Learning Area: Statistics

Chapter

4 Permutation and Combination

1 The number of different routes a mouse 9

E
can travel from location A to location C via Arrangment
must begin
location B = 3 × 5 with vowel O
= 15
The number of different arrangements
2 The number of different single matches that = 5! × 2
can be held = 4 × 6 = 240
= 24
10 A I Vowel must
3 The number of two digit numbers that can be in the
be formed = 2 × 4 I A even position

=8
The number of different arrangements
4 The number of different arrangements that = 3! × 2
can be formed from word ‘KADET’ = 12
= 5!
= 120 11
8 4

5 The number of six digit numbers that can 8 6

be formed from 6 different digits without
repetition Number greater than Even number must have
800 000 must begin with 8. even digit for ‘ones’.
= 6!
= 720 The number of different arrangements
= 4! × 2
6 The different arrangements of four = 48
letters that can be formed from the word
‘PATOGEN’ 12
= 7P4 I
= 840 First letter
E must be
vowel
7 The number of ways 4 runners can be
O
arranged in 8 lane track
= 8P4 The number of different arrangements
= 1 680 = 7P3 × 3
= 630
8 The number of ways on how a car dealer
can display 5 cars in a row 13
= 3P3 4
=6
5 Number greater than
400 must begin with
6 digit  4.

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 The number of different arrangements 18 Step 1
= 4P2 × 4 Calculate the number of four-digit numbers
= 48 if repetitions are not allowed.

14
3
Odd number
5 must have
odd digit as
The numbers that can be Assuming that 1 has already
‘ones’. been used in the first box, then
filled into the first box are
7 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. the numbers that can filled into
the second box are 0, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8 and 9.

Bab
The number of different arrangements
= 4P2 × 3 Hence, the number of four-digit numbers if
= 72 repetitions are not allowed = 9 × 9 × 8 × 7
= 4 356
15 Step 2
3 4
The number of four-digit numbers where
repetitions

Chapter
3 6
are allowed = 9 999 – 1 000 + 1
4 6 = 9 000
Step 3

4
The number of different arrangements Hence, the number of four-digit numbers

Form 5
= 3P2 × 3 which have
= 18 repeated digits
= 9 000 – 5 356
16 = 4 464
4 5

5 6 19 Since U, E and A must be side-by-side, they

will be counted as 1 object.
5
U E A N K L R
6 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
The number of different arrangements
Together with N, K, L and R, they are
= 2P1 + 2P1 + 3P2 + 3P2
altogether 5 objects. This gives 5!.
= 16
But U, E and A can also be arranged among
17 Prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7 themselves in their own group.

2 U E A
✓ ✓ ✓
3
This gives 3!.
5
Hence, using the multiplication rule, the
The number of different arrangements required number of arrangements
= 3! × 3 = 5! × 3!
= 18 = 720

20 The number of different arrangements

= 3! × 4! × 5! × 6!
= 12 441 600

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 21 The number of different arrangements = 5!
= 4! + 4P3 + 4P2 + 4P1 = 120
= 24 + 24 + 12 + 4
(b)
= 64 C C

22 (a) The number of different arrangements 3

P1 3! 2
P1
= 7!
= 5 040
The number of different arrangements
(b) Since O, U and E must be side-by-side, = 3P1 × 2P1 × 3!
they will be counted as 1 object. = 36

O U E K M T R 26 V C
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Together with K, M, T and R, they are 2
P1 4
P2 4
P1
altogether 5 objects. This gives 5!.
But O, U and E can also be arranged
Form 5

The number of different arrangements

among themselves in their own group. = 2P1 × 4P1 × 4P2
O U E = 96
4

✓ ✓ ✓ 27 Let C and V represent consonant and vowel

Chapter

respectively.
This gives 3!.
Hence, using the multiplication rule, There are 4 consonants and 3 vowels in the
the required number of arrangements word “BESTARI”.
= 5! × 3! Case 1 (3 consonants and 2 vowels) :
= 720
C C C V V
23 (a) The number of different arrangements
= 7! V C C C V
= 840
(b) V V C C C
2
Number of arrangements
4 = 4P3 × 3P2 × 3
= 432
6
Case 2 (4 consonants are side-by-side and 1
8 vowel):
The number of different arrangements C C C C V
= 6P3 × 4
= 480 V C C C C

24 Number of arrangements
E = 4P4 × 1P1 × 2
= 144
I
Case 3 (3 consonants are side-by-side and 1
O consonant is not beside them and 1 vowel):

The number of different codes C C C V C

= 7P3 × 3
= 630 C V C C C
Number of arrangements
25 (a) The number of different arrangements

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 = 4P3 × 3P1 × 2 = 525
= 144
Total number of arrangement 34 The number of different ways to choose the
= 432 +144 + 144 questions = 5C4 × 4C2 × 2C1
= 720 = 60

28 (a) KEEPER 35 The number of different ways to invite

The number of different arrangements colleagues = 2C2 × 8C3
6! = 56
=
3!

Bab
= 120 36 (a) The number of different ways to
choose students = 3C2 × 7C2
(b) SEEDLESS = 63
The number of different arrangements
8! (b)
= The number
3! × 3! 8 7 of students
= 1 120 available

Chapter
(c) INSTITUSI Number Number
Number of
The number of different arrangements of males of females
ways

4
10! required required
=
3! × 2! × 2!

Form 5
1 3 3
C1 × 7C3 = 105
= 15 120
2 2 3
C2 × 7C2 = 63
29 Number of ways = (7 – 1)!
= 720 3 1 3
C3 × 7C1 = 7

The number of different ways to

30
A U A O C L C L T R choose students
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ = 105 + 63 + 7
= 175
Altogether there are 7 objects with two
identical Cs and Ls.
7! 37 (a) (i) The number of different ways to
This gives = choose a committee = 9C6
2! × 2!
= 84
= 1 260
(ii)
But the vowels can also be arranged in their
group. The number
A U A O 5 4 of students
available
4!
This gives = 12 Number Number
2! Number of
of females of males
Hence, the number of different ways
required required
arrangements
= 1 260 × 12 4 2 C4 × 4C2 = 30
5

= 15 120 5 1 5
C5 × 4C1 = 4

31 The number of different ways to choose a The number of different ways to

dish = 7C3 choose a committee = 30 + 4
= 35 = 34

32 The number of triangles = 14C3 (b) P(number of females is more than the
= 364

33 The number of combinations = 6C3 × 7C3

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 34
number of males) = M M M M F F F
84
17 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
=
42 Together with the three females, then
there are 4 objects. This gives 4!.
38 (a) The number of different ways to
But the three males can also be
choose a team = 4C2 × 3C1
arranged among themselves in their
= 18
own group.
(b) The number M M M M
4 3 of students ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
available
Number Number This gives 4!
Number of
of males of females Hence, using the multiplication rule,
ways
required required the required number of arrangements
0 3 4
C0 × 3C3 = 1 = 4! × 4!
Form 5

= 576
1 2 C1 × 3C2 = 12
4

44 (a) The number of ways to choose a group

4

The number of different ways = 1 + 12 of dancers = 16C6

Chapter

= 13 = 8 008
(b) The number of ways to choose a group
39 (a) The number of ways to arrange three of dancers (2 Malays, 2 Chinese, 2
colours Indians) = 7C2 × 5C2 × 4C2
= 5P3 = 1 260
= 60
(b) The number of ways to mix any two 45 (a)
colours = 5C2 SMART TIP
= 10 Ck = hCh – k, e.g. 7C2 = 7C5 = 21
h

40 The number of triangles that can be formed

= 9C3 – 7C3 Ch = mCk
m

= 49 Ch = mCm – h
m

∴k=m–h
7 points on a line cannot form a triangle. m=h+k

41 The number of different ways to put the (b) COMMITTEE has 2 identical Ms, Ts
papayas into three baskets and Es.
= 10C5 × 5C3 × 2C2 The number of different arrangements
= 2 520 9!
= 45 360
2! 2! 2!
42 The number of different ways to divide the
ribbons = 6C2 × 4C2 × 2C2 46 (a) C A M B R I D G E
= 90
The number of different arrangements
43 (a) The number of ways to form a team = 9!
= 8C4 × 5C3 = 362 880
= 700
(b) The number of ways to choose four
(b) Since the 4 males must be side-by-side, letters that consist of 3 consonants
they will be counted as 1 object. = 6C3 × 3C1
6 consonants,
choose 3. 3 vowels, choose 1
= 60

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 47 (a) E E A U T R N G G N (b) The number of ways to choose 2 female
and 2 male players = 6C2 × 8C2
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
= 420
Since the vowels have to be side-by- They can change partner. Hence, the
side, they will be counted as 1 object. number of different mixed-double
Together with the consonants, the matches that can be held = 420 × 2
number of different arrangements = 840
7!
=
2! 2!
5 040
=

Bab
4
= 1 260
But the vowels can also be arranged in
their group.

E E A U

Chapter
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

4!
This gives = 12
2!

4
Hence, using the multiplication rule,

Form 5
the number of different arrangements
such that the vowels must be side-by-
side = 1 260 × 12
= 15 120

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