WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL STUDIES

THE IMPACT OF RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION ON SOCIO

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF WOLISO TOWN,
OROMIA REGIONAL STATE

A SENIOR ESSAY SUBMITTED TO COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

AND HUMANITIES, DEPARTMENT OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL
STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS (BA) IN CIVICS AND ETHICAL
STUDIES

BY: BONA DERESA

ADVISOR: GETAHUN A. (MA)

HOSSANA, ETHIOPIA

JULY,2023

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Declarations
This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Bona Deresa, entitled: The Socio-economic
implications of rural-urban migration on in the case of Woliso town Oromia, Ethiopia and
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (civics and
ethical studies) complies with the regulations of the university and meets the accepted standards
with respect to originality and quality.

Approved by Board of Examiners

Advisor: ________________________________Signature___________

Internal Examiner: _______________________Signature___________

External Examiner: _______________________Signature __________

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Acknowledgements
My heartfelt appreciation goes to Almighty God for giving me the strength to undertaken my
study and this research paper Special words of thanks to my Advisors. Mr Getehun A for his
enormous contribution support guidance and thorough attention for the comment this research
paper. I am very grateful to my Family for giving me the opportunity and providing the means
for actualizing my plan of pursuing a Bachelor degree. My especial thanks also go to my Brother
Dr Balcha D. to give continued support, I would like also to extend my appreciation to My
Sister Bayush D. for their cooperation with me in concluding this study and financial support,
finally we would like to thanks Waliso zone waliso woredal office and employees.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page

Declarations......................................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................ii
List of table......................................................................................................................................v
Acronym.........................................................................................................................................vi
Abstract..........................................................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1.1. Back Ground of the Study....................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the Problem......................................................................................................2
1.3. Objectives of the Study.........................................................................................................3
1.3.1. General Objective..........................................................................................................3
1.3.2. Specific Objectives........................................................................................................4
1.4. Research Questions...............................................................................................................4
1.5. Significance of the Study......................................................................................................4
1.6. Scope of the Study................................................................................................................4
1.7 Limitation of the Study..........................................................................................................5
1.8 Organization of the research..................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................6
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................6
2.1. The Concept of Rural-Urban Migration...............................................................................6
2.2. Types of Migration...............................................................................................................6
2.2.1. Emigration.....................................................................................................................7
2.2.2. Immigration...................................................................................................................7
2.3. Socio-economic Development..............................................................................................7
2.4. Social Development..............................................................................................................8
2.5. Economic Development........................................................................................................9
2.6. Theoretical Implication of Rural to Urban Migration..........................................................9
2.7. Causes of Rural to Urban Migration...................................................................................10

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 2.8. Challenges of Rural to Urban Migration in Developing Countries....................................11
2.8.1. Economic Implication..................................................................................................11
2.8.2. Social Effects...............................................................................................................11
2.9. Consequences of Rural to Urban Migration.......................................................................11
2.9.1. Positive Consequence of Rural to Urban Migration....................................................12
2.9.2. Negative Consequence of Rural to Urban Migration..................................................12
2.10. Theoretical Framework of the Study................................................................................12
2.11 conceptual framework of the study....................................................................................12
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................14
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................14
3.1. Description of the study Area.............................................................................................14
3.3. Research Method................................................................................................................14
3.4. Research Design................................................................................................................14
3.5. Target Population................................................................................................................15
3.6. Sampling Techniques..........................................................................................................15
3.7. Sample Size........................................................................................................................15
3.8. Source of Data collection...................................................................................................15
3.8.1 Primary data..................................................................................................................15
3.8.1.1 Questionnaires...........................................................................................................15
3.8.1.2 Interview....................................................................................................................16
3.8.2. Secondary Data Source................................................................................................16
3.9 Data Collection Procedures.................................................................................................16
3.10. Ethical Consideration........................................................................................................16
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................17
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.......................................................................17
4.1. Sex Structure.......................................................................................................................17
4.2. Age Structure......................................................................................................................17
4.3. Marital Status of the Migrants............................................................................................18
4.4. Educational Background of the respondents......................................................................18
4.5. Negative effects of Rural to Urban Migration on socio-economic development...............19
4.6. Positive effects of Rural to Urban Migration on Socio-economic development................20

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 4.7. Interview results..................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................24
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION........................................................................24
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................24
5.2. Recommendation................................................................................................................24
References......................................................................................................................................26
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................28

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List of table
Table 4.1 Distribution of Respondents by sex structure................................................................17
Table 4.2. Distribution of Respondents by the age structure.........................................................18
Table 4.3 Distribution of Respondents by marital structure.........................................................18
Table 4.4 Distribution of respondents by educational Background..............................................19
Table-4.5 Negative Effects of Rural to Urban Migration on socio-economic development.........20
Table 4.6.Positive effects of rural to urban migration on socio-economic development..............22

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Acronym
AIDS-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

CBO-Community Based Organization

CSA-Central Statistical Agency

FDRE-Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

GDP-Growth Domestic Product

LDC-Less Developed Countries

NGO-Non Governmental Organization

OSA-Own Survey of April

TE-Transitional Government of Ethiopia

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Abstract
This study explored the socio-economic implications of rural-urban migration in the selected
Woliso town Oromia. The study employed a qualitative method. In-depth interviews and
observation were used to collect data. In contrast, secondary data was collected from different
kinds of literatures and documents. 25 participants have participated in the study, including
urban residents, rural migrants, and local officials. The study participants were selected based
on three sampling methods: purposive sampling method, snowball-sampling method, and
extreme or deviant case sampling method. Data analysis was made according to the objective of
the study. The findings of the study reveal that rural-urban migration has positive and negative
implications on Woliso town, Oromia. The favorable implication of rural urban migration is that
it will introduce migrants to new lifestyles and technologies. In addition, rural migrants also
contribute to positive development outcomes, and they play a vital role in fostering the country’s
economy. On the contrary, some of the negative implications of rural urban migration are
overpopulation, unemployment, shortage of transport services, expansion of crimes, etc. The
study indicates rural-urban migration is responsible for the city's population growth. The study
also focuses on measures government should take to curb the issue. Rural urban migration has
affected many people's lives, including urban dwellers and rural migrants.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1. Back Ground of the Study
Migration can be international which crosses nation state border and also it may take place
internally with in nation state border which is the concern of this study. The literature reveals
that there are different types of internal migration like; rural to urban, urban to urban, rural to
rural, and urban to rural migration. Internal migration can be ignited by different push and pull
factors usually based on socio economic situation which can occur at varying degree in every
country of the world (Afshar 2003; Zhao 2003; McCatty 2004andSundari 2005).

Migration is not a new phenomenon. It has been taking place since a long time. Depopulation of
Rural areas in favor of urban growth is a well-known feature of many modem societies. It
Happens by various push and pull factors. There are circumstances that make people leave their
Homes and migrate to other areas. These are referred to as ―push factors‖. For instance, famine,
Drought, low agricultural productivity, the inadequacy of incomes, lack of gainful Employment
coupled with poverty in the rural areas is some of the push factors that compel People their
villages in search of better sources of livelihoods in the urban areas (Sundari 2005).

The Migration of people from rural areas to urban areas has significant effects on the rural
economy. It occurs for several reasons, namely in the search of better life style and standard of
living. However planning is necessary to provide for the additional strain that growing
population will have their resource to protect communities and also aide there growth for a
solution to the overcrowding that occurs in most urban centers in countries around the world (B.
Herd gaff, 2000).

Ethiopia, having the second largest population in Africa with total population of 86,613,986
million and average annual population growth rate of 2.9% which is high rate with world
standard are experienced of expansion rural to urban migration today. In Ethiopia urban
expansion accelerated during 1960s when the average annual growth rate is about 8.6% urban

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growth is special evident in the northern half of Ethiopia was most of the town located(Anthony
Gidden, 2001).

Particularly, the Oromia regional state is the region mostly hosting the expansion of rural to
urban migration resulted in cooperation of agricultural areas into urban areas. It is widely
recognized that migration it properly managed, may generated important gain not only for
migrants but also for host and sending countries. Developing countries in particular may have a
lot to gain in term of growth, investment, human capital accumulation and poverty reduction if
they manage to their economies of migration and defuse these benefitedthrough the economy. To
do so migration and developments policy need to become more coherent.(Feleke,2005).

It is shown that in addition to income disparities between horn and host countries, colonies ties,
language and geographical proximity are among the main determinant of those migrants. it is
found that substantial benefited are associated not only remittance but also unemployment’s
alleviation, human capital accumulation and diaspora network. this critical review of the existing
evidence lead to discussion of inter linkages between migration and other policy domain
including trade, investments and development assistance and addresses policy challenges to
better manage migration and maximize the net gain for both sending and receiving countries.
result shows that the incorporation of agricultural land in urban areas and lose of agricultural
production, displacement of people and disposed their land of rural farmers in many part of the
region (Feleke,2005).Therefore the researcher intended to examine how rural to urban migration
affected the socio-economic development with specific place of Woliso town. Especially Tulu
Bolo, which found in woliso town center.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

Ethiopia is one of the countries in Social security administration (SSA) experiencing high level
of population pressure and rural out migration (Beneberu, 2012). In the country, more than 85%
of the population live in extremely poor rural communities and depend on subsistence farming
for their livelihood; in which, low socio economic holdings, bad weather conditions, massive
land degradation, and lack of basic infrastructure for intensive land use have undermined
agricultural growth and reduced the labor absorption potential of agriculture, which motivates
rural out migration (Demeke and Regassa 2009) cited in (Ezra and Kiros, 2001).

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Most of the available research finding on migration attribute the factors of rural to urban
migration to unemployment, drought and famine, rural poverty and inadequacy of incomes in
developing countries that push people out of their villages in search of better sources of
livelihoods in the urban areas (Anarfi, Kwankye, Mensah and Tiemoko 2001; Zhao 2003 and
Mahama 2013). Migration to nearby town is mainly described to take place for the purpose of
employment (De Brauw, Mueller and Woldehanna, 2013a and World Bank, 2010).

In spite of the above noted prevailing situations, there is a lack of sound knowledge and
understanding of rural-urban migration in connection with the impacts in areas of destinations.
Therefore, studying socio economic influences of internal rural-urban migration has become
important and thereby, to provide significant data and analysis for policy formulation, launching
suitable planning and response strategies to the emerging challenges and impacts seems relevant.
By so doing, based on the findings, attempts are made to provide recommendations in the
context of migrants which enable to promote well designed development policies that could
solve the problem.

The Previous researcher study is not correctly assessed the problem of that area. But now
researcher assessment is correctly focus on the problems of that area which called woliso town. It
identifies the main causes of migration such as lack of health care, jobs and lack of
infrastructures in that areas. The others one is to focus on the solutions of war, drought, high
levels of poverty, famine and disasters of food and medical aid during this time.

For instance, presently there is lack of research on impact of rural to urban migration especially
in case of waliso town. This one is the biggest reason why I was to choose to do study in this
area regarding impacts of rural to urban migration especially on socio economic.

1.3. Objectives of the Study

This research was to contain general and specific objectives.

1.3.1. General Objective

The general objective of the research is to assess the impact of rural to urban migration on socio-
economic development of Woliso town.

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 1.3.2. Specific Objectives
This research was to contain the following specific objectives;

1. To identify the major socio-economic impacts of rural to urban migration in the

destination area.
2. To identify the relationship between Migration and socio-economic development with
this study.
3. To provide possible recommendations based on the findings in the study area.

1.4. Research Questions

 What are the major socio-economic impacts of the rural -urban migrants on the
economic aspect of residents of the town such as employment, cost of food items
 What is was the relationship between migration and socio-economic development with
this study?
 What are the possible recommendations on the impacts of rural-urban migration on
socioeconomic development of the town?

1.5. Significance of the Study

Any formal research paper has its own Significance. Likewise, this research was advance would
have also some significance. The research will serve as a reference material for other researcher
for further investigation. Additionally, the study will help to find and contribute in enabling to
arrive at concluding remarks and suggestion that help in recognizing the impact of rural to urban
migration on socio-economic development in Woliso town.

The findings of the study was to serve as base for planners, policy makers, and public
administers and development in local and regional areas. Was give insight for the town
administrators about the existing and emerging socio-economic influence of migrants in relation
with the socio-economic services provided by the town administration. Furthermore, it was
inspire other researchers to conduct further research on similar issue in a much comprehensive
manner.

1.6. Scope of the Study

It is impossible for the researcher to conduct study on the entire geographical location of Woliso
town embracing all aspect of rural to urban migration. Also The study does not cover the other
modalities of migration for reasons ranging from logistics to manageability. Therefore, the scope

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of the research has been designed to deal only with the impacts of rural to urban migration on
socio-economic development from other rural to Woliso town.

1.7 Limitation of the Study

This research was conducted during the time of the global pandemic, coronavirus. Since the
government prohibited social gatherings to slow down the spread of the virus, it was difficult for
me to go out and gather data for the study. I was scared for my life, and it was also challenging
to find informants during the pandemic. Collecting data in the current context was a challenging
exercise as some informants were unwilling to participate in the study. The study was also
limited to one selected woreda; due to time constraints, I could not cover additional Woliso
town. Lack of materials to review as literature was one of the challenges faced in this study. The
situation mentioned above had negative implications for the data collection process.

1.8 Organization of the research

This research contains five chapters. The first chapter deals with back ground of the study,
statement of the problem, research questions, objectives of the study, scope of the study,
limitation of the study, significance of the study and organization of the study. The second
chapter concerned with literature review. The third chapter deals with research methodology.
The fourth chapter also concerned with data analysis and interpretation and the last chapter
contains recommendation and conclusions.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. The Concept of Rural-Urban Migration
Migration incorporates all kinds of movement of people from one place to another. It may take
place within a particular geographical boundary of a country and then beyond its boundaries.
Migration streams can be identified by referring to the origins (i.e. birth place) and destinations
of migrants. This research considers the rural urban dimensions with four types of migration
flows: rural–urban, rural–rural, urban–rural and urban–urban. Migration is broadly defined as a
relocation of residence for a specified duration and various reasons (Hossain, 2001)

Migration could be permanent, seasonal and circular. Permanent migration means that migrants
make a long duration move to a different location and set up domicile at destination. Circular
migration is not necessarily tied to seasonal factors; rather migrants routinely return to the
resident household and do not set up permanent living arrangements in the place they go for
temporary work. Seasonal migration is characterized by temporary movement of persons
between either rural and urban or rural and rural areas timing their movements to coincide with
the farming slack season at home and the peak labor demanding time at destination (Ellis, 2000).

Theoretically, migration is defined simply as a process of personal movement from one area to
another. It usually takes place at a variety of scale; intercontinental (between continents),
Intercontinental (between countries of a given continent), and interregional (with in countries)
(National Geographic Society, 2005). However, the nature of migration and the cause for it are
complex, and there is no general agreement among researchers on the cause of migration.
Arguments about the difference on migration causing factors exist not only among researchers
from different discipline, but also among researchers within one discipline (Timalsina, 2007).

2.2. Types of Migration

There are two forms of Migration; there are emigration and immigration. Let us discuss one by
one.

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2.2.1. Emigration
Emigration is a process by which people leave a country to settle in other for the reason of
political matter, social, cultural, religious, education and so on (Anthony G,2005).

2.2.2. Immigration
Immigration is the movement of people into a country to settle, such as rural to rural Migration,
rural to urban migration, urban to rural migration, urban to urban migration (B. Herd gaff, 2000).

Rural to Rural Migration- Is a type of Migration which is common in Ethiopia, peoples go

from one rural to another rural in one country without crossing the boundary of that country, for
the reason of climate change, conflict and lack of social service that provide by government for
the citizens such as water, health care, electricity and so on (Ibid).

Urban to Rural Migration- Is movement of people in a country from urban to rural for the sake
of agricultural activities such as farming the land and other things (Feleke, 1998).

Urban to Urban Migration- is viewed as one favorable in the economic development literature,
international migration are thought to be a natural process in which surplus labor will gradually
with drowns from the rural sector to provided man power for urban industrial growth (Jhingon,
2005).

Rural to Urban Migration- is a complete change in migration residence historically, rural to

urban migration was plated as a significant role in terms of urbanization process of several
countries and countries to be significant scale even though, migration rates have low drown in
some countries today almost half of the world population lives in cities and the number of people
living in urban areas has risen steadily by around one million ever year (Gidden, 2001).

2.3. Socio-economic Development

Socio-economic development is a process that seeks to identity both the social and economic
needs within community and seek to strategies that will address those run the general idea is to
find ways to improve the standard of living with the area while also making sure the idea of the
local community is healthy and capable of sustaining the population present in the area (Smith,
2005).

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There are so many factors that must be considered as part of any sociological economic
development efforts. Understanding the first step to awards regional developments. By assessing
the potential of human capital in the area is allowing for the current unemployment rate and
when laws regulations are currently in place that may be impending the introduction of new
industry into the area, it’s possible to gain develop plan that will ultimately mean more jobs,
stable employment for household and more money flowing through the local economy (Ibid).

Allowing with funding ways to stabilize the economy and create more jobs socio-economic
development also considers the availability of essential services with the area. This includes the
presence of schools and colleges to teach children and prepare young people for careers.
Attracting service such as medical practitioners and health facilities to the area are also important
creating and maintain law and order that protect citizen is also very important to the task. In
doing so helps to make the possibility of people leaving to seek those some service elsewhere
(Todaro and Smith, 2005)

Typically socio-economic development involves making changes in current laws and regulation
in order to attract news growth and enhance the standard of living local residents. Changes in
laws can be making it easier for new industry to move into area and offer employment at
equitable wages. This in turn can aid in motivating the creation of more service that citizen can
enjoy, allowing the area to prosper with the right types of motivation and improvement to the
infrastructure, residents are not tempted to move away in order to earn a living or enjoy desirable
service and there is a good chance more people will move into the area and proved further
stimulation for the local economy while there is no one right way to pursue socio-economic
development the process is essential to preventing decline and the eventual extinction of a
community (Ibid).

2.4. Social Development

The development can be defined an a manner applicable to all society at all historical periods as
an upward ascending movement featuring greater level of emergency efficiency, quality,
productivity, creativity, employment and accomplishment. Development is a process of social
change not merely a set of policies and programs instituted for some specific results. The basis of
mechanism deriving social change is increasing awareness leading to better organization (Smith,
2005)

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2.5. Economic Development
Economic development is ideal refers to the sustained concerted action of communities and
policy makers that improve the standard of living and economic health of a specific localities
(Taylor, 1999).

2.6. Theoretical Implication of Rural to Urban Migration

As Todaro's, idea might seems to devolve the critical importance of rural to urban migration by
portraying in as adjustment mechanism by which workers allocate themselves between rural to
urban migration labor markets. It deals with importance police implications for development
strategy to waves and incomes, rural development and industrialization (1994).

The first policy of Todaro was imbalance of rural to urban employment opportunity caused by
the urban bias, particularly first city bias, of development strategies must be reduced, because
migration are assumed to respond to differentials in expected income; it is vitally important that
in balanced between economic opportunities in rural and urban sectors by minimized. Permitting
urban wage rates to rise at a greater place than average rural incomes with stimulate further rural
to spite of rising levels of urban unemployment. This heavy in fluke of people into urban nears
not only gives to socio-economic problems of labor shortages in rural areas especially during the
busy seasons. This social cost may exceed the private benefits of Migration (Ibid).

Second, urban job creation is in sufficient solution for the urban unemployment problem. The
second traditional (Keynesian) economic solution to urban employment (the creation of more
urban modern sector jobs without simultaneous attempts to improve rural incomes and
unemployment opportunities) can result in the paradoxical situation where more urban
employment lead to higher level of urban implement one again. The unbalance in expected
income earning opportunities in the critical concept (C.Smith and Todaro, 2005).

A third policy implication of Todarowasin discriminate educational expansion we lead to further

migration and unemployment. The heavy influx to rural migrants into urban areas at rate much in
excess of new employees. Although within each educational group such selection may largely
random. Many observers have noted that employers tend to use educational attainment or
number of years of completed schooling as the typical rationing device. For some wages, the will
hire people with more education in preference to those with less, even though extra education
may not contribute to better job performance. Jobs that called formally be filled by those with a

9
primary education now require secondary training. Those formally requiring a secondary
certificate (clerks, typists, book keepers, etc.) must know have university degree (Ibid).

The fourth policy implication was programs of integrated rural development should be in
courage. Policies that operate only on the demand side of urban employment picture. Such as
wage subsides directing government hiring, elimination of factor police distortion and employer
us incentive are probably for less effective in the long run in alleviating the unemployment
problem than policies designed directly to regulate the supply of labor to urban areas based on
long run trends, comparisons with developed countries and still strong individual incentive
continued urbanization and rural to urban migration are probably inevitable (Jihngon, 2005).

2.7. Causes of Rural to Urban Migration

The main cause of rural to urban migration is lack of health care, jobs and lack of infrastructure
in the area. Many of the jobs available in rural areas are agricultural based economy. The
introduction of labor devices and bad weather conditions are decreased the demand for labor in
the agricultural sector. The second cause of rural to urban migration is occurs when many
workers migrate from rural to urban areas in hope of gaining a higher standard of living. The
third cause for rural to urban migration is that many people desire to expand their experiences.
They may wish to expose to a greater variety of opportunities, people culture of food, art and
entertainment. The variety they desire may not be as widely or conveniently available to them in
their home town as in urban centers in their country. War, drought, higher level of poverty,
famine and natural disaster are also reason for rural to urban migration in some countries entire
rural populations many migrate to the urban centers of their country in search of protection, food
and medical aid during these periods of hardship (Gidden, 2008).

Recently the Ethiopian governments recognized the potential roles of urban area in the
contribution of urban national economic growth and poverty reduction need to connect wealth
and developments of rural to urban linkage of laborer mobility between rural and urban area. at
the same time the Ethiopia government is concerned that rural urban migration make it more
challenges to improved welfare for urban residents, especially in the provision of housing,
employments and public service. Ethiopia has mixture history of internal migration and
population distribution. In previous decades migration was shaped by political and economic
transition and instability. Political ideals transformed from 1970's to current day (socialist to

10
market oriented economy) as well as civil war famine determine how and duration internal
migration (Mberu, 2006, kiros and white 2004). Over this the share of Ethiopia population that
has migrated from outside of current residence has increased from 11.4% of population
(4.54million people) in 1984 to 12.9% of population in1994 (6.92 million people) to16.5% of
population (12.21 million people) in 2008. This is not most of this migration is sparingly is not
rural to urban migration. About half of all migration are rural migrants.

2.8. Challenges of Rural to Urban Migration in Developing Countries

2.8.1. Economic Implication

As growth number of unskilled and agricultural workers migrates to urban centers, the formal
economy often struggles to observe the influx in to the work force. In most cities in developing
world it is the informal economy that allows those who cannot find formal work to make ends
meet. From causal work manufacturing and construction to small scale trading activities,
unregulated informal sector offer earning opportunities to poor or unskilled works. The informal
economic opportunities are important in helping thousands of families to service in urban
condition, but they have problematic aspects as well. The informal economy is in taken and
unregulated, it also less productive than formal economy to collect much needed revues though
taxation. The low level of productivity also hurt the general economy; the production of the GDP
generated by informal economic activity is much lower than the percentage of population in
sector (Castell, 1997; Gidden, 2001).

2.8.2. Social Effects

Many urban areas in the developing world are over crowned end and under resources poverty are
wider spread and existing social service cannot meet the demand of health care, family planning
advice, education and training. The unbalanced age distribution in developing countries add to
their social and economic difficulties compared to industrialized countries as much larger
population of the population in developing world is under the age of fifteens (Gidden, 2001).

2.9. Consequences of Rural to Urban Migration

The Consequences of rural to urban migration are overcrowding if migration takes place too
quickly or unexpectedly, the planning necessary to accommodate growth will not be in place.

Overcrowding glad to issues such as higher rent, traffic and pressure on resource such school and
medical centers (Gidden, 2005).

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2.9.1. Positive Consequence of Rural to Urban Migration
Growth in the growing population will also mean more competition for jobs. This will prove
advantages to employers who can decrease salaries offered as demand for job may out strip the
number of job available. The lack of jobs is lead to the least skilled workers in the work force
(Gidden, 2005).

2.9.2. Negative Consequence of Rural to Urban Migration

The migration of people from rural to urban areas is contains many detrimental effects on the
rural economy. Some communities may cease to exist over time as there is no one left to run
business. Work in local companies or demands products from local firms, because the younger
generations of the area have migrated. They may be an increase in the spread of diseases from
urban areas to rural areas. When workers return home to visit relatives and friends they may
spread illness and disease they constructed while in the city. This accounts for the spread of
AIDS in rural areas of many African countries (Ibid).

2.10. Theoretical Framework of the Study

Social conflict theory is a sociological perspective that views society as a constant struggle for
power and resources. This theory holds that competition between competing interests is a central
function of society. Social conflict theorists believe that competition for power and resources
results in social change. Since the early nineteenth century, advocates and opponents of
immigration have analyzed the economic effects of immigration on national economies and
workforces. Opponents of national increases in immigration rates have argued that restricting
immigration "improves the economic well-being of native workers. Immigration, opponents
argue, causes unemployment for native workers. The reasoning behind this argument is that
immigrant peoples compete with the native peoples for jobs and resources. This increased
competition results in more jobs going to immigrant workers since it costs less for employers to
hire a low-skilled immigrant than a highly skilled native worker. However, advocates of
immigration argue that immigration improves a nation’s economy since more people enter the
workforce, thus resulting in higher productivity and increased competition in the labor market
(Borjas, George 2011)

2.11 conceptual framework of the study

Migrants put have pressure on the existing burden of city in the aspects of provision of different
social and economic question and services as well as amenities. Migration has its own positive

12
and negative consequences on the place of departure and destination. Natural resource depletion,
environmental pollution, urban expansion, social unrest, population crowding and increasing the
number of unemployment in the city were/are some of the negative effects of migration. As
figure below showed negative aspect of rural-urban migration on the host environment includes
exerting pressure on urban resources. Like overcrowding on social services (housing,
transportation, health sector), increasing urban unemployment and delinquency, polluting the
environment. (Borjas, George 2011)

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Description of the study Area
Woliso town is more commonly known as Tulubolo (in order to differentiate it from other town
in Ethiopia, which is also called Woliso). Woliso is town and separate woreda in south-West
Ethiopia, Located in Oromia region, Woliso Zone. This town has altitude and longitudes of
8°32'N 37°58’E (8.533'N, 37.967°N with an elevation ofo2063m or 8.176ft above sea level
(Local history in Ethiopia (pdf) the Nordaic African institute).

The boarder of the Woliso town are to the south Hobbi kebele, to the north east
SadenSoddokebele, to the north Busa Kebele and the direction of west Welkite kebele.Woliso
town is located about 116km away from capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. The 2007
national census reported a total population of Woliso town was 44,382 of whom 22,543 were
men and 21,839 were women. The plurality of inhabitants said they were Muslims with 9.6 of
the population reporting the observed this belief, while 48.08 population practiced Ethiopian
Orthodox Christianity and 45.02% protestants (Woliso Administrative office, 2013).

3.3. Research Method

The method employed in this research would be qualitative and quantitative method. Therefore
mixed approach. Johnson and onwuegbuize( 2004 ) defines mixed methods research ( MMR ) as
the class of research where the researcher mixes or combines quantitative and qualitative
research technique

3.4. Research Design

In this study the researcher were follow the descriptive research design because the descriptive
design helps to describe the impact of rural to urban migration on socio-economic development

The methodological framework of this study was descriptive survey. Descriptive survey is
preferred over other methods as it enables to make investigation obtained from relatively large
and representative samples of the target population. In this study, both quantitative and
qualitative approach has been employed. Data will collect through questionnaire, and interviews
to gather accurate information.

14
3.5. Target Population
The target population for the study is the migrants of Woliso town based on survey estimates
from administrative sources, which measure different aspects of migration, which include both
women and men, who arrived before five year. Since I will got and contacted the targeted
population from this study of migration of Woliso town from ten kebele that located in Waliso
town I was chose two kebele is founded by the Interviews and questionnaire of accurate
Information.

3.6. Sampling Techniques

To undertake this study the researcher use non probability Sampling technique, the researcher
mostly employ purposive Sampling method in order to achieve the desired tasks means in order
to include all the desire target groups like that males, females and different experts who have a
great awareness about the study.

3.7. Sample Size

The sample size of the study is choose by using purposive or judgmental technique, rationality
behind using this technique would due to the vastness of their study area. The researcher selected
SadenSoddo and Lemmankebeles from the town. Target population of these kebeles is 340 in
total number from these 153 were males and 187 were females. For the purpose of this study, the
researcher selected 16 respondents from each kebele, totally 32 respondents would be selected.
From these14, respondents are females and 18 of them are males.In general the researchers used
the sampling purposive sampling technique.

3.8. Source of Data collection

The research was to utilize both primary and secondary source of data to conduct the study. The
researcher had been use both close ended and open ended questions and interviews to the
respondent.

3.8.1 Primary data

3.8.1.1 Questionnaires
Making question on the paper that will distribute for educated respondents and the researcher
had read the questions for those respondents who cannot read but know the issue and write the
response of such respondents. This questionnaire is important to save time and cost, to this

15
reason questionnaires has good for the research to collect the necessary information with little
time and also low cost (Gidden, 2005).

3.8.1.2 Interview
This study use instructed to get relevant information from key informants. Ultimately, I got from
selectors from 32 respondents 12 respondents as interview respondent in Leman and
soyamkebele of Woliso town.

3.8.2. Secondary Data Source

The researcher was to utilized various secondary sources such as Books, Internet, Magazine
paper and other materials as secondary source of data. duringthat’s my participants in sample
size is selectors of 16 respond acts from each kebele, totally 32 respondentselectors. From those
14 respondents are female and 18 of them are male and I would selected by both qualitative and
quantitative approaches.

3.9 Data Collection Procedures

After the research proposa was approved, the researcher was developed questionnaire and
submitted to Advisor after approved it the researcher was gathered data through distributing the
questionnaire for selected respondents and at the same time the researcher also interviewed
selected interviewee respondents or key informants and in the consecutive weeks conducted
focus group discussion. After collecting data in the field, the collected data was edited to omit as
well as correct technical errors. Following the edition, the response of the respondents were
presented and analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively.

3.10. Ethical Consideration

The researchers had focused on reliable information and preferable, realized and objective view
of various informants. The respondents also must ready to share truthful information and most
have mature attitude and information concerning what needed from them.

16
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter deals with the results obtained from interviews and observation. Most of the paper
section deals with the implications of rural-urban migration in Oromia, woliso twon. In this
section, I portrayed the findings of the study, organizing them based on the study objectives
outlined in the previous chapter. Overall, this chapter provides a data presentation that will
include background information and a description of major themes

4.1. Sex Structure

Table 4.1 Distribution of Respondents by sex structure

Sex Frequency percentage

Male 18 57%
female 14 43%
Total 32 100%

Sources:- Researcher own survey of May 2023

As shown in the above table 4.1 most of the respondents are appeared the males that account
about 57% of the total sampled respondents, while the remaining 43% of the respondents are
females. From this result the researcher, conclude that most of the migrants are males.

4.2. Age Structure

Table 4.2. Distribution of Respondents by the age structure

Age No. of respondent percentage

<15 4 12.5%
15-24 19 59.375%
25-39 5 15.625%
>60 4 12.5%
Total 32 100%
Sources:- Researcher own survey of May 2023

Table 2.Indicated that 19(59.375%) respondents are found between the age of 15-24 years, were
as, 5(15.625%) of the respondents are under the category of 25-39 years (adult age group) which

17
comprise married couples, divorced, separated and widowed females. Based on the above result
it is possible to say that most of the migrant have the age of 15-24 years. This is due to the
factors they are exposed to the different social, culture and economic problems such as
unemployment, poverty, early marriage, lack of education facilities, and lack of farm land etc, as
I get from my key respondents.

4.3. Marital Status of the Migrants

Table 4.3 Distribution of Respondents by marital structure

Marital status Frequency percentage

single 43.75%
Married 6 18.75%
widowed 4 12.5%
divorced 8 25%
Total 32 100%

Sources:- Researcher own survey of May 2023

As table 3, demonstrate 14(43.75%) of respondents are unmarried, whereas 8(25%) of the

respondents are divorced, while 6(18.75%), 4 (12.5%) are married and widowed respectively.

4.4. Educational Background of the respondents

Table 4.4 Distribution of respondents by educational Background

Educational background Frequency percentage

Illiterate 14 43.75%
Primary, first cycle(1-4) - -
Primary second cycle(4-8) 8 25%
secondary 6 18.75%
12 above 4 1875%
Total 32 100%
Sources:- Researcher own survey of May 2023

As a researcher observe the above table 14(43.75%) the respondents have no formal education
on the other hand 57% of respondents had received formal education. From this we understand
that there is high percentage of better educated person among Migrants from rural to urban area

18
but in reality they may not found employment as they guess because some of the jobs are
promoted by the town people of Migrants.

4.5. Negative effects of Rural to Urban Migration on socio-economic development

Table-4.5 Negative Effects of Rural to Urban Migration on socio-economic development

no Negative Strongly agree Agree undecided disagree

effect no % No % no % no %
1 High cost 14 43.75% 8 25% 4 12.5% 6 25.5%
of living
2 Expansion 5 15.62% 18 56.25% 0 56.25% 7 56%
of urban
poverty
3 Unplanned 5 15.62% 22 68.75% 2 68.75 3 12%
urban
expansion
4 Increase 0 0% 2 6.25% 5 68.75% 1 10%
income
rate
5 Increase 8 25% 16 50% 0 0% 6 6%
population

Sources:- Researcher own survey of May 2023

As depicted from table 5, 14 (43.75%) of respondents responded strongly agree that high cost of
living are negative effects of rural to urban migration on socio-economic development while
8(25%) of the respondents responds agree and the remaining 4(12.5%) and 6(18.75%) of the
respondents selected undecided and disagree respectively. From the above table, the researcher
clearly understand that high cost of living are the major negative effects of that migrants fails in
this town. Additionally the above table shows, majority of the respondents 18(56.25%) agree and
5(15.625%) of the respondents strongly agree on the issue that expansion of rural poverty as

19
negative effects. While 7(21.875%) and 2(6.25%) disagree and strongly disagree respectively.
The researcher concludes that the expansions of rural poverty are one of the negative effects of
rural to urban migration on socio-economic development. Although table 5, Depicts that
22(68.75%) of the respondents are selected agree and 5(15.625%) of the respondents selected
strongly agree on the issue that unplanned urban expansion as negative effects, while 2(6.25%)
and of the respondents selected undecided. The remaining 3(9.375%) of the respondents are
selected disagree. From the responses one can clearly understand that un employment in the rural
area are the negative effects that enforce the most people to flow to urban area.

Again the above table demonstrates that 19(59.375%) of the respondents disagree and 6(18.75%)
strongly disagree. The remaining 5(15.625%) and 2(6.25%) undecided and agree respectively on
the issue that an increase in crime rate. The researcher conclude that the majority of the
respondents stated an increased in crime rate are not negative effects of rural to urban migration
on socio-economic development.

Although the table 5, describe 16(50%) of the respondents responded agree and 8(25%) of the
respondents responded strongly agree on the issue that rapid population increase as negative
effects. The remaining 6(18.75%) and 2(6.25%) respondents are selected disagree and strongly
disagree respectively. The research as a researcher conclude that rapid population increase are
one of the negative effects of rural to urban migration on socio-economic developments.

Generally, the researcher summarized that the major negative effects of rural to urban migration
in socio-economic development includes, high cost of living, expansion of urban poverty, rapid
population increase, unplanned urban expansion.

4.6. Positive effects of Rural to Urban Migration on Socio-economic development

Table 4.6.Positive effects of rural to urban migration on socio-economic development

no positive Strongly agree Agree undecided Disagree

effect no % No % no % no %
1 Source of 6 18.17% 16 50% 4 12.5% 6 25.5%
labor
2 Better job 18 56.25% 8 25% 0 56.25% 7 56%
opportunity

20
3 For high 10 31.25% 12 37.5% 2 68.75 3 12%
education
4 For high 0 0% 6 18.5% 5 68.75% 1 10%
information

Source:- Researcher own Survey of May 2023

As table 6, above illustrate 16(50%) of the respondents responded agree. Because of most people
take migration as sources to cheap labor and 6(18.75%) of the respondents responded strongly
agree, while 4(12.5%) of the respondents selected undecided and the remaining 5(15.625%) and
1(0.9%) of the respondents responded disagree and strongly disagree respectively on issue that
source of cheap labor. The researcher concludes that the major positive effects that attracted
migrants from rural areas to urban centers are access for cheap labor.

Additionally, the above table illustrate out of the total respondents 18(56.25%) responded
strongly agree and 8(25%) of the respondents responded agree were attracted by the existences
of better job opportunity. Because of limited job opportunity in rural area most of the people
migrate to urban for the sake of better job and upgrade their life standard condition. The
remaining 6(18.75%) of the respondents responded disagree. From the above table the researcher
clearly understand that better job opportunities are positive effect of rural to urban migration on
socio-economic developments.

Although the table 6, describe 12(37.5%) of the respondents responded agree and 10(31.25%) of
the respondents responded strongly agree on the issue that for high education, while 5(15.625%)
of the respondents selected undecided and the remaining 2(6.25%) and 3(9.375%) of the
respondents are selected disagree and strongly disagree. The researcher conclude that the
migrants flow to urban for the need of higher education as next the major courses of migration
the existences of education center in the area some students flow to the town to improve their
academic status and also to search qualified education. So higher educations are positive effects
of rural to urban migration on socio-economic developments.

Besides of this 12(37.5) of the respondents selected disagree and 10(31.25%) of the respondents
selected strongly disagree on the issue that facilitate the information sector as positive effects,

21
while 2(6.25%) of the respondents selected undecided. The remaining 6(18.75%) of the
respondents selected agree. From this the researcher can clearly understands that the respondents
do not agree on the issues that facilitate the information sectors as positive effects in the town.

Finally the researcher conclude that the major positive effects that attracted migrants from rural
to urban areas, for the seeking of better job opportunities, upgrade their life standard condition
and to search quality

4.7. Interview results

1. What do you think are the major impact in urban living that are the result of rural to urban
migration in Woliso?
According to interview respondents migration can be effects and because by expansion urban
poverty and high cost of living that result of rural migration through environment of the city as
well as socio-economic condition, similarly poverty can be alleviated as well as exacerbated by
population movement most of my respondents said poverty and high cost of living is the main
impacts for migration process which is related with further noted that the difficult, for example
first children mostly above 12 years old and <15 may deprived of things which he/she have to
get from family function such as affection, emotional and materials support peace and security
and soon second. When children have lost their family, they may suffer because of lack of basic
needs such as food, shelter, cloth and education. Third is children's began to develop feeling of
lone line and this term leads to migration life from these we can conclude that the main impact
for migration is the absence of alternative for children support.

2. Do you think that rural migrations are reason for rapid growth of the population of the
town?

The respondents said an above questions the rapid growth of the population are the main reason
that, Example when those migrants come to this town the number of their population also added
the population of the town rapidly growth.

3. What changes do you observe in socio-economic and environmental aspect of the town
over years? Do you think that the town is capable to absorb immigrants? Accordingly, the above
question or interviews the Respondents responses that the town is capable to absorb immigrants.

22
Moreover, the respondent response that, town observed in social, economic and environmental
aspect of the city every year.

23
 CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
Even though, the rural to urban migrations has inflicted the lives of several farmers around the
town. Although there are a few exceptions of innovators or early adopters, the majority of people
were disposed of their land, asset and their properties. There are remaining negative and positive
factors, which effect the rural to urban migration such as, as source of cheap labor, better job
opportunities, for high education, unemployment and poverty and rapid population increase.

In addition to the above mentioned effects the prevalence of gap between internal and external
migration of people also another effects, however, creating awareness for the society about rural
to urban migration by opening of migrants commission in the town and other are the possible
solution to fulfill the gap.

The condition for rural to urban migration in the town is increasing from time to time and it
needs the responsibility of each and every individual in order to be properly implemented, next
to this a researcher also strongly agree with that respondents said to some extent but, disagree
with the responses of some respondents. Because what they provide is for form researcher reality
on the grounds in relation to effects of rural to urban migration on socio-economic development
in this town.

Finally, to conclude the finding, it is possible to conclude that rural to urban migration in the
town shows a high progress. Still it is intent stage due to the prevalence of the above-mentioned
effects, unemployment and poverty, rapid population and other social diseases.

5.2. Recommendation
After identifying the impacts of rural to urban migration on socio-economic development in
Woliso town, the researcher recommended the following points for the impacts of rural to urban
migration on socio-economic development in Woliso town.

Even if the effects of rural to urban migration in socio-economic development in the town
gradual change, in under to sustain this progress every individual should work hard to improve
the life conditions of the migrants.

24
All people should have committed to work in collaboration with the government and must have
created suitable conditions in which the resident public massively inspired and mobilized
engages in development efforts.

In addition to this government should enhance the awareness of the society about effects of rural
to urban migration on socio-economic development and should be organize unemployed migrant
in small and micro enterprise, and also facilitates the source of finances from financial
institutions in the area is the best way to alleviate the problem related to the finance and
managements for their need initial capital to involve and expand entrepreneurial venture in the
area. The government should empower the more disadvantages segment of the population, here
the role of NGO, CBOS and governmental organization on for front. In short since effects of
rural to urban migration on socio-economic development in the town needs the responsibility of
each and every individual. All the governments and the society as well as, different institutions.

25
 References
Mberu, B.U. 2006.Internal Alula Abate (1995). Demography Migration and Urbanization in
Modern Ethiopia:

Anthony Giddens (2005). Understanding Improvement: The Consequences of Development

Induce Displacement. Cambridge University.

C.Smith (2005). Impact of Urban Development on Agricultural Area in PrawetDistrict

CHU,U.Bangkok.

Feleke (1998). The Incorporation of Agricultural Areas in to Urban Area.Addis Ababa

University.

Giddens (2008). Rural to Urban Migration and Cities.London polity press.

Jihngon (2005). Urbanization and Rural to Urban Migration.Oxford University Press.

Castell (1997). Challenges of Rural to Urban Migration in Developing Countries.

Malden Black Well.

Stephen Smith and Michael Todaro (2005). Economic Development. 9th Edition, Published in
New Delhi and Manila.

Taylor (1999). The New Economic Labor Migration and the Role of Remittances in the
Migration Process.At University of California.

Todaro (1994). Migration Model in Economic Development. 5th Edition.NewPress London.

Afshar, R. 2003.―Dynamics of Poverty, Development and Population Mobility: The Bangladesh

Case. ‖Ad Hoc Expert Group Meeting on Migration and Development, organized by the
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, 27-29 August.

Anarfi, J., Kwankye, S., Ofosu-Mensah, A, &Tiemoko, R. 2001. Migration from and to Ghana:
Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalization and Poverty. University of
Sussex, Brighton.

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Ellis, F. (2000), Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries, Oxford: Oxford
University press.

Ezra, M. 2003. Environmental vulnerability, rural poverty, and migration in Ethiopia: a

contextual analysis, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 63-91. Published by: UniversitàdegliStudi di
Roma ―La Sapienza‖.URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/29788765, accessed: 23-01-
2017.

Sundari, S. 2005. Migration as a Livelihood Strategy. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 40,
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Timalsina, P., K. 2007.Rural Urban Migration and Livelihood in the Informal Sector.Master of
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migraine and household living conditions in Ethiopia.Demographic Research, 14(21), 509-540

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 APPENDIX
WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL STUDIES

Questionnaire for Rural to Urban Migrants

Dear respondent:-

The purpose of this questionnaire is to gather information regarding "Assessing the effects of
rural to urban migration on socio-economic development" at Woliso town. Since the final paper
will be written based on the information you have provided, please note that the answers you will
provide for this survey are completely confidential. Therefore, you are kindly requested to
provide accurate information as much as possible. The results from the survey will be used only
for research purpose, will not be shared with any other official agencies and will not any way
affect your residence.

i. Socio-demographic characteristics of Rural to Urban Migrants

Instruction-1: Use tick mark or write the answer as may be necessary to indicate your appropriate
response.

1. Age _______.

2. Sex: Male  Female 

3. Educational Status: Illiterate  Primary, 1st Cycle (1-4) 

Primary, 2st Cycle (5-8)  General Secondary (9-10) 

Preparatory (11-12)  12 Above 

4. Marital Status:

Single  Married  Divorced  Widowed 

28
 ii. Questionnaire on negative and positive effects of rural to urban migration on socio-
economic development perceived by migrants.

Instruction-2: Please state your agreements and disagreements by using tick mark for the
following effects because of rural to urban migration at Woliso town.

Check list for key informant interview

1. What do you think are the major impacts in urban living that are the result of rural to urban
migration in Woliso?

 Environment of the town

______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
 Socio-economic condition.
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

2. Do you think that rural Migrants are the reason for rapid growth of the population of the town?

______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

3. What are the impacts resulted from rural migrants in the aspect of:-

 Providing social service (house, electricity, water roads ,school, clinics, etc)
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
 Expansion of informal urban sector
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ .
 Rapid and unplanned urban expansion
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.

29
  Rise in the cost of consumer goods
______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
 Expansion of crime
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________ .
 Increase in urban unemployment and urban poverty
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ .

4. What changes do you observe in the social, economic and environmental aspect of the town
over years? Do you think that the town is capable to absorb immigrants?

______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.

30