University of Technology

Building and Construction Engineering Department

Strength of Materials
Second Class
2016 – 2017
prepared by
Professor Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati
Structural Engineering Branch
 Introduction
Lecture -1

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 2

1-1 References:
1. Introduction to Mechanics of Solid, by: E. Popov
2. Elements of Strength of Materials, by: Timishinko
3. Strength of Materials, by: Singer
4. Mechanics of Materials by: Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr. and
John T. DeWolf, Third Edition.
1-2 UNITS:
British Metric S.I. (System
International)
Ib(lebra), kip, Ton g(gram), kg N(Newton), kN
1- Force 1 kip = 1000 Ib 1 kg = 1000 g 1 kN = 1000 N
(1 N = 4.448 lb) 1 ton = 2240 Ib 1 Ton = 1000 kg 1 kg = 10 N
In (inch), ft mm, cm, m mm, cm, m
2- Length 1 ft = 12 in 1 cm = 10 mm 1 cm = 10 mm
(1 in = 2.54 cm) 1 m = 100 cm 1 m = 100 cm
1 m =1000 mm 1 m =1000 mm
3-Stress psi (lb/in2) Pa[Pascal] (N/m2), kPa, MPa, GPa
(=Force/Area) ksi (kip/in2) MPa[Mega Pascal] = 106 Pa (N/mm2)
kPa = 6.894 psi GPa[Giga Pascal] = 109 Pa (kN/ mm2)
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 3
1-3 Definition: Strength of Materials
The study of Strength of Materials ( or Mechanics of Materials ) is the study of behavior
of solid bodies under load. The way in which they react to applied forces, the deflections
resulting and the stresses and the strain set up within the bodies, are all considered in
attempt to provide sufficient knowledge to enable any component to be designed such that
will not fail within its service life.
1-4 Forces in Strength of Materials:
There are several types of forces that act on solid bodies. These consist of forces applied to the
mass of the body and to the surface of the body, forces at restraints, and internal forces.
In Figure 1 we show a general three dimensional body with forces depicted acting on its surface
and on its mass.

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 4

1-5 Objectives
Strength of Materials answers two questions:
Is the material strong enough?
Is the material stiff enough?

 If the material is not strong enough, your design will break.

 If the material isn’t stiff enough, your design probably won’t function the way it’s
intended to.

 The main objective of the study of strength of materials (or mechanics of materials )
is to provide the engineer with methods of analyzing various machines and
structural members.
 Design and analysis of a given structure involve the determination of stresses and
deformation

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 5

Classification of Materials:
A. Elastic Material ‫مادة مرنة‬
If material undergoes (‫ )يخضع‬deformation (‫ )تشىيه‬on external loading and the deformation
disappear (‫ )يختفي‬on removal the load. Example – steel and rubber
B. Plastic Material ‫ لذائنية‬،‫ لينة‬،‫مادة طيعه‬
If material undergoes deformation on external loading and the deformation does not
disappear at all on removal load. Example – lead and gold
C. Elastic-plastic Material
If material undergoes deformation on external loading and the deformation disappear
partially (‫ )جزئيا‬on removal of the load. Hence, a permanent (‫ )دائمي‬deformation remain even after
removal of the load in elasto-plastic material.
D. Ductile Material ‫مادة لذنة قابلة للسحب‬
Material can undergo large deformation before failure. In other word,
a material which can be drawn into wires is known as ductile material.

stress
Example – Aluminium, copper, magnesium, etc. An advantage of ductility
is that visible distortion may occur if the loads become too large, thus
providing an opportunity (‫ )فرصه‬to take remedial (‫ )عالجي‬action before an strain
actual fracture (‫ )كسر‬occurs.
E. Brittle Material ‫مادة هشة‬
A material in which no deformation take place when external load is

stress
applied and it fails by rupture. In other word, materials that fail in tension
at relatively low values of strain known as brittle materials. Example –
concrete, cast-iron, glass, ceramic materials. strain
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 6
Mechanical Properties of Materials:
A. Hardness: The hardness of a material is a measure of its resistance to penetration by an
identer. It is also measure of strength and often has the units of stress. The identer is fabricate
to a hard material and the shape of tip may conical, spherical or pyramidal.
B. Elasticity: Is the property of a material by virtue (‫ )ميزة‬of
which it returns to its original dimension during unloading.

stress
C. Plasticity: Is the property of a material by virtue (‫ )ميزة‬of
which permanent (‫ )دائم‬deformation of the material take strain
elastic plastic
place after removal of load.
D. Ductility: Is the property of a material by virtue of which it can be drawn into wires
before rupture. It is measured by the percentage of elongation and percentage of
reduction of area of a test piece before rupture. Ductile materials are capable of
absorbing large amount of energy prior to fracture. With increasing carbon content,
steel become less ductile but has a higher yield stress and higher ultimate stress.
E. Brittleness ‫قابلية الهشاشة‬: Lack of ductility is brittleness.
F. Toughness ‫قابلية القساوة‬: The property of a metal by virtue of which it can be bent, twisted
or stretched under a high stress before rupture is called toughness.
G. Malleability ‫قابلية التطريق‬: The property of a metal by virtue of which it can be beaten or
rolled into their sheets without rupture is called malleability.
H. Strength: It is the ability of a material to resist the action of external force without
breaking. The tensile strength, compressive strength and shear strength represents the
strength of a material.
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 7
1-6 Design Considerations
Safety
Economy
Design of engineering systems is usually a trade-off between maximizing safety and
minimizing cost.

1-7 Typical Approach to an Engineering Solution

– Identify the problem
– State the objective
– Develop alternative solutions
– Evaluate the alternatives, and
– Use the best alternative
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 8
1-8 Elements of structure:
A. Roof or Floor Slabs (one-way or two-way)
B. Beams (simple or continues span)
C. Columns (Concrete or steel section)
D. Walls (Bricks or Concrete)
E. Foundations (isolated, combined or strip)

1-9 Kinds of Supports:

A- Roller supports: providing one restraint perpendicular to the roller

Rx
R
Ry Ry
B- Pinned supports: providing two mutually perpendicular restraints link
R
Rx Ry Rh
Rx
Ry Rn
C- Fixed (or built-in) supports: providing two mutually perpendicular restraints and one moment
M Ry Rh
Rx M
Rx M
Ry Rn

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 9

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 1-10 Classification of Structures:
1-10-1 Beams :member resist axial force, normal force and moment

Simply supported beam Two span beam Continuous beam

Cantilever beam Propped beam Fixed ends beam Beam with various support ends

Compound beam with internal hinge

Compound beam with internal roller (Moment at hinge = 0) Overhanging beams Inclined beam
1-10-2 Frames: member resist axial force, normal force and moment

Simply frame Portal frame Gable frame

Multi-story frame ( 3 bays, 4 stories)
1-10-3 Trusses : members resist only axial force (tension or compression)

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 14

 1-11 Types of Loadings:
1-11-1:Selfweight load: Calculate from unit mass of material and volume of element, acting in a vertical direction.

H: Beam High

H: Column High
or D:Beam Depth
L: Beam Length
D: Column
section Depth

Example-1-1: Calculate the selfweight of a reinforced concrete beam of breadth 300 mm, depth 600 mm and length
6000mm. unit mass of reinforced concrete is 2400 kg/ m3. Assuming that the gravitational constant is 10 m/ sec2 (strictly
9.807 m/ sec2), the unit weight of reinforced concrete, ρ, is
ρ = 2400 × 10 = 24 000 N/m3 = 24 kN/m3 600mm
Hence,
the selfweight of beam = volume × unit weight L = 6000mm
= (0.3 × 0.6 × 6)24 = 25.920 kN 300mm
selfweight per unit length of beam = 25.92 / 6 = 4.320 kN/m w = 4.32 kN/m
Hint: force(weight) = mass × acceleration (Newton’s Second Law)
For mass = 1 kg, Gravity acceleration= 9.807 m/ sec2
So force(weight) = 1 × 9.807 = 9.807  10 or 1kg = 10N (which means that it would
require a force of 9.807N to produce an acceleration of 9.8071m/s2 in a mass of 1 kg )
Example-1-2: Calculate the selfweight of a reinforced concrete column of circular section with 350 mm radius, and height
3000mm, the unit weight (density) of reinforced concrete, ρ, is F= 27.709kN
ρ = 2400 × 10 = 24 000 N/m3 = 24 kN/m3
Hence,

H: 3000mm
the selfweight of column= volume × unit weight R: 350mm
= ([ *0.35 ] × 3)24 = 27.709 kN
2

Where  = 3.1415926

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 15

1-11-2 External Loads:
1-11-2-1: Joint load: (Force or Moment ), acting at the joint only, vertical, horizontal or inclined direction.

Fy Mz R Fy Mz Fy =R sin 
Fx  Fx
B C B C Fx =R cos 

A D A D

1-11-2-2: Member load: (Load means Force or Moment) Acting along member, vertical, horizontal or inclined
direction.

Concentrated
Triangle partial load
vertical
Trapezoidal force Uniform full load Uniform partial moment
partial load
A Concentrated D
B C
inclined
force Concentrated moment
Uniform partial load
Concentrated horizontal
force Triangle full load
E F

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 16

1-12 Sign Conventions:
1-12-1 Axes:
Throughout this subject we will use the Cartesian co-ordinate system of three mutually perpendicular
axes. Only right-handed systems will be used, which means the following:

Y Z X

Z X X Y Y Z X
Y
Z
Right-handed co-ordinate systems
1-12-2 Forces and Moments:(force produce displacements , Moment produce rotation )
Y Y Y
y y
My
Fy My
Fx Mx
Mz Mx
Fz Mz
X X
x x X
Z z Z z Z
3Forces and 3displacements system 3Moments and 3rotations system
+ Positive direction of forces and moments system
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 17
In general, for a three dimensional problem, there are six loads on any cross section (3 Forces & 3 Moments)

My

Fy=Vy
N = Normal Force
Fz=Vz Fx=N V = Shear Force
Mx=T
T = Torque
X M = Bending Moment
Mz
Z
For two dimensional problems, this can be reduced to three loads (2 forces & 1 moment).

M
N

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 18

1-12-3 Forces and Moments of slender beam:
x P

section
P/2 L/2 P/2
L
P

section section
P/2 x L/2 P/2

L-x
P
Fx=axial Force=N Fx=axial Force=N
Mz=Moment= M Mz=Moment= M
Fy=Shear Force= V Fy=Shear Force= V
section
section
P/2 L/2 P/2
x
L-x
+ Positive direction of axial force, shear force and moments at beam section for equilibrium system
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 19
1-12-4 Forces truss bar element: resist axial force only, tension or compression
Compression (-)
D P P
D E

A
A D
Compression (-)
B
P L L P
Tension (+) Tension (+)
A B
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 20
1-13 Review: Statics:
Equations of Equilibrium: In three dimensions, when presented in rectangular Cartesian coordinates,
the two conditions (equations of statics) can also be expressed in scalar form as

 Fx = 0  Fy = 0  Fz = 0
 Mx = 0  My = 0  Mz = 0
where the moment summations are taken about each axis at any point in space. For a statically determinate
system, these equations will be sufficient to find the restraint forces and internal forces, where number of
equations of equilibrium = number of unknowns

Equilibrium in Two Dimensions: The term “two dimensional” is used to describe problems in which the
forces under consideration are contained in a plane (say the xy-plane). In scalar form, these conditions can
be expressed as

 Fx = 0  Fy = 0  MZ = 0

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 21

1-14 Calculation of Support Reactions:
The conditions of statically equilibrium, are used to calculate reactions at supports in structures so long as
the support system is statically determinate, (there are a number of unknowns equal to the number of
equations of statically equilibrium).
Example 1-1: Calculate the support reactions in the simply supported beam ABCD shown below:
3kN 5kN Y 3kN 5sin 60
60 5cos 60 X
A RAx
B C D
0.3m 0.5m 0.4m RAy RDy
0.3m 0.5m 0.4m

1.2m 1.2m
Structure Free-Body Diagram
Solution:
 Fx = 0 RAx -5*cos 60 = 0, RAx = 2.5 kN
 MD = 0
-RAy * (1.2) + 3 * (0.9) + 5 sin 60 * (0.4) = 0 , RAy = 3.7 kN
 Fy = 0 , RAy + RDy – 3 – 5 sin 60 = 0
3.7 + RDy – 3 – 5 sin 60 = 0
RDy = 3.6 kN

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 22

Example 1-2: Calculate the support reactions in the cantilever beam ABC shown below:

5kN 2kN 5kN 2*sin 45

A C 45 MA A C 2*cos 45
B B
RAx
0.4m 0.6m 0.4m 0.6m
RAy
1.0m 1.0m
Structure Free-Body Diagram
Solution:
 Fx = 0 RAx -2*cos 45= 0, RAx = 1.4 kN
 Fy = 0 , RAy – 5 – 2 sin 45 = 0 , RAy = 6.4 kN
 MA = 0 , MA – 5 * (0.4) – 2 sin 45 * (1.0) = 0 , MA = 3.4 kN-m
the resultant reaction at a support is:
RA^2 = RAx^2 + RAy^2
RA^2 = 1.4^2 + 6.4 ^2 , RA = 4.5 kN
The inclination of R, to
tan  = RAx / RAy
= 1.4 / 6.4 = 0.676
From which  = 34.0
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 23
 Example 1-3: Find reactions of simply supported beam shown below:
20kN 30kN 20kN 30kN
250kN-m 250kN-m
A B
RAx
6m 3m RAy RBy
4m 2m 6m 4m 2m 3m
10m
15m 12m
5m
Solution: 15m
 Fx = 0 RAx =0
Structure Free-Body Diagram
 MA = 0
RBy * (15) – 30 * (12) – 20 * (10) – 250 = 0
RBy = 54 kN Positive sign means assumed direction of reaction was corrected
 MB = 0
-RAy * (15) - 250 + 20 * (5) + 30 * (3) = 0
RAy = - 4 kN Negative sign means assumed direction of reaction was not corrected
 RAy = 4 kN

Check:  Fy = 0
54 -20 – 30 - 4 =0
54 – 54 = 0  OK

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 24

Example 1-4: Calculate reactions at supports for the beam shown below:
10kN 10*3/5=6kN
3 8kN 10*4/5=8kN 8kN
4
3m 3m 3m 3m
A A RBx
B
RAy
6m 10m 4m 6m 10m 4m RBy
15m 9m 15m 9m

4kN 4kN
20m 20m

Solution: Structure Free-Body Diagram

 Fx = 0 , - 8 -8 - 4 + RBx = 0 , RBx = 20 kN
 MA = 0
+ RBy * (20) + 8 * (3) + 8 * (3) - 4 * (9) - 6 * (6) = 0
RBy = 1.2 kN Positive sign means assumed direction of reaction was corrected

 MB = 0
-RAy * (20) + 6 * (14) + 8 * (3) + 8 *(3) - 4 * (9) = 0
RAy = 4.8 kN
Check:  Fy = 0 , 4.8 – 6 + 1.6 = 0 , 6 – 6 = 0 ,  OK
Check:  Fx = 0 , 20 - 8 – 8 – 4 = 0 , 20 -20 = 0  OK

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 25

Example 1-5: Calculate reactions at supports for the frame shown below:
100N/m 100*6/2=300N RBy
B B

8m 8m 6m
6*2/3=4
4m 6/3=2 4m
RAx A
A 6m
6m RAy
10 m
Solution:
 Fx = 0 RAx =0
Structure Free-Body Diagram

 MA = 0
-RBy * 10 + 300 * 4 = 0
RBy = 120 N Positive sign means assumed direction of reaction was corrected
 MB = 0
-RAy * 10 - 300 * 6 = 0
RAy = - 180 N Negative sign means assumed direction of reaction was not corrected
 RAy = 180 N
Check:  Fy = 0 , -120 + 300 – 180 =0, -300 + 300 = 0,  OK
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 26
 Example 1-6: Calculate reactions at supports for the beam shown below:
5kN/m 5kN/m
Rcy
hinge RAx A Rcx
B
A B
C RAy Rcx C
2m 2m MA Rcy RBy
Part AC Part CB

Solution: In this case there are grater than 3 unknown reactions ( RAx, RAy, MA and RBy),
so existing internal hinge add another equilibrium equation ( MC = 0 )

Part CB
 Fx = 0 Rcx = 0
 MC = 0 , -5*2*(1) + RBy *(2) = 0, RBy = 5 kN
 Fy = 0 , Rcy + 5 – 5*(2) = 0 , Rcy =5 kN

Part AC
 Fx = 0 , RAx – Rcx = 0,RAx- 0 = 0, RAx = 0
 Fy = 0 , RAy – 5 = 0 , RAy = 5 kN
 MA = 0 , MA - 5*(2) = 0 , MA = 10 kN-m

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 27

Example 1-7: Calculate reactions at supports for the frame shown below:
20kN 20kN
10kN/m hinge
10kN/m RBx B C
hinge
B
C B RBy
4m
RCy
4 RBy 4m
3 4

RAx A
3
A 3m 2m 2m 2m 2m
MA RAy
Structure Free-Body Diagram
3m
Solution: In this case there are grater than 3 unknown reactions ( RAx, RAy, MA and Rcy), so
existing internal hinge add another equilibrium equation ( MB = 0 )
Part BC B RBx = 0
 Fx = 0 , RBx = 0
10*4 2m
 MB = 0 , -20*(2) + Rcy *(4) = 0, Rcy = 10 kN RBy=10
 Fy = 0 , RBy – 20 + 10 =0 , RBy = 10 kN 4m
Part AB
 Fx = 0 RAx = - 40 kN RAx= 40kN A
, 10 *(4) + RAx = 0,
 Fy = 0 , RAy – 10 = 0 , Ray = 10 kN MA RAy = 10kN
 MB = 0 , MA - 10*(3) – 40 * 4 + 10 * 4 *(2) = 0 3m
MA = + 110 kN-m
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 28
 Example 1-8: Calculate reactions at supports in the plane truss shown below:
10cos 38.7
38.7
38.7 38.7 10sin 38.7
5sin 38.7
5cos 38.7
38.7
38.7 38.7

1.2/tan 38.7 1.2/tan 38.7

= 1.5m = 1.5m

Solution:
 = tan ^-1 ( 2.4/3) = 38.7
 Fx = 0 RAx + 5*sin 38.7 + 10 sin 38.7= 0, RAx = - 9.4 kN
 MB = 0
-RAy *(6) + 5 cos 38.7* (4.5) -5 sin 38.7 * (1.2) - 10 cos 38.7*(1.5) - 10 sin 38.7*(1.2) + 3 *(4) + 2*(2) =0
RAy = 1.8 kN
 Fy = 0 , RAy + RBy – 5 cos 38.7 + 10 cos 38.7 - 3 - 2 = 0
1.8 + RBy - 3.90215 + 7.80430 - 5 = 0
RBy = - 0.70215 kN

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 29

Example 1-9: The structure is designed to support a 30 kN load, The structure consists of a boom and
rod joined by pins (zero moment connections) at the junctions and supports Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in each structural member and the reaction forces at the supports

Solution: Conditions for static equilibrium:

 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m   30 kN 0.8 m  Structure Free-Body Diagram
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN
• Ay and Cy can not be determined from these equations
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 30
 • In addition to the complete structure, each component must satisfy the conditions for static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium equation
C y  30 kN
• Results:
Ax  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 
Reaction forces are directed along boom and rod
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e., the members are
subjected to only two forces which are applied at member ends
• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to an axis between the force application points, equal in
magnitude, and in opposite directions
• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static equilibrium
which may be expressed in the form of a force triangle:

 B 0
F
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 31
 Can the structure safely support the 30 kN load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression), FBC = 50 kN (tension)
• At any section through member BC, the internal force is 50kN dBC = 20 mm
with a force intensity or stress of

P 50  103 N 50000 N
 BC     159 MPa
A  * 20 2 /4mm2 314mm 2
• From the material properties for steel, the allowable stress is
 all  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is adequate
• Design of new structures requires selection of appropriate materials
and component dimensions to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability, etc., the choice is made to construct the rod
from aluminum all= 100 MPa). What is an appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50  103 N
 all  A   500  106 m 2
A  all 100  10 Pa
6

d2 4A 4500  106 m 2 
A d   2.52  102 m  25.2 mm
4  
• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is adequate

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 32

 Thank you for listening

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture - 1 (Introduction) 33