rising sea levels in,
232–234, 234f osteoblasts, 302, 302f
thermohaline circulation in,
362–363
Ocracoke brogue, 25–29, 27f,
31
Okrand, Marc, 190, 193f
OMEGA system, 140
oobleck, 387–388
open-pond systems, 139–140
opinions, 158–193
vs. facts, 159
identifying and
understanding, 159, 162,
170–175, 171t
in nonfactual statements,
159
signal words for, 170–171,
330
oral language, 5. see also
speech
orbital patterns
in climate change, 68, 87,
89, 226–227, 356–357
definition of, 68
orbital variations, 356
order of events, in flowcharts,
242, 242f
organizational structures,
60–89
common types of, 61t–62t
definition of, 61
in notetaking with graphic
organizers, 77–81
recognizing comparison
and contrast in, 61t, 62,
72–76
recognizing definitions in,
62, 62t, 66–70
summary of skills related to,
86
organs, synthetic, 297, 308
oscillation. see also El Niño
Southern Oscillation
definition of, 63, 353
408 INDEX
ostensible, 369 parentheses
around definitions, 67t
osteoclasts, 302, 302f
osteocytes, 302, 302f
osteons, 302, 302f
Outer Banks, Ocracoke
brogue in, 25–29, 27f, 31
outlines, 46–50
definition of, 46
example of, 47f
main ideas and supporting
details in, 46–50
tips for, 47
writing, 47–50
pace, of reading, 95–99
average rates of, 95
calculating, 95
definition of, 95
factors affecting, 95
increasing, 95–99
Pachacuti (Inca emperor),
283
pacifists, 48, 49
Pakuni language, 190, 192t,
193f
paleoclimatology, 352–367
definition of, 67t, 78, 78f,
353
measurements in, 356,
359–361
and response to climate
change, 355–367
pancreatic cancer, 321
pandemics, 358
Panini, 5
paragraphs, location of main
ideas in, 37
paraphrasing, 211–215
definition of, 106, 211
examples of, 211–212
guidelines for, 211, 212
vs. quoting, 178
vs. summarizing, 106
phonemes
consonant, 179, 181f
around references to production of, 179–182
visuals, 294t vowel, 179, 180f
participial phrases phonetics, 4
in descriptive imagery, 271 phonology, 4
as modifiers, 148 (LS) photobioreactors (PBRs),
passive voice 139–140
in research articles, 312, phrasal verbs
312 (LS), 394 in collocations, 246t
understanding, 246, as multiword units, 148t,
246 (LS), 253, 312, 185
312 (LS), 366–367, 394 phrases
using, 323–324 by, 246 (LS)
Patagonia, 364 infinitive, 148 (LS)
pauses, in speech, 161 participial, 148 (LS), 271
PBRs. see photobioreactors prepositional, 148 (LS), 148t,
PEEK (polyetheretherketone), 185, 271
144–146 signal (see signal words and
peristalsis, 153 phrases)
permafrost, 80, 251 physiognomy, 111
Persian-Iraqi style of poetry, piccolos, 328
103, 107 pictorial art, 272
Persian poetry, 103–104, pièce de résistance, 98
106–107 pie charts, 290, 301
personification, 277 (LS) piety, 369
persuasive writing, 260–264 pilgrimages, 257
identifying, 261–264 Pisa, Leaning Tower of, 268
purpose of, 255, 260 pitch, of voice, 161
Peru, medieval architecture place, adverbs of, 271
in, 282, 283 placebos, 309
PET. see polyethylene plagiarism, 211
Peterson, David J., 193f Plato, Symposium, 370
pharmaceutical companies, Pocahontas, 191
48, 49 poetry, Persian, 103–104,
Phase I clinical trials, 309, 106–107
309f point of articulation, 180
Phase II clinical trials, 309, polar bears, 237
309f polar easterlies, 361, 361f
Phase III clinical trials, 309, politics, of languages vs.
309f dialects, 9
Philip the Good, 371–372 polyetheretherketone (PEEK),
philosophy, on existence of 144–146
facts, 159 polyethylene (PET), 153–154
408 | 40
polymers, 126–156, 384–395
in automotive industry,
133–135, 393
definition of, 129, 386
in dentistry, 144–146
in microalgae collection
systems, 139–140
in regenerative medicine,
291–292, 303, 319
in robotics, 150–156, 155t
structure of, 386, 386f
temperature in mechanics
of, 129–130, 388–392
time in mechanics of,
385–388, 390–391
polymer therapeutics, 319
polyphonic song, 377
polysemy, 113
Ponzi schemes, 46
porcelain, in dentistry, 144
porosity, 302
positive connotations,
277–278
positive tone, 266, 266t
possibility, modals of, 184 (LS)
post-classical period,
282–285
Potter, Ralph, 48, 343
Potter’s Box, 48–49, 48f, 53,
342–344, 343f, 346
pragmatics, 4
precession, 87, 87f, 356, 357f
precipitation
definition of, 63
in global climates, 74–75,
76t
predictions, in previewing of
texts, 7, 8
predictive inferences, making,
195–204
prefixes, 51–53
definition of, 51, 313
meaning and examples of,
51–53, 51t–52t
410
preposition(s), in multiword
units, 148t, 185
prepositional phrases
in descriptive imagery, 271
as modifiers, 148 (LS)
as multiword units, 148t,
185
prereading strategies, 96
previewing texts, 7–10
in active reading, 3, 7–10
definition of, 3, 7
main ideas and supporting
details in, 33
predictive inferences in,
200
purpose of, 7
strategies for, 7–8, 327
before summarizing, 107
principles, in ethical decision
making, 48, 48f, 53, 343,
343f
pro-adjectives, 23 (LS)
pro-adverbs, 23 (LS)
procedures, in flowcharts,
242
processes
in flowcharts, 241–242
passive voice in
descriptions of, 312 (LS)
profit
in corporate social
responsibility, 39, 43
of investment banks, 56
in shareholder theory, 38
in stakeholder theory, 39
pro-forms, understanding,
23, 23 (LS), 31, 335–336
pronouns
in outlines, 47
as pro-forms, 23 (LS)
relative, 83 (LS)
propelled, 388
pro-verbs, 23 (LS)
prowess, 376
INDEX 409