 5.2 15.95 − 1
x 2 m=
y
= 5.2
0.8 − 0.2 K1
x 10 = 24.97
y2 x
= 5.2 8
2.7
y = 3.75 N1 K1
6 x
(ii) Y = mX + c 55.2
.2 N1
4
y2
1 N1
= m  + c
x  x 2 x
y2 1 x (0.2,1.00)
= 24.97  + (− 4 ) K1 1
x  x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 x
y= 24.97 − 4 x N1
-2

-4
Example 13

Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.

Table 8 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related
q
by the equation y = 2 x , where p and q are constants.
p

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 33.11 27.54 21.88 19.05 16.22 13.18

(a) Base on table 8, construct a table for the values of log10 y. [1 mark]

(b) Plot log10 y against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the
log10 y-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. [3 marks]

(c) Using the graph in (a), find the value of

(i) p,
(ii) q,
(iii) x when y = 20. [6 marks]

40
 x 1 2 3 4 5 6
Type of graph
y 33.11 27.54 21.88 19.05 16.22 13.18 negative

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
log10 y 1.52 1.44 1.34 1.28 1.21 1.12

Estimate graph

maximum value
given scale

X-axis: Y-axis:
6
= =
1.52
1 0.1
=6 = 15.2
= 6 petak = 16 petak Y-axis not start from 0
 x 1 2 3 4 5 6
log10 y 1.52 1.44 1.34 1.28 1.21 1.12 N1

log10 y q
c = 1.6 y = 2x
p Take log both sides
 q 
1.6 − 1.12 log10 y = log10  2 x 
m=  p 
(0,1.6) 0−6
log10 y = log10 q − log10 p 2 x
1.6 = −0.08
log10 y = log10 q − 2 x log10 p
x Compare
1.5
log10 y = (− 2 log10 p )x + log10 q with Y=mX+c
x P1
1.4 K1 (i) − 2 log10 p = m (ii) log10 q = 1.6 K1
x N1 −2 log10 p =
−0.08 K1 = 101.6
1.3
x −0.08 = 39.81
N1 log10 p = N1
−2
1.2 x
p = 100.04
x (6,1.12 ) p = 1.10 N1
1.1
(iii) when y = 20, log10 y = 1.30
1.0
0 1 2 3 3.754 5 6 7 x
From graph, x = 3.75 N1
42
Example 14

Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.

Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related
hk
by the equation y − h =, where h and k are constants.
x
x 1.5 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 6.0
y 4.5 5.25 5.5 6.3 6.4 6.5
Table 1
(a) Plot xy against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on x-axis and 2 cm to 5 units on xy-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(b) Using the graph in (a), find the value of
(i) the value of h and of k,
(ii) the correct value of y if one of the value of y has been wrongly recorded during the
experiment. [6 marks]

43
(a) Plot xy against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on x-axis and 2 cm to 5 units
on xy-axis.Hence, draw the line of best fit.
Type of graph

x 1.5 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 6.0 positive

y 4.5 5.25 5.5 6.3 6.4 6.5

x 1.5 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 6.0

xy 6.75 10.50 19.25 28.35 32.00 39.00
Estimate graph

maximum value
given scale

Ralat pada soalan

asal, (2.25) nilai
sebenar adalah
5.25 X-axis: Y-axis:
6.0
= =
39.00
1 5
=6 = 7.8
= 6 petak = 8 petak
 xy x 1.5 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 6.0
(b) Using the graph in (a), find the value of
(i) the value of h and of k,
xy 6.75 4.50 19.25 28.35 32.00 39.00 N1
40 x ( 6, 39 )
(ii) the correct value of y if one of the value of y has been c = −4
wrongly recorded during the experiment. 35 39 − 6.75
m=
hk 6 − 1.5 x
(i) y − h = 30
x Add h both sides = 7.17
x
hk
=
y + h 25
x
= hk +
xy h ( x ) Multiply with x both sides 21 x
20 x
P1
= xy h ( x ) + hk Compare with Y=mX+c
K1
=
Y mX + c =m =
h , c hk 15
5.2 N1
h = 7.17 K1 hk = −4 K1 10 x
N1
h = 51.41 N1 ( 51.41) k = −4 x (1.5, 6.75 )
k = −0.08 5
N1
(ii) From graph, xy = 21
0
x
( 3.5 ) y = 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−4
y=6 N1 -5
Check your answer
x 0.67 0.33 0.17
y 0.50 2.15 2.95
CASIO fx-570MS CASIO fx-570EX CLASSWIZ

1. SHIFT > MODE > 3 > = 1. MENU

2. MODE 2X 2. PRESS 6
3. PRESS 2 – REG 3. PRESS 2- y=a+bx
4. PRESS 1 – LIN Key in data
Key in data x y
0.67, 0.50 press M+ n=1 0.67 | 0.50
0.33, 2.15 press M+ n=2 0.33 | 2.15
0.17, 2.95 press M+ n=3 0.17 | 2.95
5. PRESS AC
6. SHIFT 2 4. Press AC –
7. RIGHT 2X Statistics
A B r y=a+bx
1 : A = 3.7748 5. Press OPTN – press 3
8. SHIFT 2 y=a+bx
9. RIGHT 2X a = 3.7748
A B r b = -4.8926
2 : B = - 4.8926
46
 1
x 0.67 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.20 0.17
1 1
y y 0.50 1.30 2.15 2.60 2.85 2.95
4.0
3.80 c = 3.8 c = 3.8194
3.5
2.95 − 0.50
m=
3.0 x (0.17,2.95) 0.17 − 0.67
x = −4.9 m = −4.9842
x
2.5
x
2.0
5.2
1.5
x
1.0

0.5 Casio [White] Casio [Black](0.67,0.50) x

MENU > 6 > 2 (y=a+bx) SHIFT MODE 3 = >
1
> key in data > AC > MODE 2X > 2(REG) > 1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 (Lin) 0.4 0.5 > AC >0.6 0.7 x
OPTN > 3 > y=a+bx > key in data
SHIFT 2 > right 2x > A B r
 y2 1
0.80 0.70 0.50 0.40 0.25 0.20
x
x y2
15.98 13.42 8.74 5.99 2.00 1.00
16
x
x

14 (0.80,15.98)
c = −4 c = −4.0833 x
12 15.95 − 1
m=
0.8 − 0.2
10 = 24.97 m = 25.1333
x
8

6 x
5.2
4

2 x
x (0.2,1.00)
Casio [White] Casio [Black] 1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
MENU >0.4 0.5
6 > 2 (y=a+bx) 0.6 SHIFT0.7
MODE 30.8 => x
> key in data > AC > MODE 2X > 2(REG) > 1
-2
OPTN > 3 > y=a+bx (Lin) > key in data > AC >
SHIFT 2 > right 2x > A B r
-4
 x 1 2 3 4 5 6
log10 y 1.52 1.44 1.34 1.28 1.21 1.12

log10 y
c = 1.6 c = 1.5933
1.6 − 1.12
m=
(0,1.6) 0−6
1.6 = −0.08 m = −0.0785

1.5 x
x
1.4

x
1.3
Casio [White] xCasio [Black]
1.2 MENU > 6 > 2 (y=a+bx) SHIFT MODEx 3=>
> key in data > AC > MODE 2X > 2(REG) > 1
OPTN > 3 > y=a+bx (Lin) > key in data > AC x> (6,1.12)
1.1
SHIFT 2 > right 2x > A B r

1.0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
49
Construct table – 2 decimal places Check your answer
Estimate graph
Type of graph

Positive / negative maximum value

given scale

Draw line best fit - must passes through Y-axis

Gradient – 2 points lies on line of best fit

Reduce Equation – Hint refer y-axis

Find unknown – compare with Y=mX+c

50
51