Presentation on

Monochrome and colour Television

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 Scanning
Process

Monochrome
Colour
Television
mixing

Basic
difference
Basic between CRT
elements of and Color
Television Television
System

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Basic elements of Television System

 Picture Transmission Synchronization

 Sound Transmission  Receiver Controls
 Picture Reception  Colour Television.
 Sound Reception

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Basic monochrome Television
Transmitter

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Basic monochrome Television receiver

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Simplified cross-sectional view of a
vidicon tv camera tube

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Path of scanning beam in
covering picture area

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Picture reception: Elements of a picture tube

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 SCANNING
Scanning is the process by which the optical image
formed on a photosensitive plate of TV camera is
broken into many small elements called as pixels.
Scanning

Sequential scanning Interlaced scanning

Horizontal Scanning
Vertical Scanning 9
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 HORIZONTAL SCANNING

Electron beam moves from left to right line –by-line

called horizontal scanning .
figure shows the trace and retrace.

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VERTICAL SCANNING

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 SEQUENTIAL SCANNING
•Scanning is done line-by line from 1st to 625th line sequentially so called as
sequential scanning.
•As electron beam sweeps across a line it falls over portions of different light
intensities and is accordingly converted into electrical currents of different
amplitudes.
• (Bright spot max.Current, dark spot min.Current)
• In this way, current pulses are produced which corresponds in time sequence
to bright and dark areas of the televised picture as they scanned by the
electron beam. This electrical signal is called video signal.

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 FLICKER
This problem is solved in motion pictures by
showing each picture twice, so that 48 views of
the scene are shown per second although there
are still the same 24 picture frames per second.
As a result of the increased blanking rate, flicker is
eliminated.

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 INTERLACED SCANNING

Definition
Interlaced scanning is the process in which the first
312.5 lines are scanned called odd field and then
312.5 even numbered lines are scanned called even
field so that frame containing 625 lines is scanned
twice.

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 INTERLACED SCANNING
• In television pictures an effective rate of 50 vertical scans per
second is utilized to reduce the flicker. This is accomplished by
increasing the downward rate of travel of scanning of electron
beam, so that every alternate line gets scanned instead of
successive line.
• Then when the beam reaches the bottom of the picture frame it
quickly returns to the top to scan those lines that were missed in
the previous scanning.

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 INTERLACED SCANNING

There are two main TV systems using Interlaced Scanning : NTSC and
PAL

NTSC is based on a system of 525-lines , 60 fields, and 30 frames-per-

second at 60Hz.

PAL is based on a system of 625 lines , 50 fields , and 25 frames-per-

second at 50Hz.

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INTERLACED SCANNING

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CRT

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 TV INTERLACING
• Frame scanned in two passes, first the odd lines then
the even
• One frame takes 1/25th second
• Avoids flicker
• Each pass called a field
• Takes 1/50th second

1st Field (Odd lines) + 2nd Field (Even lines) = One Frame

+ =
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1/50th sec. 1/50th sec. 1/25th sec.

 COLOUR THEORY

Light rays are electromagnetic waves whose properties are

governed by their frequency or wavelength. Light rays from
a small part of spectrum of EM shown in fig.

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 THREE COLOUR THEORY

 All light sensations to the eye are divided into three main
groups.
 The optic nerve system separates different colour to perceive
the actual colour of the object.
 This forms the basis of colour tv.
 For example-
 A yellow colour can be sense by eye when the red and green
groups of the cones are excited at the same time.

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 MIXING OF COLOURS

 Two types of colour mixing-

Subtractive colour mixing
 Additive colour mixing.

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 SUBSTRACTIVE COLOUR MIXING

 In subtractive colour mixing, reflective

properties of pigments are used, which
absorb all wavelength but for their
characteristic colour wavelength.
 For example-
 This type of mixing takes place in
painting shop and colour printing

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 SUBSTRACTIVE COLOUR MIXING
 Primary colours are called subtractive primaries.
 Any of these colours can be produced by subtracting
 White light its coplementary colour through a colour filter as-

YELLOW
= WHITE
- BLUE

MAGENTA
= WHITE - GREEN

CYAN
= WHITE
- RED

=
CYAN
+ MAGENTA + YELLOW BLACK
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 ADDITIVE COLOUR MIXING
Additive mixture of the three primary colours red , green and blue with
proper proportions can create any colour. Hence they are called
additive primaries
And used as basic colours in TV system.

PRIMARY COLOURS

RED GREEN BLUE

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COMPLEMENTARY OF SECONDARY COLOURS

RED GREEN BLUE WHITE

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ADDITIVE COLOUR MIXING

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COMPARISON

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 Questions

1. What is scanning? Explain horizontal and vertical scanning.

2. . Why is scanning necessary in TV transmission ? Why is it carried out at a fast rate ?
3. What is meant by flicker? How flicker can be dispelled? Explain.
4. 4. Write short note on color theory.

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