Module 3

VILLAMOR COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS, INC.
Please note that this module is strictly for students officially enrolled in Villamor College of Business and Arts.
Re-printing, re-distribution, or re-selling of the module is strictly prohibited by the institution.
SUBJECT CODE BUSS 222

SUBJECT DESCRIPTION Business English
MODULE DESCRIPTION Module No. 3
OBJECTIVE OF THIS 1. Describe an effective written communication;
MODULE: 2. Enumerate the reasons why a reader shows a
negative reaction on a piece of material;;
3. Explain why abbreviations, capitalization,
italicization, and numerals are use in writing;
4. Analyze the rules in abbreviating and
capitalizing a word or group of words.
DURATION One week
FORMATTING GUIDELINES
Font type: Times New Roman or Arial
Font size: 10 or 11
Spacing: 1.15 or 1.5
A. LESSON PROPER
A Guide to Business English
INTRODUCTION
It is not only important to consider the mechanics of typing attractive looking
material. To be able to attain effective written communication, you must also consider
the following:
 Standard grammar;
 Correct spelling;
 Appropriate style; and
 Sound presentation of ideas within logically constructed sentences and
paragraphs.
Usually, a reader will only look at the physical appearance of the material, but
will study it and look at its content and further analyze it. A negative reaction from the
reader will occur if he or she discovers the following on a reading material:
 Grammar is faulty;
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 Spelling is incorrect;
 Sentence structure is contorted; and
 Paragraph orientation is vague or unreasonable.
EXPECTATIONS OF A WRITTEN WORK
A person who wrote this piece of writing should never lose hope. This is the
reason why this chapter was written: To guide you in using the target language
effectively. Below is the outline form of the expectations of a written work.
EXPECTATIONS OF A WRITTEN WORK
Aesthetic Page Placement of the Written Work

Acceptable Typewriter Format
Standard Grammar
Balanced, Coherent Sentences
Sound presentation of Ideas

In Logically and Coherently
Ordered Paragraphs
Correct spelling
Good sentence Transition
Accurate, clean typewriting

Attractive, durable stationery
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To realize the competency mentioned above, you have to master some of the
grammar rules that you can apply in writing.
I. CAPITALIZATION ABBREVIATIONS
A. CAPITALIZATIN ABBREVIATIONS:
They are used to:
o Avoid repetition of long words and phrases that may distract the reader;
o Save space and time;
o Reduce keystrokes and increase output; and
o Reflect statistical data in limited space.
Rule#1: Beginning a sentence with an abbreviation should be avoided unless the
abbreviation represents a courtesy title.
a) Page contains the summary of the report.
NOT: p.7 contains the summary of the report.
b) Dr. Santos has arrived. Or Doctor Santos has arrived.
Rule#2: company names are not abbreviated unless abbreviations comprise their official
names.
a) Cruz and Company
b) The Metrobank and Sy Company
c) Grandwater Publishing Company, Inc
d) Philippine Airlines
e) Ongchangco Engineering Co.,Inc
The following words should not be abbreviated when part of proper names.
a) Airlines
b) Associates
c) Consultants
d) Corporation
e) Fabricators
f) Manufacturing
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g) Railroad
Rule#3: Compass points are abbreviated when occurring after street names, and they are
unpunctuated. However compass points are usually typed out in full when they form
essential internal elements of street names.
164 East 6th Street
Rule#4: dates (as days and months) should not be abbreviated in running texts. Months
should not be abbreviated in general business letter date lines but they maybe abbreviated
in government or military corresponds.
a) The deadline of the project is on Friday, august 20, 1999
(Running text)
b) November 12, 1999. (general business-letter date line)
c) 12 November 1999. (military date line)
Rule#5: Latin words and phrases commonly used in general writing are often abbreviated.
a) i.e.{L id est.} that is
b) e.g. {L. exempli gratia} for example
c) viz. {L. videlicet/videl’isit/} namely; to wit
d) etc. {L. et cetera} and others; and so forth
Rule#6: latitude and longitude are abbreviated in tabular data, but are typed in full in running
texts,
a) lat. 10n20’N or lat.10-20N (in table)
b) From 10 20’ north latitude to 10 30 south latitude.
Rule#7: Laws and bylaws when first mentioned are typed in full. However, subsequent
references to them in a text may be abbreviated.
a) Article 1, section 1 (first reference)
b) Art. 1, sec. 1 (subsequent references)
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Rule#8: measures and weights may be abbreviated in figure + unit combinations; however, if
the numeral is written out, the unit must also be written out.
a) 7 cu ft or 15 cu. Ft.
b) Seven cubic feet
Rule#9: personal names should not be abbreviated. Un spaced initials of famous persons
are sometimes used in place of their full names, but when initials are used with a surname,
they are spaced.
a) Jose P. Rizal
NOT: Jo P. Rizal
b) JPR or J.P.R
NOT: J. P. Rizal
Rule#10: plurals of abbreviations may be formed by addition of –s or by addition of –‘s

especially if the abbreviation ends in an /s/ or /z/ sound or is internally punctuated (except for
a few such terms that are punctuated only with terminal periods, in which case the
apostrophe is omitted)
Rule#11: time when time is expressed in figures, the abbreviations that follow may be set in
punctuated lowercase letters, capitals or small capitals are used, one space should separate
the letters.
a) 7:30 a.m. or
b) 7:30 A.M
RULE#12: Titles
(A) The only titles that are invariably abbreviated are Mr., Mrs. and messrs. Other titles
(except for Doctor, which may be written out or abbreviated) are given in full form in
business-letter salutations.
a) Ms. Sarah O. Campos
b) Messrs. Cruz, Santos, and Reyes
c) Dear Doctor Tagle or Dear Dr. Tagle
d) BUT: Dear Professor Tagle
e) Dear General Tagle
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f) Dear Private Tagle
(B) Honorable and reverend when used with The are typed out, but it used without The,
they may be abbreviated
a) The Reverend Jaime L. Sin
b) The Honorable Jaime L. Sin
c) BUT: Rev: Jaime L. Sin
d) Hon. Jaime L. Sin
Rule#13: Versus is abbreviated as the lowercase roman letter v. in legal contexts; it is either
typed in full or abbreviated in lowercase roman letters vs. In general contexts.
a) Vinculado v. Go (in a legal document)
b) Corruption versus incorruption
c) Corruption vs. incorruption
B. CAPITALS
Capitals are used to:
o Mark a beginning as of a sentence; and
o Signal a proper noun or adjective.
The following principles describe the most common uses of capital letters:
Rule#1: Abbreviations of government agencies, military units, and corporate names are
usually capitalized.
a) NBI
b) PCGG
c) PAGCOR
d) PCSO
Rule#2: Abbreviations of academic degrees and professional ratings may be all capitalized
and lowercased, depending on the word.
a) P.E
b) PhD
c) C.P.A
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d) M.B.A
Rule#3: the first word in a sentence, of a sentence fragment, or of a complete sentence

enclosed in parenthesis is capitalized.
a) The outing was pushed through.
b) Yes, I can do it.
c) Will you meet me?
d) Total destruction. Nothing succeeds.
However, the first word of a parenthetical phrase or sentence enclosed by parentheses and
occurring within another sentence is lowercased.
a) The conference started. (The agenda was not revealed.)
b) She studied history under Dr. Cuy (she wrote the text, you know) at the university.
Rule#4: (a) the first word of a direct quotation is capitalized, but (b) a split direct quotation
tightly bound to the rest of a sentence is lowercased at the beginning of its continued
segment or segments (c) and the first word of a quotation forming a complete sentence that
is tightly bound to the man sentence is usually lowercased.
a) He asked, “How can I serve you?”
b) The President denied the story,” the paper reports, and feels the media have
acted irresponsibly.”
c) The paper goes on to say that “the President feels the media are
irresponsible.”
Rule#5: the first word of a direct question within a sentence or of a series of questions within
a sentence may be capitalized.
The question is this: Exactly what strategies should bankers devise? How much
reengineering should the organization undertake? How much would it cost?
Rule#6: (a) the first word following a colon may be lowercased or capitalized if it introduces a
complete sentence; while the former is the more usual styling, (b) the latter is common
especially when the sentence introduced by the colon id fairly lengthy and distinctly separate
from the preceding clause.
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a) The advantage of globalization is clear: it allows free trade.

b) The banking situation is critical: This bank cannot regain the losses if they do not
encourage mergers and buy-ins, especially foreign buy-ins.
Rule#7: (a) the first words of run-in or blocked enumerations that form complete sentences
are capitalized, as are the first words of phrasal lists and enumerations, blocked beneath
running texts. (b) However, phrasal enumerations run in with the introductory text are
lowercased.
a) Do the following tasks:

1. Go to the library.
2. Borrow two management books.
3. Research on the “Theories of organizing.”
4. Encode it
This is the agenda:

Call to order
Roll call
Minutes of the previous meeting
President’s report
(b) On the agenda will be (1) call to order, (2) roll call, (3) minutes of the previous
meeting, (4) president’s report.
Rule#8: The first letter of the first word in an outline heading is capitalized.
a) I. Manager’s task
II. Production Responsibilities
A. Loan generation
B. Look to automation support
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Rule#9: The first letter of the word in a salutation and a complimentary close is capitalized,
as is the first letter of each main word following SUBJECT and TO headings as in
memorandums)
a) Dear Luz
b) My dear Dr. Ongchangco
c) TO: All Department Managers
d) Sincerely yours,
e) Very truly yours,
f) SUBJECT: Sick leave
PROPER NOUNS, PRONOUNS, AND ADJECTIVES
Rule#1: Branches and units of the armed forces are capitalized including easily recognizable
short forms of full branch and unit designations.
a) Philippine Army and contract with the Army
b) Corps of engineers and bridge built by the Engineers
Rule#2: Awards and prizes are capitalized.

a) The Palanca Award for Literature
b) Nobel prize winners
c) Academy Award
Rule#3: Words designating the Deity are usually capitalized.

a) Jesus Christ is a spiritual, benevolent Supreme Being.
b) It is God, the Almighty who is responsible for your success.
Rule#4: Epithets used in place of names or titles are capitalized.

a) The Defense rests
b) The Malacanang Palace has confirmed…
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Rule#5: Adjectives derived from compass points and nouns designating the inhabitants
of some geographical regions are capitalized.
a) a British accent
b) members of the Southern Baptist Church
c) Southerners
Rule#6: Topographical names are capitalized, as are generic terms (as channel, lake, and
mountain) that are essential elements of total names.
Rule#7: plural generic names occurring before topographical names are capitalized except
when they precedes them, in which case the generic name is lowercased.
a) Lakes Buhi and Taal
b) Mounts Banahaw and Makiling
c) the Trinidad River valley
d) the river valley
e) the valley
Rule#8: Terms designating public places are capitalized when (A)- they are essential
elements of specific names; (B) however, they are lowercased when they occur after
multiple names or stand alone.
(A) (B)
a) Sevent avenue a) on the bridge
b) Madrigal Building b) Sixth and Park avenues
c) Park Square c) St. Basilica and ST. Paul’s churches
d) Nagtahan Bridge d) the Manila and Makati hotels
e) Barasoain Church
f) Amorsolo street
GOVERNMENTAL, JUDICIAL, AND POLITICAL BODIES
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Rule#8: the terms administration and government are capitalized when they are applicable to
a particular government in power.
a) The Cory Aquino administration
b) The Administration announced a new doctoral program
c) But: Malacanang Palace parties very from one administration to another.
Rule#9: (A) officials and full names of higher courts are capitalized (B) however; the single
designation court is usually lowercased when referring to them.
(A)
a) the Manila Court of Appeals

b) the Philippine Court of Appeals
c) the Quezon City Supreme Court
(B)
a) the federal courts
b) the ruling of the court of appeals
c) the city supreme court
d) the court
Rule#10: (A) Full names of legislative, deliberative, executive, and administrative bodies are
capitalized, as are the easy recognizable forms of these names; (B) however, nonspecific
noun and adjective references to them are usually lowercased.
a) United Nations Security Council
b) the council
c) Philippine Congress
d) the congress
e) congressional elections
Rule#11: The names of political parties and their adherents are capitalized. but the word
party may or may not be capitalized, depending on writer” or organization” preference.
a) Liberals
b) Nacionalista
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c) The Liberal party or the Liberal Party
HYPHENATED COMPOUNDS
RULE: Elements of hyphenated compounds are capitalized in running texts if they are proper
nouns or adjectives.
a) East-West trade
b) Arab-Israel elations
BUT: a sixteenth-century poet
NAMES OF ORGANIZATION
Rule#1: Names of firms, corporations, schools, organizations, and other such groups are
capitalized.
a) Sycip-Gorres Inc.
b) University of the Philippines
c) Kiwanis International
Rule#2: common nouns used descriptively and occurring after two or more organizations
names are lowercased.
a) Philippine and China airlines
b) The PLDT and Fuji corporations
Rule#3: (A) the words company and corporation are capitalized when they refer to one’s own
organization; (B) however, they are lowercased when they refer to another organization.
a) It is in line with the standards of our Company to…
b) BUT: He works for a company in Makati.
c) Give me the name of your company.
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Rule#4: words such as group, division, department, office, or agency that designate
corporate and organizational units are capitalized when used with specific name.
a) The Cigi and Control Division is in charge of the project.
b) BUT: The letter was sent to the division in charge.
NAME OF PERSONS
Rule#1: the names of persons are capitalized.
Santos P. Ongchangco Jr.
Rule#2: Words designating peoples and their languages are capitalized.

a) Filipinos
b) Japanese
c) Chinese
d) Thai
Rule#3: derivatives of proper names are capitalized when used in their primary sense.
a) Visayan accent
b) Iranian oil cartel
c) BUT: manila envelope, bohemian taste
NUMERICAL DESIGNATIONS
Rule#1: monetary units spelled in full (as in legal documents and on checks) are capitalized.
a) Your fee is Five Thousand Pesos.
b) (5000), payable upon receipt of merchandise.
Rule#2: nouns introducing a set number (as on a policy) are usually capitalized.
a) Order 345
b) Flight 707
c) Form 237
d) Catalog No. 869342
e) Stock Certificate G 17321
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f) Exhibit C
Rule#3: (A) nouns used with numbers or letters to designate major reference headings (as in
a literary work) are capitalized; (B) however, minor reference headings and subheads are
typically lowercased.
a) Volume IX
b) Division 7
c) Article XV
d) Appendix V
e) Figure 3
f) BUT: paragraph 3.1
g) page 66
h) item 10
i) line 1
j) footnote 4
PARTICLES AND PREFIXES

Rule#1: (A) participate forming initial elements of surnames may or may not be capitalized,
depending on the styling of the individual name. The usual practice is to omit any lowercase
particle when the family name is used alone; (B) however, when a usually lowercased
particle does begin a sentence, it is always capitalized.
a) de Castro or De Castro
b) von Klein or Von Klein
c) The paintings of Anton de Joya are …
d) BUT: De Joya’s paintings are...
Rule#2: prefixes occurring with proper noun or adjectives are capitalized if they are essential
elements of the compounds or if they begin headings or sentences; (B) they are lowercased
in either instances; (C) if a second elements constitute a single word, the second element is
lowercased.
(A)
a) Afro-Asian cultures
b) Pro-Asian sentiments were voiced out.
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(B)
a) BUT: the pro-Asian disagreement was corrected.
b) He said the value was un-Filipino.
(C)
a) Chinese-speaking people
b) An A-frame house
SCIENTIFIC TERMS
Rule#1: (a) name of geological eras, periods, epochs, and strata of prehistoric ages are
capitalized, (B) but the generic nouns appear before the names of eras, periods, epochs,
strata, or divisions, in which case they are capitalized.
a) Neanderthal period
b) Stone ago
c) BUT: age of Dinosaurs
Rule#2: (A) Name of planets, constellations, asteroids, stars and groups of stars are
capitalized (B) but sun, earth, and moon are lowercased unless they are listed with other
astronomical names,
a) Jupiter
b) Mars
c) Small Dipper
d) BUT: sun, earth, moon
e) Unmanned space goes to the Moon to Mars
Rule#3: Meteorological phenomena are lowercased.
a) southern lights
b) aurora borealis
Rule#4: (A) Genera in binomial nomenclature in zoology and botany are capitalized;
however, species names are lowercased.
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a) the robin (Turdus migratorius)

b) a cabbage butterfly (Piers rapae)
Rule#5: (A) New Latin names of classes, families, and all groups above genera in zoology
and botany are capitalized; (B) however, their derivative nouns and adjectives are
lowercased in American English.
a) Thallopyta but thallopyte
b) Gastropoda but gastropod
Rule#6: proper names forming essential elements of terms designating diseases,

syndromes, signs, tests, and symptoms are capitalized.
a) German measles
b) Robin’s tests
c) Parkinson’s disease
d) mumps
e) herpes simplex
f) measles
Rule#7: (A) Proprietary (i.e., brand and trade) names of drugs and other chemicals are
capitalized; (B) but their generic names are lowercased.
a) Was tranquilized with Thorazine
b) BUT: recommended chlorpromazine – a generic name for-
Rule#8: proper names forming essential elements of scientific laws, theorems, and principles
are capitalized; however, the descriptive nouns law, theorem, theory, and the like are
lowercased.
a) the Pythagorean theorem
b) Boyle’s law
c) Archimide’s principle
d) The second law of thermodynamics
TIMES, PERIODS, ZONES, AND DIVISIONS
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Rule#1: names of the seasons are not capitalized unless personified.

a) The book will be published in summer.
b) The excruciating pain of summer I unbearable.
Rule#2: days of the week, months of the year, holidays, and holy days are capitalized.
a) Monday
b) February
c) New Year
d) Black Saturday
e) Easter
f) Passover
TITLES OF PERSONS
Rule#3: (A) Historic periods are capitalized; (B) latter-day periods. However, are often
lowercased.
a) Christian Era
b) Golden age of Greece
c) Renaissance
d) nuclear age
e) space age
f) the atomic age
Rule#4: numerical designations of historic time periods are capitalized when they are
essential elements of proper names; otherwise, they are lowercased.
a) the Roaring Thirties
b) BUT: the sixteenth century
c) The thirties
Rule#5: historical events and appellations referring to particular time periods or events in
time are capitalized.
a) the Great Depression
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b) the Liga Filipina

c) The Reign of Terror
TITLES OF PERSONS
Rule#1: corporate titles are capitalized when referring to specific individuals; when used in
general or plural contexts, they are lowercased.
a) Mr. Hipolito E. Gagni, President

b) Mr. Ferdinand P. Nocon, Sales Manager
c) BUT: The sales manager called me.
Rule#2: specific corporate and governmental titles may be capitalized when they stand alone
or when they are used in place of particular individuals names. In minutes of meetings these
titles are always capitalized.
a) President’s report
b) Treasurer’s report
Rule#3: all titles preceding names are capitalized.

a) President Estrada
b) Professor Corpuz
Rule#4: words of family relationship preceding names are capitalized.
a) Uncle Bayani
b) BUT: his uncle, Mr. Bayani
TITLES OF PRINTED MATTER
Rule#1: (A) words in the titles of printed matter are capitalized except for internal
conjunctions, prepositions (especially having more than four letters), and articles; (B) also,
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verbs and verb segments 9as be in to be) in infinitives and particles (as off I take off) in two-
word verbs are capitalized.
a) Introducing to Computer Fundamentals
b) The essay “ The Culture of Poverty”
c) What is to Be Done?
Rule#2: the first word following a colon in a title is capitalized.

a) Smoking: A Global Threat
Rule#3: (A) The “the” before a title of a newspaper, magazine, journal is capitalized if
considered an essential element of the title; otherwise it is lowercased. (B) Descriptive nouns
following publication titles are also lowercased.
a) The International Reading Journal
Rule#4: Constitutional amendments are capitalized when referred to by title or number, but
are lowercased when used as general terms
a) l am revising the Fourth Amendment.
b) BUT He is ratifying the constitutional amendments,
RULE#5: Formal titles of accords, pacts, plans, policies, treaties, pieces of legislation,
constitutions, and similar documents are capitalized.
a) The second Five Year Plan
b) New Economic Policy
c) The Demographic Act of 1970
d) The Philippine Constitution
e) BUT gun-control legislation
f) Various new economic policies
g) The legal constitution
TRADEMARKS
RULE: Brand names, trademarks and service marks are capitalized.
a) The General Electric
b) Xerox
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c) Laundromat
d) The IBM
TRANSPORT
RULE: The names of ships, airplanes, and often spacecraft are capitalized.
a) Apollo 12
b) Titanic
c) Boeing 707
d) M.V. Don Juan
C. ITALICIZATION
The following are usually italicized in print and underline in types script or manuscript.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SIGNALS
a) cf
b) op. cit.
c) infra
CASE TITLES IN LEGAL CITATIONS

RULE: case titles legal citations, both in full and shortened form except when the person
is involved in rather than the case itself is being discussed, in which instance, the
reference is typed in roman letters without underlining.
a) the Vinculado case
b) Go et al. v. Gomez
c) BUT: the GO trial and conviction
NEW LATIN SCIENTIFIC NAME

RULE: New Latin scientific names of genera, species subspecies, and varieties (but not
group of higher rank such as Phyla, classes, or orders, or derivatives of any of these) in
botanical and zoological names are italicized.
a) The rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta)
b) The spirochete Triponema pallidum
c) A wild tobacco ( Nicotiana glauca)
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d) BUT: the order Carnivonara
TITLES OF…
RULE: Titles of books, published theses, magazines, newspapers, place, movies (but not
radio or tv programs), works of art, and long musical compositions (but not symphonies)
are italicize.
a) the magazine Executive Digest
b) the RELC Journal
c) Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere
d) The Movie Pretty Woman
D. NUMERALS
In modern business writing, most numerals-and especially exact numbers above ten-
are expressed in figures. However, general usage allows all numbers below t00 to the
styled as words and some formal styles encourage the spelling out of such numbers. Of
maternal in being prepared for publication as in a professional journal), the writer and the
typist should familiarize themselves with the particular style guidelines of the publication
to which the manuscript will be submitted. The most important suggestion that can be
offered is this one should be consistent. For example, if one decides to use a figure in
expressing a monetary unit, one should not use a written-out numerical designation in
expression a similar monetary unit within the same text. Since usage is divided on some
points, the following alphabetically arranged guidelines sometimes show alternative
stylings.
AGES
RULE #1: Ages are expressed in figures
a) the 10-day-old infant
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b) a woman 65 years old
BEGINNING OFA SENTENCE
RULE # 2: Numbers that begin as sentence are written out

a) Fifty-five participants attended the seminar
b) Twenty members voted affirmative.
COMPOUNDS
RULE # 3: When two numbers comprise one item or unit, one of the Numbers (usually the
first) should be expressed in words, and the other (usually the second) should be
expressed in figures; if, however, the second number is the shorter, it may be expressed
in words instead
a) four 3-drawer files
COMPOUNDS ADJACENT TO OTHER FIGURES

RULE #4: Two sets of figures (except for those in monetary unity should not be typed in
direct succession in a text unless they comp series.
a) By 2000, one hundred shares of stock will be

b) By 2000, 100 shares of stock will be...
DATES
RULES: A Figures are used to express days and years in business letter date lines and in
running texts; ordinal numbers should have used, however, unless the word the precedes
the date. (B) In so formal writing such as social invitations and certain legal document
dates are spelled in full.
(A)
a) February 4, 20
b) NOT: February 4, 20__
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C) BUT the 4 of February, 20
(B)
The fourth of February, two thousand and one
ENUMERATIONS
RULE #6:
(A) Run-ins and vertical enumerations are often numbered
(B) Numbers used in vertical enumerations are aligned at the right
(A)
a) The bank owners felt that he should
(1) Merge or with other banks
(2) buy banks that are in financial difficulty.
(3) reengineer the whole structure to cut down on costs,
(4)…
b) Her responsibilities include:
1) answering phone calls
2) writing memorandums
3) filing documents
EXACT AMOUNTS
RULE: Exact amounts are usually expressed in figures unless they begin sentences, in
which case they are expressed in words.
a) 1 got your order of English Vol,1 for 5,000 copies.

b) BUT: Five thousand copies of English Vol. 1 have been shipped
FIGURES
RULE #8: Figures are usually used to indicate policy, catalog, contract and page numbers,
street apartment, room, or suite numbers: sizes, weights, and measures; shares, mixed
amounts percentages, and mixed fractions.
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a) Room 312
b) Suite 7
c) 12,000 shares
d) 10 percent or 10%
e) 7 x 10
c) 6 1/2
d) Apt 2-8
g) size 8
h) 105 lb
FOOTNOTES
RULE # 9: Unspaced superscripts numerals follow footnoted text material including its
punctuation superscript numerals followed by one space usually introduce the footnotes
themselves.
a) “... Is a prime factor in successful strategic planning."

b) 2 Ibid. p. 161or
c) 2. Ibid, p. 161
FOUR DIGIT NUMBERS
RULE 10 A numbers of four or more digits has each set of three digits separated by a
comma except in set combinations such as policy, check, street, room, or page numbers,
which are unpunctuated
a) 11,00 keystrokes
b) Population 85,000,000
c) BUT: Check 15396
d) The year 2000
e) Policy no. 1147
f) Assets of 7,000,000
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g) 3,190 words
h) Room 711
i) 869 drive
FRACTIONS
RULE#11: Common fractions are expressed in words in running texts Fractions occurring
with whole numbers in running texts are expressed either in words or in figures. Fractions
occurring in series and in tabulations are expressed in figures.
a) About three fourths of the budget has been used

b) The newspapers weigh about five and one-half kilos.
c) Or the newspapers weigh about 5 %, kilos.
d) BUT:
Item 1...2 1/4 lb
Item 2... 4 1/6 lb
Item 3.... 7 1/3 lb
ORDINALS
RULE 12: ordinals are usually expressed in words in running texts however, ordinals higher
than tenth may be expressed in figure and abbreviation combinations unless they begin a
sentence. They may also be expressed in figure and abbreviation combinations in some
street addresses.
a) the twentieth century

b) the second time
c) c) the thirteenth applicant
d) or the 15th applicant
e) and 145 east 12th street
PARENTHETICAL FIGURES
Page 25 of 28
RULE 13 Legally significant amounts are frequently expressed in www followed by the
equivalent Figures in parentheses.
Seven Hundred Eighty and 35100 Pesos (P705) to be paid within twelve (12) days…
PERCENTAGES
RULE 14: Percentages are usually styled in running test as: figure percent, but sometimes
as: figure %. Especially when decimals re involved. If a percentage begins a sentence, the
number is written out, followed by percent. Percentages in tabulations are styled as:
Figure %.
a) The teacher said that 75 percent passed the examination.

b) Exactly 50.5% of the applicants were interviewed.
c) Seventy-five percent of the report is complete.
d) Completed copy editing 55%
e) Completed proofreading 30%
f) completed graphics 70%
ROMAN NUMERALS
RULE 15: Roman numerals (as those used in outlines) should be aligned to the right for
uniformity in the appearance of the typescript that follows the numerals. Horizontal. Strokes
should not be added to the numerals I-X, since these multiples the numbers by 1,000.
V
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
ROUND NUMBERS
Page 26 of 28
RULE#16: (A) round numbers and approximations are usually expressed in words; although
some writers prefer to express them in figures for added emphasis. (B) Numbers over one
million are often expressed in figures + words to save keystrokes and to facilitate the readers
interpretation.
a) About five to fifteen applicants
b) Proofread more than 1000 manuscripts
a) ap10 million profit or

b) a10 million-peso profit
SERIES
RULE 17: Figures are usually used to express a series of number a sentence it one of the
numbers is greater than ten, is a mixed Fraction, or contains a decimal.
a) We need 9 pencils, 2 erasers, 12 pieces of cartolina, and 5 markers.

b) The two packages weigh 21/2 and 3 pounds.
SHORT NUMBERS
RULE#18: Numbers expressible in one or two short words may be written in words.
a) I interviewed three new applicants.

b) We received 20 dozen job applications.
TIME
RULE 19: (A) Time of day expressed in words when it is followed by the contraction o'clock
or when o'clock is understood; when time followed by the abbreviation a.m: or p.m, it is
expressed in figures (B) The extra ciphers that follow even hours may be omitted; however,
they are used for consistency when paired with non-even time.
C. QUESTION FOR REVIEW
Page 27 of 28
D. OTHER REQUIRED READINGS

To prepare you for your activity explore this site:
https://smallbiztrends.com
E. ASSESSMENT AND ANNOUNCEMENTS
Please take note that our quiz on this module will be on __________.
You will be assessed through an online quiz, and random recitation in our live
lecture class on __________.
F. INQUIRY
If you have questions regarding this lesson, you may reach me through my
email at msortiz.vcbaonline@gmail.com Video call consultations via zoom can
be scheduled (limited in our class hours only). Thank you.
Page 28 of 28

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VILLAMOR COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS, INC.

SUBJECT CODE BUSS 222

EXPECTATIONS OF A WRITTEN WORK

EXPECTATIONS OF A WRITTEN WORK

Aesthetic Page Placement of the Written Work

Sound presentation of Ideas

Accurate, clean typewriting

164 East 6th Street

Rule#10: plurals of abbreviations may be formed by addition of –s or by addition of –‘s

f) Dear Private Tagle

Rule#3: the first word in a sentence, of a sentence fragment, or of a complete sentence

a) The advantage of globalization is clear: it allows free trade.

a) Do the following tasks:

This is the agenda:

PROPER NOUNS, PRONOUNS, AND ADJECTIVES

Rule#2: Awards and prizes are capitalized.

Rule#3: Words designating the Deity are usually capitalized.

Rule#4: Epithets used in place of names or titles are capitalized.

GOVERNMENTAL, JUDICIAL, AND POLITICAL BODIES

a) the Manila Court of Appeals

c) The Liberal party or the Liberal Party

Rule#2: Words designating peoples and their languages are capitalized.

PARTICLES AND PREFIXES

a) the robin (Turdus migratorius)

Rule#6: proper names forming essential elements of terms designating diseases,

TIMES, PERIODS, ZONES, AND DIVISIONS

Rule#1: names of the seasons are not capitalized unless personified.

b) the Liga Filipina

a) Mr. Hipolito E. Gagni, President

Rule#3: all titles preceding names are capitalized.

Rule#4: words of family relationship preceding names are capitalized.

TITLES OF PRINTED MATTER

Rule#2: the first word following a colon in a title is capitalized.

CASE TITLES IN LEGAL CITATIONS

NEW LATIN SCIENTIFIC NAME

d) BUT: the order Carnivonara

RULE #1: Ages are expressed in figures

a) the 10-day-old infant

b) a woman 65 years old

BEGINNING OFA SENTENCE

RULE # 2: Numbers that begin as sentence are written out

COMPOUNDS ADJACENT TO OTHER FIGURES

a) By 2000, one hundred shares of stock will be

C) BUT the 4 of February, 20

a) 1 got your order of English Vol,1 for 5,000 copies.

a) “... Is a prime factor in successful strategic planning."

FOUR DIGIT NUMBERS

a) About three fourths of the budget has been used

a) the twentieth century

a) The teacher said that 75 percent passed the examination.

a) ap10 million profit or

a) We need 9 pencils, 2 erasers, 12 pieces of cartolina, and 5 markers.

a) I interviewed three new applicants.

C. QUESTION FOR REVIEW

D. OTHER REQUIRED READINGS

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