ARTS
MKTMGT 1105
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
1. Rhythm - is a movement or pattern with uniform
recurrence of accented and accented beat
2. Melody - is the succession of tones arranged in
such a way as to give it a musical sense. It may also
refer to the rising and falling of the tune in time.
3. Harmony - is the sounding of a series of groups
of tones at the same time. It may also refer to the
pleasing sound that is produced when two or more
notes are played together.
- concordance results when the combination of
sounds is in agreement which makes it sound good
while dissonance results when the combination is
not pleasant to hear.
4. Timbre - is tonal quality or the character of the
tone that is produced by an instrument or by the
human voice. Timbre allows the listener to
distinguish the sound between a guitar and a violin
for example. In the same way, people can be
identified by their voices. A man’s voice sounds
different from a woman’s voice and an old person’s
voice is different from that of a child.
5. Form - is the structure or the framework of a
composition.
Vocal Forms
• Opera is a drama set to music complete with
actions, costumes, and scenery
• Cantata is a religious story told in music
without actions
• Moro-moro is a Philippine drama set to
music which depicts the conflict between the
Christians and the Muslims.
Instrumental Forms
• Sonata is a long composition for solo
instruments (piano, Violin)
• Symphony is a sonata for the orchestra.
6. Dynamics - is the loudness and softness of the
sound in music indicated by symbols to regulate the
volume of the sound.
ELEMENTS OF DANCE
1. Music plays an important role in the dance to
which it is closely related. It should be melodic and
harmonious and fits into the movements of the dance.
Music motivates the dancers to move in tune with its
rhythm. The background music of the dance
functions to captivate the interest and awe of the
audience.
2. Movement is how the dancers use their bodies to
move and create organized patterns. Dancers also
use gestures which express specific emotions or
ideas in sign language.
3. Choreography refers to how the steps and
movements are connected for it to be performed in
an organized manner. The choreography guides the
dancers’ movements for them to perform the
movement, convey the message and tell the story
through body language.
4. Technique is the skill of the dancer in executing
the movements. A good dancer has complete control
over the muscles of the body thus creating grace and
fluidity of movements.
5. Theme is the content or the main ingredient of the
dance. It tells what the dance is trying to convey. It
has something to do with the message of the dance.
6. Design is the planned organization or patterns of
movement in time and space. Pattern in time, is
provided by rhythm to be executed in space on a
stage or dance floor.
7. Costume. The type of dance performed, and the
costumes worn relate closely to the customs, beliefs,
and environment of the people. Costumes enhance
the effect of the dance.
Drama - is basically one of the genres of literature
that is written primarily to be performed. The
performance is done by actors on stage before a live
audience.
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
1. Plot is the overall structure of the play. It is
concerned about what the story is all about.
Traditional plots have a beginning, a middle, and an
ending.
The Plot progresses through the following:
• Exposition is the part that familiarizes the
audience with the characters and the situation
they are in.
• Complication happens in the middle part of
the play which develops the conflict that was
started in the exposition.
• Resolution is also called the anticlimax or the
part where conditions in the story are
normalized and the situation becomes stable.
2. Setting is the locale and period in which the story
takes place. It includes the scenery, props and
costumes used in staging. It is the background of
the play that informs the audience where and when
the story will take place.
3. Characters are the persons involved in the story.
They may seem real to the audience depending on
how the playwright structures the dialogues to make
the characters come to life. Characters can be the
protagonist or the antagonist.
Protagonist is the character from which the story
revolves around while the antagonist is the person
who challenges the role of the protagonist.
4. Dialogue refers to the words uttered by the
characters in the story. It what the characters use
when conversing with each other or when
expressing his thoughts and emotions. Dialogues let
the audience know the kind of character that the
actor is portraying. There are, however, plays with
no dialogues. Pantomimes rely heavily on actions,
gestures, facial expression, and sound effects.
5. Theme is what the story means. It is how the
individual elements are put together to give the story
significance and perspective. It relates something
about life that is presented in its totality. The theme
may be directly or indirectly stated.
Theater art - is performed live. Its performance is
immediate and once performed cannot be undone.
Its magic begins when the curtains are raised, and
the stage lights go on.
ELEMENTS OF THEATER
1. The Playwright’s role is to work out the plot in
terms of the actual actions to be performed and
dialogue to be spoken by actors within the limited
facilities of the stage.
2. The Performers are the ones who portray the
characters in a play.
3. The Director works with the playwright to present
which is interpreted and translated into dramatic
action.
4. Production Design includes the scenery, props,
make-up, costumes, lights, music, sound and all
other special effects used in a theater production.
Elements of Cinema (Motion Picture)
1. Acting and the Stars - acting is the art of
portraying or impersonating a character in the story.
A performer during filming should embody the
character he is portraying. The actor’s portrayal must
be perfect and complete.
2. Set and Directors should know the setting of the
story and build artificial sets.
3. Music and Musical Director - music is
indispensable in motion pictures. The musical
director is in charge of selecting, composing new
songs, writing orchestration, preparing background
music, creating musical scores and supervising all
recording.
4. Color in the movies is an innovation in
cinematography. It costs twice as much as the black
and white films. Most films are now shown in high
definition (HD) color.
5. Make-up, Hair and Costume Design - these
people are responsible for applying the specific type
of make-up, hairstyle, and costume to the actors
before they face the camera.
6. Sound, Camera and Special Effects
Technicians - sound technicians are responsible for
making the dialogue clear and music of fine quality.
They make sure that there is no background noise.
The use of cameras and the functions of the special
effects technician is indispensable in
cinematography. They decide on the use of masking,
the choice of lens, the camera angle, and the control
of camera movements.
PRINCIPLES OF ART
In the appreciation of the visual arts, these three
elements present themselves as:
1. Form refers to how specific elements in the
artwork are organized to produce a unified whole.
Form is further classified into:
• Primary Features. This is how the artwork
appears to the viewers. Its physical attributes
in terms of medium, color, texture, and size.
• Secondary Features. This is how the primary
features of the artwork relate to one another.
Particularly, this refers to balance, proportion,
unity, and harmony that are used to create the
whole composition.
2. Content refers to the message the artist wants to
convey through his art. The levels of content are:
• Factual is the literal interpretation of the
work, its images, attributes, actions and
poses.
• Conventional level takes into consideration
the basic genres and the figurative meanings
usually indicated by familiar signs and
symbols and the quality of work.
• Subjective level takes into consideration the
effect of form and content on the viewers of
the art.
3. Context refers to the various circumstances that
influence how a work of art was produced and
interpreted. The two types of contexts are:
• Primary context pertains to the
characteristic of the artist, his personality,
beliefs, interests, and values.
• Secondary context pertains to the setting.
The historical period, time in which the work
was produced. Included here are the
functions served by the artwork, its religious
and philosophical conviction, socio political
and economic undertones, climate, and
geography.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
The principles of design describe the ways in which
an artist has used or can use the elements of art to
create beautiful compositions. (Grieder 1996)
1. Balance is the distribution of the visual weight of
objects, color, texture and space. The use of these
elements should be balanced to make the viewers
see and feel design as stable.
Three types of balance:
• Symmetrical balance results when the
elements used on one side of the design are
similar to those on the other side.
• Asymmetrical balance is when the sides of
the composition are different but still looked
balanced.
• Radial balance is achieved when the
elements are arranged around a central point.
Elements may exhibit similarities as they
spread around the central point.
2. Emphasis is the part of the design that catches
the viewer's attention. The artist will usually make
one area stand out by contrasting it with other areas.
3. Movement is the path the viewer's eye takes
when looking through the work of art. Such
movement can be implied along lines edges, shape,
and color within the work of art.
4. Pattern is the repetition of objects, shapes, lines,
or symbols all over the space or picture plane.
5. Proportion is the feeling of unity created when all
parts relate well with each other.
6. Repetition works with patterns to make the work
seem active. The repetition of elements of design
creates unity within the artwork.
7. Rhythm is created when one or more elements of
design are used repeatedly to produce a feeling of
organized, continuous, sometimes flowing
movement. To keep rhythm exciting and active,
variety is important.
8. Variety is the use of several elements of design
that adds interest in order to hold the viewer's
attention and guide the viewer’s eye through and
around the work of art.
9. Unity is the feeling of harmony between and
among the parts of the work of art, which creates a
feeling of completeness in the composition.

THE RULE OF THIRDS AND THE SEVEN
DAVINCIAN PRINCIPLES
The Rule of Thirds is used by visual artists (painters,
digital artists, and photographers) to create
compositions that meet the requirements for a good
design. Most artists today, however, do not use this
rule, they opt for free-flowing composition that is
more of their individual expression rather than of
works limited or bounded by basic rules. The point of
this discussion is to encourage artists to first be
aware of the basic rules before they start venturing
to unorthodox techniques in expressing their art.
THE SEVEN DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLES
The Beginnings of Art, Western and Asian Art
“Art is the signature of civilizations” – Beverley Sills.
The Beginnings of Art
Art history is a timeline of vast accumulation
of movements, periods and styles that reflect the time
during which each piece of art was made. It begins
around 44,000 years ago with the first known cave
paintings in Sulawesi, Indonesia that predate writing
in the journey of human race. Art is a significant
aspect of history since it is one of the few things to
survive. It can tell us stories, express the
condition and beliefs of an era, and lets us connect
to the people who lived ahead of us. Upon
exploration of art from Prehistoric to Contemporary
times, people of the present day can see how art
influences the future and convey the past.
WESTERN AND ASIAN ART
Prehistoric and Ancient Art
- Prehistoric and ancient art were around 44,000
B.C.E. to 400 BCE. It can be considered as the art
period that includes cave paintings, fertility statues
and bone flutes to approximately the end of the
Roman empire. A variety of art styles were produced
over this lasting period. This art period includes those
of prehistory to the ancient civilizations of
Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the nomadic tribes.
Pre-historic Art
- Prehistoric cave art in Sulawesi, Indonesia was
discovered in the 1950's. This art is of indigenous
mammals; a small water buffalo, a warty pig, and a
pig-deer, and hand stencils. Archeologists
discovered their age to be around forty thousand
years, at least same age as the oldest known art in
Europe. It would mean that art was developed much
earlier than what humans thought, in Africa, and that
men carried the tradition with them as they move.
Cave Paintings
PREHISTORIC ART
CHARACTERISTICS
Cave paintings, fertility goddesses, megalithic
structures
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Civilizations from Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and
the Romans
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Sulawesi Cave Paintings, Lascaux Cave Paintings,
Venus of Willendorf, Stonehenge
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Ice Age ends 910,000BCE-8,000BCE); new Stone
Age and first permanent settlements (8000BCE-
2500BCE)
Ancient Art
- Ancient Art period includes the works found in
classical civilizations like the Greeks and Celts as
well as that of the early Chinese dynasties.
ANCIENT ART
CHARACTERISTICS
Religious and symbolic imagery, decorations for
utilitarian objects, mythological stories
Mesopotamian - warrior art and narration in stone
Egyptian - Afterlife focus: pyramids and tomb
paintings; massive, monumental structures
Greek and Hellenistic - Greek idealism; perfect
proportions; architectural orders (Doric, Ionic,
Corinthians)
Romans - Roman realism: practical and down to
earth; the arch
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Civilizations from Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece,
and the Romans
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Mesopotamian
Code of Hammurabi; Standard of Ur; Gate of Ishtar
Egyptian
Imhotep’s pyramid; Great pyramids; Temple of
Rameses; The Great Sphinx
Greek and Hellenistic
Parthenon; Myron; Phidias; Polykeitos; Praxiteles
Roman
Augustus of Primaporta; Colosseum; Trajan’s
Column; Pantheon
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Mesopotamian
Sumerians invent writing (3400 BC); Hammurabi
writes his law code (1780 BCE); Abraham founds
monotheism
Greek and Hellenistic
Athens defeats Persia at marathon (490 BCE);
Peloponnesian
Roman
Julius Caesar was assassinated (44BCE); Augustus
proclaimed emperor (27 BCE); Diocletian splits
Empire (CE 292) Rome falls (CE 476)
- the artwork of this time is as varying as the
cultures that created it. What relates them together
is their purpose. Most of the time, art was made to
narrate stories in a time when oral tradition
predominates. Art was also utilized to decorate
utilitarian objects like bowls, pitchers, and
weapons. At times, it was also used to show the
status of its owner, a concept that art has used
since time immemorial.
ASIAN ART
Hindu Art
- this Art reflects the plurality of beliefs, Hindu
Temples, which depicts their architecture and where
sculptures are found, typically are devoted to
different deities.
- Hindu Art is portrayed by holy symbols like the
Om, an invocation of divine consciousness of God;
the swastika, a symbol of auspiciousness; and the
lotus flower, a symbol of purity, beauty, fertility, and
transcendence. It is believed that the Christian
"Amen" and Islamic "Amin" are both derived from
Om.
Chinese Art
- this art evolved through its history. As political and
social circumstances changed and new technologies
developed, so did its art. Chinese artistic styles are
classified according to the dynasty under which
they were produced. The important qualities
include a love of nature, a credence in the moral and
educative capacity of art, an appreciation of
simplicity, and gratitude of accomplished brushwork,
an interest in viewing the subject from various
perspectives, and a loyalty to much-used motifs and
designs from lotus leaves to dragons. The art forms
most worthy to mention are calligraphy and painting
though Chinese art also encompasses fine arts, folk
arts, and performance arts.
Japanese Art
- Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and
media, including ancient pottery, calligraphy on silk
and paper, ink painting, kirigami, origami, and
dorodango sculpture, and, ukiyo-e paintings and
woodblock prints, and more recently manga, a
modern method of Japanese cartooning and comics.
Japan’s art has frequently been complicated by the
definitions and expectation established in the late
19th and 20th centuries when Japan was opened to
the west.

ASIAN ART
CHARACTERISTICS
Serene, meditative, art, and Arts of the Floating
World
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Gu Kaizhi; Li Cheng; Hokusai; Hiroshige
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Swastika, om
Wintry Forest, Level Distance Cherry Blossom
Time at Naka-no-cha in the Yoshiwara
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Birth of Buddha (563 BCE); Silk Road opens (1st
century BCE); Buddhism spreads to China (1st-2nd
century CE) and Japan (5th century CE)
Byzantine art is about religious expression and
more specifically about church doctrine translated
into aesthetic forms.
Byzantine forms of architecture and painting was
based on religious concerns which made art uniform,
anonymous, and perfected within this austere
tradition. The result was sophistication of style and a
spirituality of expression that rarely compares with
the art of Western tradition.
BYZANTINE AND ISLAMIC ART
CHARACTERISTICS
Heavenly Byzantine mosaics; Islamic architecture
and amazing maze-like design
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Rublev, Andre
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Hagia Sofia, Mosque of Cordoba; The Alhambra
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Justinian partly restores Roman Empire (533 CE-
562CE); Iconoclasm Controversy (726CE- 843CE);
Birth of Islam (610 CE); and Muslim conquests (632
CE-732CE)
Medieval Art
- to some, the millennium from 400 and 1400 A.D. is
considered as the Dark Ages, where the art in this
period were depicted as grotesque or brutal scenes
while others were focused on formalized religion.
Most of the art created were melancholy.
- Medieval European art saw a transition from the
Byzantine period to the Early Christian period.
Within that, from about 300 to 900, we also saw
Migration Period Art as Germanic people migrated
across the continent. This Barbarian art was
outboard by necessity and more of it was
understandably lost.
- As the millennium passed, more and more
Christian and Catholic art appeared. The period
centered around elaborate churches and artwork to
adorn this architecture. It also saw the rise of Gothic
and Romanesque styles of art and architecture.
MEDIEVAL ART
CHARACTERISTICS
Dark imagery, biblical subjects,
Classical mythology, Gothic
architecture, Romanesque, Celtic
Art, Carolingian Renaissance
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Abbot, Suger, Cimabue, Duccio,
Giotto
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Crucifix, Lamentation of Christ
St. Sernin, Durnham Cathedral,
Chartres Cathedral
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Viking Raids (793-1066); Battle of Hastings (1066);
Crusades I-IV (1094-1204) Black Death (1347-1351)
Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
 SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Guttenberg’s invents movable parts (1447); Turks
conquers Constatntinople(1453);m Columbus lands
in New Word (1492); Martin Luther starts Reformation
(1517)

Venetian and Northern Renaissance

- in 1430-1550, a period of Northern Renaissance was
Early to High Renaissance
famous due to advance technique in oil painting,
- this movement covers the period from 1400
realistic, vivid altarpiece art, wooden panel paintings,
through 11500. Renaissance literally means rebirth
woodcuts, and printmaking. Stone sculpture was not
and describes the resurgence of curiosity in the
extremely popular, but the Germans boost up their
artistic achievements of Greece and Rome. Most
wood carving techniques. Dutch art was governed by
known paintings emerged from this period. Many of
empirical perspective. Dutch aimed to get to the
the notable art created during the Renaissance was
basics, capturing every single detail. The painters
Italian. The famous 15th-century artists like
learned from direct observation and their knowledge
Brunelleschi and Donatello paved the way to the
of the consistency of things.
work of Botticelli and Alberti. When the High
Renaissance took over in the next century, the work VENETIAN AND HIGH RENAISSANCE
of Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael emerged. CHARACTERISTICS
- the increasing edification of society, through The Renaissance extends northward to France, Low
political stability, economic growth and Countries, Poland, Germany, and England
cosmopolitanism brought about the high
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
renaissance. Education at its time took center stage,
Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Durer, Bruegel, Bosch, Jan
with libraries and academies that allowed empirical
Van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden
studies and research to be conducted into the
cultures of the ancient world. The arts benefited from INFLUENTIAL WORKS
the patronage of influential families and individuals. Through the Looking Glass
Portrait in a Young Man in Red
EARLY AND HIGH RENAISSANCE
CHARACTERISTICS SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Rebirth of classical culture Council of Trent and Counter-Reformation (1545-
1563); Copernicus proves the Earth revolves around
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
the sun (1543)
Ghiberti, Brunelleschi; Donatello; Boticelli;
Leanardo; Michaelangelo; Rapahael
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Ghiberti’s Door; Cathedral of Sta. Monica
del Fiore; David; Primavera, Mona Lisa
Mannerism
- mannerism (1527-1580) introduced a highly
imaginative period in art after the climax of excellence
that naturalistic painting had attained in Renaissance
Italy. Artists started to deviate from classical
influences and turn toward a further intellectual and
expressive approach. This ushered in a change from
authentic portrayals of figures and subjects, a
rejection of harmony, and the development of a
dramatic new style unconstrained by the graphic
plane, reality, or literal correctness.
- radical asymmetry, artifice, and the decorative
also apprised this movement. Paintings, and
compositions can have no focus and space can be
abstruse. The figures can be represented by a
powerful twisting and bending with distortions,
exaggerations, elongations of the limbs, bizarre
posturing on one hand, graceful posturing on the
other hand and the rendering of the head as uniformly
small and oval. The compositions are marked by
clashing colors which lacks the balance, naturalism,
and dramatic colors of High Renaissance. Mannerist
artwork seeks instability and restlessness with
fondness for allegories that have lascivious
undertones.
- new discoveries in science had led society away
from Humanist ideals and paintings no longer
conceived man as the center of the universe, but
rather as isolated, incidental partakers in the great
mysteries of life.
MANNERISM
CHARACTERISTICS
Art that breaks the rules, artifice over nature
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Tintoretto, El Greco, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
St. Luke, Summer
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Magellan circumnavigates the globe (1520-1522)
Baroque Art
- the word baroque means something that is
elaborate and highly detailed. Baroque style (1600-
1750) is characterized by exaggerated motion and
clear detail used to produce drama, exuberance, and
grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture,
literature, dance, and music. The defining
characteristics of the Baroque style were real or
implied movement, an attempt to represent infinity,
an emphasis on light and its effects, and a focus on
the theatrical.
- Chiaroscuro technique is a trait of Baroque Art
in which the treatment of light and dark in an artwork
assisted to create dramatic tension, was a key
component in Baroque artwork. It was further
evolved by Baroque master Caravaggio into
tenebrism, which used the intensification of contrast
within dark atmospheric scenes to highlight
particular elements.
- During this era, significant events like the
Reformation and the Counter- Reformation occurred
with the baroque style being considered intricately
linked to the Catholic Church. The popularity of style
was encouraged by the church which was decided at
the Council of Trent that the arts should
communicate religious themes and direct emotional
involvement in response to the Protestant
Reformation.
BAROQUE
CHARACTERISTICS
Splendour and flourish for God; art as a weapon in
the religious wars
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Reubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio,
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Palace of Versailles
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Thirty Years War between Catholics and Protestants
(1618-1648)
Neoclassical
- the Neoclassical Period is considered a period of
enlightenment. The movement started in Europe in
the 1700's and spread into the colonies.
- the focus of this was on government, ethics, and
science which varies from the previous period that
focused on religion, imagination, and emotions.
- Neoclassical art has a cleaner style, sculpted
forms, a shallow depth of background and a
more realistic approach.
- Neoclassical painting and sculpture involved
emphasis on austere linear design in the depiction of
classical event, characters, and themes, using
historically correct settings and costumes.
NEOCLASSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
Art that recaptures Greco-Roman grace and
grandeur
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Philoctetes on Lemnos, Napoleon crossing the Alps
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Enlightenment (18th Century; Industrial Revolution
(1760-1850))
ROMANTICISM
CHARACTERISTICS
The triumph of imagination and individuality
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Caspar Friedrich, Gericault, Delacroix, Turner,
Benjamin West
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Caernarvon Castle; Liberty Leading the People
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
American Revolution (1775-1783); French
Revolution (1789-17990; Napoleon crowned
Emperor by French (1803)
Realism
- Realism (1848-1900) is also called naturalism.
- The accurate, detailed, straightforward depiction of
nature or of contemporary life.
- Realists rejected romanticism which had dominated
French literature and art late 18th century.
- They depicted people of all classes in ordinary life
situations which reflected the changes brought on by
the industrial and commercial revolutions.

REALISM
CHARACTERISTICS
Celebrating working class and peasants; air rustic
Romanticism painting
- Romanticism (1750-1850) rapidly spread all over
Europe and the United States at the end of the 18th LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
century to the 19th. Corot, Courbet, Daumier, Millet
- The period extolled abstract, complex ideas like
despair, hope, heroism, liberty, peace, survival, and INFLUENTIAL WORKS
other impressions that nature evokes in human The Gleaners
beings.
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
-Romantic art concentrated on emotions, feelings,
European democratic revolutions (1848)
and moods to challenge the rational ideal held so
tightly during the Enlightenment.
-The subject matter varied widely including
landscapes, religion, revolution, and serene beauty.
MODERN ART
- the modern art refers to late 19th and early-to-mid
20th century art. Works produced during this time
showcase artists’ interest in re-imagining,
reinterpreting, and even rejecting traditional
aesthetic values of preceding styles. Starting with
light and airy Impressionism and ending with
energetic Abstract Expressionism, the modern art
genre is composed of several major movements.
Impressionism
- this is the style of painting that emerged in the mid
and late 1800s. The movement emphasizes on an
artist’s immediate impression of a moment or scene,
communicated through the effect of light and its
reflection, short brush strokes and separation of
colors. Modern life is often used as the subject
matter by impressionist painters painting freely and
quickly featuring short visible strokes-dots, commas,
smears, and blobs.
Post-Impressionism
- Post-impressionism (1885-1910) bridged the gap
between the restrictive techniques found in the
impressionist period and the emphasis on geometry
found in modern art. Post-Impressionism is an art
movement characterized by a subjective approach to
painting, as artists opted to evoke emotion rather
than realism in their work. While their styles
passionately varied, paintings completed in the Post-
Impressionist manner share some similar qualities
like symbolic motifs, unnatural color, and painterly
brushstrokes.
POST IMPRESSIONISM
CHARACTERISTICS
A soft revolt against impressionism
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Van Gogh, Gaugin, Cezanne, Seurat
Fauvism and Expressionism (1900-1935)
- Fauvism is a term to denote the use of distortion
and exaggeration for emotional eect, which first
surfaced in the art literature of the early twentieth
century. The artists used pure, brilliant color
applied straight from the paint tubes to create bright
effects from the canvass.
- Expressionism is an artistic style in which the artist
attempts to portray not objective reality but rather the
subjective emotions and responses that objects and
events awaken in him. It is accomplished through
distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy
through vivid, violent, or dynamic application of
formal elements.
FAUVISM AND EXPRESSIONISM
CHARACTERISTICS
Harsh colors and flat surfaces (fauvism)
Emotion distorting form
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Matisse, Kadinsky and Munch
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Dancer Tilting, San Giorgio Maggiore at
Dusk
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Boxer Rebellion in China (1900); World War (1914-
1918)

INFLUENTIAL WORKS
The Starry Night, Pyramid of Skulls,
The Dream
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Belle Epoch (late 19th Century Golden Age; Japan
defeats Russia (1905)
Cubism, Futurism, Supremativism,
Constructivism, De Still (1905-1920)
- Cubism is an artistic movement, created by Pablo
Picasso and Georges Braque. It employs geometric
shapes in depictions of human and other forms.
Overtime, the geometric touches grew so intense
that they sometimes overtook the represented forms,
creating a pure level of visual abstraction.
- Futurism is an Italian art movement that took
speed, technology, and modernity as its inspiration.
It portrayed the dynamic character of 20th century
life, elevated war, and machine age, and favored the
growth of fascism.
CUBISM AND FUTURISM
SUPREMATIVISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM, DE STILL
CHARACTERISTICS
Pre-post World War I art experiment; new forms to
express modern life
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Picasso, Braque, Leger, Boccioni, Severini,
Malevich
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
The Old Guitarist
Malevich’s Self Portrait
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Russian Revolution (1917); American women
franchised (1920)
Dadaism and Surrealism (1917-1950)
- Dadaism is the first conceptual art movement
where the focus of the artists was not to craft
aesthetically pleasing objects but create works that
upended bourgeois sensibilities. It aimed to generate
difficult questions about the society, the role of the
artist and the purpose of art. Dada artist are identified
to use ready-made objects with little manipulation.
- Surrealism intends to channel the unconscious
means to unlock the power of imagination. Strongly
influenced by psychoanalysis, the Surrealist’s
considers the rational mind repressed the power
of imagination, weighing it down with taboos. It was
also influenced by Karl Marx in the sense that
surrealists hoped that the human psyche had the
power to reveal contradictions in the everyday world
and spur on revolution.
DADAISM AND SURREALISM
CHARACTERISTICS
Ridiculous art; painting dreams and exploring the
unconscious
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Duchamp, Dali, Ernst, Magritte, de Chirico, Kahlo
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
The Fountain, The Persistence of Memory
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Disillusionment after WWI; The Great Depression
(1929- 1938); World War II (1939-1945) and Nazi
horrors; atomic bombs dropped on Japan (1945)
Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art
- Abstract Expressionism (1940-1950) is an art
movement of mostly non-representative painting. It
was neither wholly abstract nor expressionist and
comprised several fairly various styles. What
integrated them in one art movement was an aim to
redefine the nature of painting.
- Pop Art (1960s) is a movement marked by a
fascination with popular culture reflecting the auence
in post-war society. It was most prominent in
American art but soon spread to Britain. In
celebrating everyday objects, the movement turn the
commonplace into icons. It is a direct descendant of
Dadaism in the way it mocks the established art
world by appropriating images from the street, the
supermarket, the mass media, and presents it as art.
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM AND POP ART
CHARACTERISTICS
Post WWII,: pure abstraction and
expression without form; popular art
absorbs consumerism
 LEADING CONTRIBUTORS - Deconstructivism is a movement of postmodern
Gorky, Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko, architecture which appeared in the 1980s. It gives
Warhol, Lichtenstein the impression of the fragmentation of the
constructed building. It is characterized by an
INFLUENTIAL WORKS absence of harmony, continuity, or symmetry. The
Autumn Rhythm, Marilyn Monroe, Canadian American Frank O. Gehry is the most well-
Campbell soup cans known proponent of Deconstructivism building
design. He is one of the prominent American
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS architects of the Postmodern era.
Cold War and Vietnam War (US enters 1965); UUSR
suppresses Hungarian revolt 1956); MODERNT ART
Czechoslovakian Revolt (1968) POST MODERN AND DECONSTRUCTIVISM
CHARACTERISTICS
Art without a center and reworking and mixing past
styles
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Gerard Richter, Cindy Sherman, Anselm Kiefer,
Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Orders of the Night; Abstract Art
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Nuclear freeze movement; Cold War fizzles;
Communism collapses in Eastern Europe and USSR
CONTEMPORARY ART (1989-1991)
- Contemporary art is the art of today, created by
artists who are living in the twenty-first century.
Contemporary art provides a chance to reflect on
contemporary civilization and the matters relevant to
us, and the world around us. Contemporary artists
work in a globally motivated, culturally diverse, and
technologically evolving world. This art is a dynamic
mixture of materials, techniques, concepts, and
subjects that question traditional boundaries and
challenge easy definition. contemporary art is
diverse characterized by the extreme lack of a
consistent, unifying principle or ideology.
Contemporary art is concerned on personal and
cultural identity, family, community, and nationality.
Post Modernism and Deconstructivism
- Postmodern art refers to a group of movements
that began in the late 1950s and early 1960s, during
which artist rejected established practices and
questioned the importance of their roles in the artistic
process. Postmodern artists use familiar images
from consumer and pop culture and mass media to
confront or question art and society. Their work has
an irreverent almost mocking view of artistic
importance.
Instrumental music
- is a musical composition that is without lyrics, or
singing, although it might include some inarticulate
vocals.
- this music is primarily produced by
instruments.
- the commencement of this genre of music is
significant for it paved the way for the invention and
development of musical instruments with tone
qualities as people understand it today.
- instrumental music marked the beginnings of the
elements of harmony, rhythm and melody that made
music beautiful then and still is up to now.
- it can mimic the sound of nature so well that they
can effectively stir the deepest of human emotion.
The History of Instrumental Music
Medieval Period
• Monophonic Texture
• Sacred Vocal Music
• During Medieval period, music was primarily
vocal.
• Harmony and tonality were not functional
during this period.
• Monophonic texture was predominantly used
during the first period of era.
Renaissance Period
• Polyphonic Texture
• Choirs grew
• The Renaissance or "rebirth" was a period
from 1400 to 1600 of significant changes in
history including music.
• Music was performed by vocal groups
• Rhythm began to increase in complexity and
melodic range increased during this era.
• Polyphonic texture was predominantly used.
Baroque Music
• Italian word "barocco" which means bizarre
• Compositions became more homophonic,
meaning based on one melody with harmonic
support coming from a keyboard player.
• Johann Sebastian Bach - might be
considered the greatest composer of any
period
• Choral music no longer dominated the era;
the idea of the modern orchestra was born;
violin, viola, cello, and harpsichord were
invented.
• Polyphonic / Homophonic Texture
• Instruments & Musical Techniques
Classical Music
• Most influential personalities of classical
music emerged.
• In this period a new form of music which is
highly refined, simple in melodic text and
harmonic structure and coordinated by
symmetrical form developed. Mozart,
Beethoven, Paganini, Rossini, and others
who gave the world some of the greatest
music ever composed.
• Homophonic texture
Romantic Period
• The Romantic Era is characterized by
chamber music ensembles, large symphony
orchestras, opera companies and piano as
performing mediums.
• Themes such as romantic love, the
supernatural, and even death.
• Genres included concertos, operas, sonatas,
and symphonies.
• Classical Music
• Subjective
Modern Music
• Described as the “age of musical diversity”
because composers had more creative
freedom.
• Advantage of the resources and technology.
Popular Music Forms
- during the Renaissance, composers took known
musical forms from church music and secularized
them. Forms of music that evolved during the
Renaissance included the cantus firmus, chorale,
French chansons, and madrigals.
Cantus Firmus meant "firm chant," that was typically
utilized in the Medieval period and was strongly
founded on the Gregorian chant. Composers
dropped the chants and instead incorporated
secular, folk music.
The Renaissance, saw the rise of the chorale, a
song that was intended to be sung by a congregation.
Its original form was monophonic, which then evolved
into a four-part harmony.
The French chanson is a polyphonic French song
that was originally for two to four voices. An Italian
madrigal is defined as polyphonic secular music that
was performed in groups of four to six singers who
sang mostly love songs. It had served two principal
roles: as an enjoyable private entertainment for small
groups of skilled amateur musicians or as a small
part of a large ceremonial public performance.
Music Forms and Styles
12-tone System
- is credited to Arnold Schoenberg. He developed a
technique called 12- tone system wherein all the 12
notes of the octave are of equal importance. The 12
notes are placed in a specific order called a "tone-
row" or "tone-series," and no note is repeated within
a row. This evoked music that felt anxious and
unresolved.
Concert Music
- many composers combined jazz music elements
with other music styles such as classical and blues.
Music during this time also spoke of nationalistic
fervor. Some of the composers whose works were
greatly appreciated were George Gershwin
(Rhapsody in Blue), Aaron Copland (Rodeo) and
Dmitry Shostakovich (The Golden Age).
Electronic Music
- composers of electronic music experimented with
technology and how it affects certain aspects of
music such as melody and rhythm.
Impressionistic
- in music, it is applied to works of early 20th century
composers such as Debussy. Debussy rejected the
rules of tonality and created music that is pleasing to
the ears as impressionist paintings are appealing to
the eyes. This resulted in music that was relaxed and
almost dreamlike.
Jazz
- can be traced back to earlier African American
music styles. It is particularly remarkable for its
improvisation, harmonic progressions, and modified
rhythms.
Minimalism
- is the type of music which was simple and contained
patterns that were repeated and reinforced by a
steady beat. Examples are the music of Steve Reich
and Philip Glass.
New Romanticism
- desired music that was expressive, haunting, and
mysterious, much like the music of the past.
Composers who used this technique were George
Crumb (Ancient Voices of Children) and Gyorgy
Ligeti (Lux Aeterna), among others.
Neoclassical
- is a concept applied to the music of early 20th
century composers like Stravinsky which reflects the
18th-century music. Stravinsky's works, particularly
after the highly acclaimed The Rite of Spring, did not
emphasize tonality but felt restrained. Stravinsky was
discovered by Sergei Diaghilev, the producer of the
Ballet Rouse. His earlier works reflected influences
from Debussy's dissonance and irregular rhythmic
patterns.
Serialism
- was based on Schoenberg's 12-tone system, which
was continued by his student Anton von Webern.
Serialism was evident in the music of the 1950s and
1960s, but appreciation was limited to university
professors and their students. Serialism used a strict
musical formula that was difficult to play. Composers
who used this technique were Milton Babbitt and
Pierre Boulez, to name a few.
Notable 20th Century Composers and Musicians
Bela Bartok: A Hungarian composer and renowned
ethnomusicologist.
Alban Berg: An Austrian composer who adapted the
atonal style, also referred to as the classicist of
modern music.
Ernest Bloch: A Swiss composer of spiritual music.
John Cage: An American composer of the 20th
century known for his innovative, avant- garde ideas
of creating and appreciating music. He devised the
"prepared piano."
Henry Cowell: The American composer, and one of
the inventors of an electrical instrument called
"rhythmicon", who wrote pieces wherein the
musicians played the keys of a piano by striking it
with their forearms or wrists and strumming or
plucking the strings.
Edward Elgar: An English composer, who,
according to Richard Strauss, was the "first English
progressive musician."
Charles Ives: The first known composer of polytonal
pieces.
Jean Sibelius: A Finnish composer, conductor, and
teacher especially known for his orchestral works and
symphonies.
Edgard Varese: One of the composers who
experimented with music and technology. He wrote a
piece for an orchestra composed of solely percussion
instruments.
He also experimented with taped music and 3. Textile weaving
electronic instruments. Weaving is an ancient art form that remain in
the Philippines today, with each ethnic group having
Anton von Webern: An Austrian composer their distinctive weaving techniques. Prehistoric
belonging to the 12-tone Viennese school. textile that has been excavated are believed to have
been created by using flat stone tools to pound and
Ralph Vaughan Williams: An English composer of
flatten tree barks for use as materials.
nationalistic music.
The oldest surviving textile in the entire
Philippine Art History Southeast Asian region was found in the Philippine
Island of Banton in Romblon province. The cloth,
"Some people come into our lives, leave footprints on known as the Banton cloth, has designs with folkloric
our hearts, and we are never the same." - Franz motifs, and was used as a death wrap.
Schubert
Philippine Arts
- the Philippine Arts pertain to Filipino artworks that
have developed in country from the beginning of its
civilization up to the present era.
PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART
(before 1521)
• also known as Pre-Spanish era
• ancient tools and other artifacts are found in 4. Jewelry
the different islands of Philippines like Preceding the Spanish colonization, the native
Filipino of all genders, all social classes wore gold
Batangas, Cagayan, Central Luzon, Davao,
from gold necklaces, earrings, bracelets, armlets,
and Palawan.
even to their grave.
• Discovered stone tools.
5. Gold Death Mask
1. Receptacles The burial practice of covering the eyes, nose,
Early Filipinos believe in life after death. and mouth of the dead with sheets of gold is a
They used receptacles which were containers custom practiced by a limited group of Filipinos. It is
fashioned to enclose and protect the bodies of their believed that when the face of the dead is covered
dead relatives. with a gold mask, evil spirits cannot come into the
body.
2. Angono Petroglyphs
The Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs is a
rock art on the wall of a rockshelter in Rizal. A
National Cultural Treasure and declared as the oldest
known work of art in the Philippines. This was
discovered in 1965 by the late renowned muralist and
National Artist, Carlos "Botong" Francisco.
6. Shell Bracelets and Pendants
In the early days, shells were transformed into
tools, as well as ornaments. The oldest identified
ornaments made from cone shells were found in the
early 1960’s in the tomb of an adult male in Duyong
Cave in Palawan.
7. Pottery
Earthenware pots resembling human figures
were found in Ayub Cave, in Pinol, Maitum,
Saranggani Province. The jars used for secondary
burial were dated to the Metal Age about 5 BC. - 225
A.D.
Shape is the description of the vessel’s body, the
form of its mouth, the thickness of its lips, or the
presence of ears, spouts and legs attached to its
body.
Method of decoration is how designs are applied on
the body’s surface. Decorative designs are either
impressed or incised.
Designs are either abstract or representational.
SCULPTURE
1. Manunggul Jar
The Manunggul jar is regarded as the symbol
of Philippine Prehistoric artifact. It was found in
Palawan and is estimated to be from 890-710BCE.
Figures representing spirits constituted most of the
early Philippines representational sculpture. Some
statues of Hindu gods and goddesses were also
discovered all over the archipelago which proved that
the early Filipinos with Hindu traders.
2. Maitum jar
In Ayub Cave, now referred to as Pinol Cave,
29 burial jars and around 33 baskets or about 4 cubic
meters of archaeological material have been
collected. Pinol, Maitum was formerly part of South
Cotobato in Sarangani. These secondary burial jars
have characteristics that belong to the Developed
Metal Age Period in the Philippines calibrated date of
190 BC to 500 AD, these jars date back to the Metal
Age.
ARCHITECTURE
Bahay-kubo
• is built from bamboo and nipa which are the
most available construction materials in the
rural areas. The bahay-kubo is very functional
in terms of comfort and affordability of
materials.
Ifugao house
• is so designed for the reason of the cold
climate of the Mountain Province. The Ifugaos
construct their houses for protection from the
low temperature and the rainfall common in
the Mountain Province.
Maranao house
• is an archaic-style house with a boat-like
appearance. This description is primarily due
to the existence of the panolong, carved beam
that protrudes in the front of the house that
support its flooring.
• Torogan known as the flower symbol of the
ancestral home of the highest titleholder in a
Maranao village. The panolong symbolizes
power and prestige.
 5. Maranao Brass
- is best observed in the kabul and gadur. This is a
jar-like container with covers that look a lot like the
domes of their mosques.

Muslim Art
- Islamic art meshed with ethnic culture and produced
a Filipino Muslim art that reflects the ethnic
background and Islamic identity of the people.
1. Okir
- is a general name for the colorful flowing designs
which decorate any surface of the Muslim regions. It
is an elaborate curvilinear motif made by the 6. Kampilan
Maranao and Tausug tribes of Mindanao. - a long sword, its handle akin to the open mouth of
a naga, a wavy flame-like blade representing the
body of a serpent; the barong, a leaf-like blade
having the same geometric designs on its hilt.

2. Sarimanok
- is a depiction of an open-winged legendary bird
which stands on a fish with another fish hanging
from its beak. It is usually positioned atop bamboo
poles at the center of Maranao villages among
decorative flags during celebratory events.
3. Naga
- is a stylized dragon or serpent carved in grave
markers or elaborately in plows.
Art of the Mountain Province
Wood is the medium of choice in the art of the
Mountain Province. It is used in making shields,
spoons, ladles, bowls, and human and animal
figures. Woodcarving is considered an important skill
in all tribes. Mountain Province art is divided into two
kinds: the ritualistic and the decorative.
The bulul, a carved male figure made of narra is
seated while its crossed arms rest on its raised
knees. Believed to guard rice crops, this figure was
traditionally bathed in pig’s or chicken’s blood during
rice planting rituals in Ifugao.

4. Ukkil
- is a design technique usually see in the Sulu
Peninsula. Others consider it a variant of the okir. It
is a decorative design that is used in carving,
baskets, pottery, and weaving.
ANCIENT WRITING
The ancient script Baybayin. According to many early
Spanish accounts, the Tagalogs had already been
writing with the baybayin for at least a century.
THE SPANISH COLONIAL ART
(1521-1898)
- the year 1521 marks the dawn of the the first
colonial power in the Philippines. This is called the
Spanish period. For the Catholic faith to be
propagated successfully, it should be able to
communicate well with the educated as well as the
uneducated, and the best way to achieve this is
through art.
ARCHITECTURE
Fr. Antonio Sedeno introduced a lime in the
construction of buildings. He was responsible for the
construction of the first fortress, the Nuestra Senora
de Guia Fort in Manila.
SCULPTURE
Carving which began in the pre-Hispanic times in
making the likha (a local deity), was redirected by the
friars into the creation of santos (sculptures of saints).
Famous Sculptors
Juan delos Santos carved several retablos for the
Augustinian church in Intramuros. Lorenzo Flores
carved the escudo of the Franciscan Order found in
front of the Tayabas Church.
PAINTING
A rise of national consciousness was expressed
through the reform movement during the 19th century.
The Sociedad Economica de Amigos dela Pais, a
civic organization, aimed to encourage the
development of visual arts which led to the
establishment of the Escuela de Dibujo y Pintura
in 1821.
The school closed in 1834 but reopened 20 years
later. This school was incorporated with the Escuela
Pintura Escultura Y Grabado in 1879.
Damian Domingo, the first teacher, a mestizo whose
talents impressed local authorities.
Juan Luna won a silver medal for his La Muerte de
Cleopatra at Exposicion General de Bellas Artes in
1881. He also won a Gold medal at Exposicion
Nacional de Bellas Artes in 1884 for his famous
Spolarium.
Felix Hidalgo won a silver medal for his Christian
Virgins Exposed to the Populace in Exposicion
Nacional de Bellas Artes.
PRINTING
Nicolas Bagay is one of the outstanding engravers
who ran a printing press and Francisco Suarez are
both known for their designs in 1733 and for the 12
scenes depicting representative life in the islands in
the Murillo-Velarde Map. They signed their works
proudly writing Indio Tagalog after their signatures.
18th Century
Earliest among the collection are religious in themes
and composed of 18th century icons and images
created by local artisans under the tutelage of the
friars.
The devotional pieces of the collection are of
outstanding significance. Engravings were printed
from copper plates and wood cuts.
Coronation of the virgin
It is one of the oldest artworks in the visual arts
collection. An extremely rare icon belonging to the
primitive school of Philippine art. It is typical of the
religious art produced during the 18th century for
household use (devotional piece).

19th Century
The introduction of lithograph prints eventually
replaced engraving in copper. Lithograph Print- oil
and water.
SCULPTURE
- only a lone name stood out, Guillermo Tolentino,
trained in the classical style in Rome, Tolentino’s
masterpieces include the Oblation in the University of
the Philippines and the Bonifacio Monument in
Caloocan City.

AMERICAN COLONIAL ART PERIOD PAINTING

(1898-1946) Fabian dela Rosa was noted for his realistic
portraits, genre, and landscapes in subdued colors.
- the arrival of the new colonial power ushered in a He was enrolled at the Escuela de Bellas Artes y
change in art patronage – from the native ilustrados Dibujo and took lessons from Lorenzo Guerrero.
to the Americans.
- the American Colonization brought high influence to Fernando Amorsolo captured the attention of the
the major Filipino art forms: architecture, paintings public and the buyers and had a long artistic career.
and sculptures.
ARCHITECTURE
- architecture during the American colonial period
witnessed the commencement of the use of new
materials such as reinforced concrete, glass, and
steel, in the neo-classical architectural style.
- the famous architects are Juan Arellano, Tomas
Mapua and Antonio Toledo.
ART OF THE POST-WAR PERIOD
(after 1946)
- during Post war, Philippine Architecture was
dominated by the American style.
- in this period the plan for the modern city of Manila
was designed with a large number of art deco
buildings, by famous American and Filipino architects.
ARCHITECTURE
- massive rehabilitation and reconstruction were seen
by the Philippine society in the post-war years.
Leandro Locsin designed the Cultural Center of the
Philippines who earned a National Artist award.
- other architectural landmarks are Philippine
International Convention Center and many other tall
structures particularly in the Business Center of
Makati City.
SCULPTURE
Napoleon Abueva is considered the first modern
Filipino sculptor. His modernism was developed
during his studies in the United States. Noted works
are Double Crucifix suspended from the dome above
the altar of UP and Allegorical Harpoon at CCP.
- other noted sculptors include: Abdulmari Imao, a
sculptor from Jolo; Solomon Saprid, for his Peace
Loving Tikbalang and Eduardo Castrillo for his
massive sculptures of the Last Supper and Pieta at
the Loyola Memorial Park in Marikina and Paranaque
respectively.
PAINTING
• The establishment of Art Association of the
Philippines and the Philippine Art Gallery
helped to introduce modern art locally, to
support its struggle against conservative art,
and to create patronage among art-buyers.
The early post war modernist, call themselves
Neo-Realists.
• Two popular names were Vicente Manansala
for Madonna of the Slums and Carlos Fran for
Sungka Players. Their works demonstrated
the influence of various Western Art styles
such as post- impressionism, abstraction,
cubism, expressionism, and surrealism.
• Some famous painters in the fifties and early
sixties are Fernando Zobel, Arturo Rogerio
Luz, Jose T. Joya, Maura Malang Santos, and
Anita Magsaysay Ho.
• In the mid-sixties further developments in the
international art movement such as pop art,
abstract expressionism, constructivism, and
environmental art were reflected in the works
of: Robert Chabet, Mars Galang, and Bendicto
Cabrera.
PRINTMAKING
• One of the artistic forms that involves a large
audience.
• Manuel Rodriguez, Sr. is the pioneer and
mentor in Philippine graphic art who opened
Contemporary Graphic Art Workshop in
Malate to attract artists to the new medium. He
specialized in etching. Three of his sons-
Manuel Jr., Marcelino and Ray are all
accomplished printmakers.
• The Philippine Association of Printmakers was
founded in 1968 and offered workshops in
various graphic mediums. The Association
developed outstanding printmakers: Raul
Isidro, Orlando Castillo,
 Imelda Cajipe Endaya, Rodolfo Paraz Perez Fernando Amorsolo was the first Philippine
in wood cut, Rodolfo Samonte in serigraphy, National Artist in 1972 and since then only 73
Virgilio Aviado and Ofelia Gelvezon in etching. talented individuals have been given this honor. It is
the highest recognition given to Filipino artists (film,
visual arts, dance, etc). In order to be considered for
selection, the artist must meet certain criteria such as
work towards nation-building and has reviewed
prestigious national and international recognition.
- to date, the Philippines has conferred the Order of
Philippine Contemporary Art National Artist to 13 individuals for music, six for
- contemporary Philippine Arts is an art produced at dance, eight for theater, seven for architecture,
the present period, roughly from 1970 up to the design, and the allied arts, one for historical
present time. The term “contemporary art” refers to literature, seven for film, 14 for literature, and 17
art made and produced by artists living today. for visual arts.
Massive progress in technology impacted the arts in
terms of medium and technique. The invention of
computer technology greatly influenced graphic arts
and combined arts. In sculpture and architecture,
introduction of new materials and innovativeness of
artists to try out new media, designs and techniques
commercialized the process of plastic arts.
Inventions of machines for mass production and use
of computer software for architecture enabled to
view their designs virtually in cyberspace.
- even the audience have changed. The impact of
globalization, the internet and social media
strengthened interconnectedness of people around
the globe increasing the level of awareness and
understanding of other countries society and culture.

Philippine National Artists

- the National Artist recognition is the highest
individual award given to an artist who contributed
works of significance to the Philippine arts in their
area of artistry. This task is handled by the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCAA) and the
Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and
bestowed by the President of the Philippines. The
confirmation of the National Artist Award started in
1972 through Presidential Proclamation No. 1001 s.
1972.
GOODLUCK! MAKAKAPASA TAYO!