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LMP advancedWPM elitvinovWEM301
LMP advancedWPM elitvinovWEM301
L1
Line4
Line3
Line3 Line4 G1
L1
G1
Line1 Line2
Sub1 Line1 Line2
Sub1-1
Sub1-2
+
Line3 Line4
Line3 Line4 G1
L1 L1
G1
Bus 1
Branch 0-1
1 Branch 1-3
P1 Injection
0 3
P4
P0
2
Withdrawal
P2
Positive Direction
Interface contains lines:
0-2, 1-2, 1-3
1
-12
0M
W The flow through an interface
P1
is the algebraic sum of the
50 MW
0
30
3
flows in the lines comprising
M W
P4
interface:
P0
2
P = 30 + 50 - 120 = -40 MW
P2
Negative sign means flow
Interface
against positive direction.
CA1 CA2
U – Voltage
U
I – Current
R – Resistance
I R
The current in the circuit: I = U/R
U
U = U1 - U 2
I R
U1 U2 I = (U1 - U2) / R
Power: P=UxI
1 2
U1 P12 P12 U2
1 2
I12
P121 = U1 ⋅ I12 = U1 (U1 − U 2 ) / R = R1 (U12 − U1 ⋅U 2 )
P122 = −U 2 ⋅ I12 = U 2 (U 2 − U1 ) / R = R1 (U 22 − U1 ⋅U 2 )
P121 ≠ P122
P121 + P122 = P12 loss = I 122 ⋅ R
W
other words, the algebraic M
M
W
55
sum of all injections and
withdrawals at the bus 100 MW 75 MW
i
equals 0. W
M
80
• Withdrawal is positive,
injection is negative. 350 MW 515 MW
100
Area 1 +
100 MW 50
50
W MW +
0M 150
20
-
15 100 MW 150 MW W 150
0M M -
W 0
50 MW 10 150
150 MW ______
350 MW 0
100 MW 150 MW
CA1 CA2
CA3
• Contingency model
• Limiting elements
• Thermal limits
• Stability limits
• Contingency analysis
Drastic
Short-time Action Level
Long-time Emergency Must reduce loading
Must reduce to LTE within five (5)
Emergency loading minutes
Normal Can operate in this
to LTE within 15
Line Rating range for several minutes
hours
Can operate in Duration changes
this range with season
forever
• Shift factors
• Loss factors
Questions
m
ΔPmn ■
Power System & LMP Fundamentals – WEM 301 51
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
AC PTDF with Slack Bus at S
• Shift Factors (SF) are the PTDFs when one of the points
is always a reference bus. In other words, shift factor is
the sensitivity of the line flows to the change in injections
at the buses.
• SF shows how the flow in the branch will change if the
injection at the bus changes by one (1) MW.
• Because the reference bus always makes up for the
change in the injection (to keep balance), shift factor
values are dependent on the location of the reference
bus. This is true even for the DC model.
• By definition, the shift factor at the reference bus equals
to zero (0).
Sik S mk
ΔPk
Line k
i
1 MW
m ■
1 MW
Shift Factors (cont.)
• This linear form of the line flow will be used later in the
Economic Dispatch formulation
• The constraints must be linear in order to be able to use
linear programming
One-line
(Nodes)
TP
AC Bus/Branch SE
AC Power Flow
(Buses) (Buses)
Linearization
DC Bus/Branch
(Buses)
SCED
Commercial
(Private p-nodes)
Agregation
Commercial RQM
Settlements
(Locations) (MD/Locations)
Hub
Load
Load
Following
AGC
Time
S .T .
N L
∑P − ∑P
i =1
gi
j =1
lj − Loss = 0, System Balance
P2 ≤ 200
P1 + P2 = 250
P2 [MW]
0 70 100 250 @$10/MWh
Economic Dispatch Solution (cont.)
Binding
Constraint
P1 + P2 = PL - System Balance
200
P1 ≤ 150
Total Cost =
5 * 150 + 10 * 50 = $1250
150
100
P2 ≤ 250
50
0
P2
50 250
Economic Dispatch – Two Unit Example
(cont.)
5 $ /M W h 1 0 $ /M W h
P 2= 5 0 M W
150 M W
200 M W
P 1= 1 5 0 M W
K
λi = λ − LFi ⋅ λ + ∑ Sik ⋅ μk ,
k =1
Losses
Energy
Congestion
Congestion Component
Loss Component
Energy Component
λ 2 = λ + λ 2c = 10 + 0 ⋅ ( − 5) = $10 / M W h
λ1 = λ + λ1c = 10 + 1 ⋅ ( − 5) = $5 / M W h
λ1c = $0 / M W h λ 2c = $5 / M Wh
λ1 = $5 / M W h λ 2 = $10 / M W h
λ = $5 / MWh
μ = − $5
100 M W
SF2 = − 1
Ref
150 M W
150 M W
SF1 = 0 250 M W
λ 2 = λ + λ 2c = 5 + ( − 1) ⋅ ( − 5) = $10 / M W h
λ1 = λ + λ1c = 5 + 0 ⋅ ( − 5) = $5 / M W h
Power System & LMP Fundamentals – WEM 301 108
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
LMP Components
K
λi = λ (1 − LFi ) + ∑ Sik ⋅ μk ,
k =1
Congestion Component
Delivered Energy
Component
Total revenue:
−λ ⋅ ∑ ( Pi − Li ) + λ ∑ LFi ⋅ ( Pi − Li ) − ∑ μk ∑ (Pi − Li ) ⋅ Sik =
i i k i
Loss revenue:
Loss Re v = λ ⋅ ( Lossm arg − Loss ).
Congestion revenue:
Cong Re v = − ∑ μ T k k
max
.
k
U1 U2
PG PL
R
PG
PG = PL+ Loss
PL
π AB ≈ a ⋅ P , 2
AB
1 2
110 M W 100 M W
100 M W
110 M W
π av
AB = π AB / PAB = a ⋅ PAB.
• For the above example, average losses will be
0.001 x 100 = 0.1 MW.
• This means that every MW of load will cause an average
0.1 MW of losses.
100 MW 0 MW
110 MW
100 MW
max
P1 = 250 MW
C1 = $20/MWh
111.2 MW
101 MW
C1 = $20/MWh
110 MW
100 MW
• With the reference bus at bus 1, the loss factors will be 0 at 1, and –
0.2 at 2.
• The change in injection at bus 2 will decrease the flow in the
transmission line and, therefore, system losses – this is why the
value of the loss factor is negative.
• It can be interpreted this way: if 1 MW of generation is added at bus
2, the system losses will drop by 0.2 MW.
2. Reference Bus 1
• Energy component: $20/MWh
• LMP at 2: $20 – (-0.2) x 20 = $20 + $4 = $24/MWh
• LMP at 1: $20 + $0 = $20/MWh
Did load pay for marginal losses?
Note that in both cases load paid the same amount and generator was
credited the same amount.
Power System & LMP Fundamentals – WEM 301 135
© 2008 ISO New England Inc.
Pre-SMD, No Congestion
$24/MWh Transfer Limit = 150 MW $24/MWh C = $30/MWh
2
1 2
100 MW 0 MW
110 MW
100 MW
C1 = $20/MWh
T ra n s fe r L im it = 1 5 0 M W C 2 = $ 3 0 /M W h
1 2
100 M W 0 MW
110 M W
100 M W
C 1 = $ 2 0 /M W h
110 M W
120 M W
C 1 = $ 2 0 /M W h
• The load is 120 MW, while the transmission capacity is only 100 MW.
• The optimal dispatch will load G1 to 110 MW (including covering
losses) and G2 – to 20 MW.
• G2 will be constrained for transmission producing 20 MW and is
not allowed to set the ECP.
• G1 will set the ECP at $24/MWh.
$20/MWh $30/MWh
T ra n s fe r L im it = 1 0 0 M W C 2 = $ 3 0 /M W h
1 2
100 M W 20 M W
110 M W
120 M W
C 1 = $ 2 0 /M W h
No Congestion Congestion
Pre-SMD SMD Pre-SMD SMD
Gen 1 -2640 -2200 -2640 -2200
Gen 2 0 0 -600 -600
Total Gen -2640 -2200 -3240 -2800
Load (w/FTR) 2640 2400 3240 3640(3240)
Total 0 200 0 840(440)
LP1:
Min 5 P1 + 10 P2
S.T.
P1 + P2 − L1 − L2 − Loss = 0;
Loss = lf1 ( P1 − L1 ) + lf 2 ( P2 − L2 );
sf1 ( P1 − L1 ) + sf 2 ( P2 − L2 ) ≤ 150.
LP2:
Min 5 P1 + 10 P2
S.T.
P1 + P2 − L1 − L2 − Loss = 0;
Loss = lf1 ( P1 − L1 ) + lf 2 ( P2 − L2 );
sf1 ( P1 − L1 − d1 ⋅ Loss ) + sf 2 ( P2 − L2 − d 2 ⋅ Loss ) ≤ 150.
• The reference for shift and loss factors does not have to
be located at a particular physical bus.
• If we select a distributed slack, we assign participating
factors for each bus to cover imbalance in the system.
Sik
1-x
x
ΔPk
Line k
i
1 MW
Loss 31.034
Lambda 9.1667
Tau 9.1667
Mu -3.103
$5/MWh $10/MWh
205MW 1 Transfer Limit = 150 MW 2
126 MW
150 MW
L1=50 MW 5 L2=250 MW
M W
W M
26
$9.17/MWh
Distributed Slack
Loss=31 MW
d1 ⋅ λ1 + d 2 ⋅ λ2 = λ.
This means that the energy component will be the
weighted average of all load locational prices.
A
B C
Alta XAB=2.81% XBC=1.08% XCD=2.97%
obj 22764.13
Distributed
$31.12/MWh
Slack
23 MW
W
M
$23.07/MWh A
7M
7
W
$28.58/MWh
B C $30/MWh
246 MW 61 MW 19 MW
Alta
110 MW Park City
100 MW
Solitude
349 MW
300 MW 300 MW
• Types:
– Fixed and Dispatchable
– Up-to congestion (in DAM only)
• Direction:
– Import and export
– Wheel-through (in RTM only)
Control Area
External
Pricing
Location
PT
Neigboring
CA
Network
Model
Operating
Scheduling Dispatching Settlement Billing
Auctions
MUI
Settlements Publishing MUI
FTRs Billing
Accounting
MOI
MOI
Unit Hourly
Schedules Archiving Targets
(Analysis
System)
MOI
SCED
SFT
Contingency Analysis
EMS SCUC
EMS -
- Security Constrained
Unit Commitment
Energy Management
System
Schedules
Unit Schedules
DA
Daily
LMPs Publishing
Binding Constraints
Generic Constrraints
Outage SPD
Scheduler
Unit Schedules
Constraints
Schedules
Generic
Hourly
Constraint
Logger
Security
Analysis
External Transactions
5-min Load
VSTLF Forecast NDR
Constraints LMPC LMPs Publishing
UDS
Hourly Targets
Unit Output
from Hour Ahead
SE
Unit Offers
ta
s
rs
In te rn a l
ta
s
Sup tch Da
fer
B
Dem y Offe
Bid
Day Ahead
Da
Su and
W eb
Data
h
and
c
S e rv e r
pa
pl
pp
at
De
Dis
Di
In te rn a l C o n tra c ts
E x te rn a l T ra n s a c tio n s S e ttle m e n ts S e ttl
em en M a rk e t
M e te r R e a d in g D a ta t
In fo rm a tio n
e
o ic S e rv e r
& In v
l
B il D a ta
B illin g
S e ttle m e n ts
Task
In
e
E x te rn a l
ic
M anagem ent
vo
FTP
vo
W eb
ic
In
S e rv e r
S e rv e r
P rin t G e n e ra l
In v o ic e s Ledger
MUI