In a colour-television tube, three electron guns (one each for red, green, and blue) fire electrons toward

the phosphor-
coated screen. The electrons are directed to a specific spot (pixel) on the screen by magnetic fields, induced by the
deflection coils. To prevent “spillage” to adjacent pixels, a grille or shadow mask is used. When the electrons strike the
phosphor screen, the pixel glows. Every pixel is scanned about 30 times per second.

John Logie Baird with television transmitter

John Logie Baird standing next to his television transmitter of 1925–26. To Baird's left in the case is “Stookie Bill,” a
ventriloquist's dummy that was scanned by the spinning Nipkow disk in order to produce a picture signal.
ICONOSCOPE TELEVISION CAMERA TUBE
Conceived in 1923 by V.K. Zworykin, the iconoscope was used in the Radio Corporation of America's first public
television broadcasts in 1939. The scene to be televised was focused on a light-sensitive mosaic of tiny globules of treated
silver, which assumed an electric charge proportional to the strength of the illumination. A narrow scanning beam, shot
from an electron gun and traced across the mosaic by magnetic deflection coils, caused a succession of voltages to pass to
a signal plate. The picture signal then passed to an amplifier for transmission to a television receiver.
INTERLACED SCANNING FOR STANDARD TELEVISION DISPLAY
The first field, made up of evenly spaced scan lines (A), is followed by the second field, whose scan lines (B) fall between
the lines of the first field. The interlaced fields follow each other so rapidly that they combine in the viewer's eye to form a
complete picture, or frame, on the television screen.
 WAVE FORMS IN SEQUENTIAL SCANNING
Wave forms for horizontal and vertical deflection of
the scanning spot in sequential scanning.

WAVE FORM FOR BLACK-AND-WHITE TV

Wave form of the monochrome (black-and-white)
television picture signal.

COMPOSITE TV SIGNAL
Luminance information is obtained as the image of
the scene to be televised is scanned horizontally.
Blanking pulses are transmitted to extinguish the
scanning spot on the receiver screen at the end of
each scan line. The receiver is precisely aligned
with the transmitter by a series of short
synchronization pulses. These three signals are
added together to produce the composite video
signal, which then amplitude modulates a radio-
frequency carrier wave for transmission.

WAVE FORM OF
VERTICAL
SYNCHRONIZATION
SIGNAL
Transmitted at the end of
each field, a series of pulses
returns the scanning spot to
the top of the television
screen. The time required to
return the inactive spot is
known as the vertical blanking interval.
 COLOUR WHEEL
Colour wheel in which hue changes with location around
the circle and saturation changes with distance from the
centre or circumference. Hue and saturation, perceived
together, make up the chrominance value of an image.

WAVE FORM OF COLOUR TV SIGNAL

The chrominance signal, which carries the hue and
saturation information, is added to the luminance signal,
which carries the brightness information. Detection of the
hue information by the television receiver is aided by the
addition of a short colour burst to the back porch of the
blanking pulse.

SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS
Spectrum allocations for television channels
in the NTSC, PAL, and SECAM systems.
COLOUR TV
Components of the colour television transmitter and receiver.

TV SOUND COMPONENTS
Components of television sound transmission and reception

VIDICON CAMERA TUBE

The image of the scene is focused on a transparent conductor coated with a photoresistive material, creating a matrix of
spots of varying electrical charge. An electron beam then scans the material, creating a video signal that represents the
varying amounts of light in the image.
VCR
The home videocassette recorder (VCR). A cassette is inserted into the loading door. As the tape is fed through the
machine, two magnetic recording heads, located on opposite sides of a rotating drum, rapidly trace a series of diagonal
recording tracks. This helical scan method allows the wide range of frequencies present in a video signal to be recorded on
a slow-moving tape.
Figure 16: Block diagram of colour transmitter

Figure 12: Block diagram of monochrome television transmitter.

Figure 5: Essential elements of (A) transmitter, and (B) receiver.