HISTORY OF

ARCHITECTURE 3
 Chinese Architecture demonstrates an architectural style that developed over
millennia in China, before spreading out to influence architecture all throughout
East Asia. Since the solidification of the style in the early imperial period, the
structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged,
the main changes being only the decorative details. Starting with the Tang
dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural
styles of Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and Vietnam, and a varying amount of
influence on the architectural styles of Southeast and South Asia including
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and The Philippines. Great Wall of China is the
most famous Chinese architecture. But, there are more Chinese architectures
except for the Great Wall of China, such as extravagant mausoleums,
breathtaking imperial palace and ancient bridges and pagodas.

 Chinese architecture is typified by various features; such as, bilateral symmetry,

use of enclosed open spaces, the incorporation of ideas related to feng shui such
as directional hierarchies, a horizontal emphasis, and the allusion to various
cosmological, mythological, or other symbolism. Chinese architecture traditionally
classifies structures according to type, ranging from pagodas to palaces. In part
because of an emphasis on the use of wood, a relatively perishable material, and
due to a de-emphasis on major monumental structures built of less-organic but
more durable materials, much of the historical knowledge of Chinese architecture
derives from surviving miniature models in ceramic and published planning
diagrams and specifications.

 Philippines Architecture is a reflection of the country's historical and cultural

heritage. Most prominent historic structures in the archipelago are based on a
mix of indigenous Austronesian, Chinese, American, and Spanish influences.
The Philippine Revolution of 1887 led to the declaration of independence from
Spain

 During three hundred thirty years of Spanish colonialization, the Philippine

architecture was dominated by the Spanish influences. The Augustinian friars,
along with other religious orders, built many grand churches and cathedrals all
over the Philippine Islands. During this period the traditional Filipino Bahay na
bató (Filipino for "stone house") style for the large houses emerged. These were
large houses built of stone and wood combining Filipino, Spanish and Chinese
style elements.
 Japanese Architecture, traditional there are various styles, features and
techniques unique to Japan in each period and use, such as residence, castle,
Buddhist temple and Shinto shrine. On the other hand, especially in ancient
times, it was strongly influenced by Chinese culture like other Asian countries, so
it has characteristics common to architecture in Asian countries. Japanese
buildings it traditionally has not been Architecture in Japan has also been
influenced by the climate.

 People usually sat on cushions or otherwise on the floor, traditionally; chairs and
high tables were not widely used until the 20th century. Since the 19th century,
however, Japan has incorporated much of Western, modern, and post-modern
architecture into construction and design, and is today a leader in cutting-edge
architectural design and technology. Traditionally been typified by wooden
structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs. Sliding
doors.

 Indian Architecture the first major Islamic kingdom in India was the Delhi
Sultanate, which led to the development of Indo-Islamic architecture, combining
Indian and Islamic features. The rule of the Mughal Empire, when Mughal
architecture evolved, is regarded as the zenith of Indo-Islamic architecture, with
the Taj Mahal being the high point of their contribution. Indo-Islamic architecture
influenced the Rajput and Sikh styles as well. Indo-Saracenic, also known as
Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, and, formerly, Hindoo Style, was a revival
architectural style mostly used by British architects in India in the later 19th
century, especially in public and government buildings in the British Raj, and the
palaces of rulers of the princely states.

 European styles including neoclassical, gothic revival, and baroque became

prevalent across India. The amalgamation of Indo-Islamic and European styles
led to a new style, known as the Indo-Saracenic style.After independence,
modernist ideas spread among Indian architects as a way of progressing from
the colonial culture.

 Islamic Architecture comprises the architectural styles of buildings associated

with Islam. It encompasses both secular and religious styles from the early
history of Islam to the present day. Early Islamic architecture was influenced by
Roman, Byzantine, Persian, Mesopotamian and all other lands which the
Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries. The main architectural elements
of Islamic architecture are the dome, arch, and Muqarnas vault.
 The principal Islamic architectural types for large or public buildings are: the
Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. From these four types, the
vocabulary of Islamic architecture is derived and used for other buildings such as
public baths, fountains and domestic architecture.