Final Coaching in

Criminalistics/
Forensic Science
October 30, 2022 8am Dagdag kaalaman at mga Keyword para
matandaan ang mga pinag-aralan
❑ Measuring various bony structure of human body- ito ay ANTHROPOMETRY developed by
ALPHONSE BERTILLON
❑ Father of Personal Identification
❑ -Inventor of mugshot photography
❑ Personal Identification is not easy to change
❑ Speech
❑ Gait –ito ay manner of walking
❑ Mental memory
❑ Forensic Odontology - Dental Identification
❑ Father of Modern Fingerprint - Sir Edward Richard Henry(English Speaking Country)
❑ Francis Galton - 1:64 billions
❑ Father of Finger Print Examination - Johannes Purkenjie
❑ Generoso Reyes - First filipino fingerprint technician employed by the Philippine Constabulary on
1937.
❑ Macro dactyl, Micro dactyl and Ecto dactyl
❑ Enlarged finger
❑ Small finger
❑ Missing finger at birth
❑ Epidermis- outer layer, temporary destruction Dermis- inner layer, permanent destruction
Gilbert Thompson- mexico geologist
Permanent scar– more than 1mm
❑ Furrows- Depressed portion or CANAL structure of the friction skin
❑ Arch– 5%, Loop - 60%,and Whorl – 35%

Tented arch
❑ -Uptrust
❑ -Angle
❑ Radial Loop(radius bone) - Towards the thumb
❑ Left hand(\) Right hand(/)
❑ Ulnar Loop(Ulna bone) - Towards the little finger
❑ Left hand(/) Right hand (\)
❑ Accidental whorl - Combination EXCEPT PLAIN ARCH
❑ Bifurcation - Single ridge that splits into two or more forming a Y-shape
❑ Ridge devides into two ridges (forks)
❑ Core - inner terminus
Delta – outer terminus
❑ - Also termed as Focal point
❑ Ridge forms in the person’s finger and feet - 3rd to 4th months of the fetus life
❑ Secondary division- small letter category
❑ Chance prints - Prints which were left in the place accidentally or unconsciosly
❑ Latent prints - Fingerprints left at the scene of the crime
❑ Prints made by dust, blood or dirt - Visible prints
Photography
❑ Art and science of reproducing image by means of light
❑ Was coined by John F. Herscel
❑ Phos or photos – light
Graph – writing
Graphia – to draw
❑ Photograph - The positive result of photography
❑ The first country to accept photographic evidence - United States
❑ Used of photography in police work – for record purpose
❑ Rays – direction of light travel
❑ Reflected – bouncing of light
❑ Diffraction – bending of lights
❑ Fluorescence lamp – artificial light source, commonly used in the house or commercial
establishment
❑ Primary colors(BGR) – BLUE, GREEN, RED
❑ Secondary colors(CYM) – CYAN, YELLOW, MAGENTA
❑ Parts of Camera
❑ Light Tight box – housing of the camera
❑ Lens – image forming device, used to focus the light coming from the object
❑ Shutter – controls the light
❑ View Finder – perspective of the camera
❑ Tripod – a three leg stand designed to fix the camera focus
❑ Parallax – omission an object
❑ DSLR – digital single lens reflex camera
❑ Ballistic – science in the motion or mobility of projectile, the science of projectile and firearms
❑ Ballo and Ballein – to throw
❑ Col. Calvin Hooker Goddard – father of modern ballistic
❑ Interior ballistic – inside the firearm
❑ Exterior ballistic – upon leaving the gun muzzle
❑ Terminal ballistic – upon hitting the target
❑ Forensics Ballistics – science of fire arms identification
❑ Ballista - gigantic catapult
❑ Ricochet – deflection of the bullet from the normal path after striking hard object, bouncing of
bullet
❑ Keyhole shot – tumbling of bullet
❑ Trajectory – curve path of the bullet in flight
❑ Velocity – rate of speed of the bullet
❑ Accurate range – gunner has the control of shot
❑ Distance between muzzle and the target – RANGE
❑ Firearms propels a projectile with more than one inch diameter – ARTILLERY
❑ Less than one inch – SMALL ARMS
❑ SUB-MACHINE GUN – also known GREASE GUN
❑ SMOOTH BORE – without rifling
❑ KINDS OF AMMUNITION
❑ DUMMY - faked used as model
❑ BLANK – without bullet
❑ DRILL – w/out gun powder
❑ LIVE – complete cartridge

❑ SLUG – police term for bullet

❑ CALLIGRAPHY – beautiful writing
❑ Father of Questioned Document – ALBERT OSBORN
❑ PRIVATE DOCUMENT – document executed by private person--- ex. love letter
❑ ALTERATION - process of changing either addition or deletion
❑ POLYGRAPHY – scientific method of detecting deception, instrumental interrogation
❑ Dr. Paul Kirk – father of criminalistics in U.S.
❑ Code of Silence – Omerta
❑ Ordeal – miraculous decision
❑ Cardiosphymograph – blood pressure, pulse beat
❑ Galvanograph – skin
❑ Pneumograph - breathing or respiration
❑ Father of modern Finger print spanish country – Juan Vucetich
❑ Father of Chiroscopy – William Herschel
❑ FRANCIS GALTON – principle of Individuality
❑ Best method to be used in cases of Burned body – DNA fingerprinting
❑ Science of Palm Print Identification – chiroscopy
❑ Furrows – canals
❑ Dr. Hans Gross – search for truth, father of modern criminalistics
❑ Metheu Orfila – father of toxicology
Principle of Finger Print Identification
❑ Individuality – francis galton, 1:64 billion
❑ Infallibility – case of west brother, reliable positive not easy to be forged
❑ Permanency or Constancy – finger print is unchangeable
❑ People vs. Medina – first conviction in the Philippine Case about finger print
❑ Diffraction – bending of light
❑ Reflection - bouncing of light
❑ ZIGGUN – homemade guns, paltik sa tagalog
❑ Commonly used by cavalry – carbine
❑ the speed of the bullet per unit of time – VELOCITY
❑ He invented sub-machine – Uziel Gal
❑ Father of percussion powder – alexander john forsyth
❑ The gunner has control of shots – accurate range
❑ Effective Range – inflict fatal injury
❑ Charta – paper
Type of Primer
❑ Boxer – 1vent
❑ Berdan – 2vents
❑ Science or study of projectiles and firearms - FORENSIC BALLISTICS
✓ Sign of acknowledgement – SIGNATURE
✓ John A. Larson – father of lie detector, father of scientific detection
✓ Leonard Keeler – father of modern polygraphy
✓ Not related to the case – irrelevant question
✓ Movement of heart and pulse – cardiosphymograph
✓ Your name is Juan De la cruz? – irrelevant question
✓ Do you own the knife found near the victim? – relevant question
Types of Wound
✓ Lacerated – putok
✓ Punctured – tusok ex. Icepick
✓ Incised – hiwa(sharp edge)
✓ Abrasion – gasgas
✓ MORTAL WOUND – serious that will endanger one’s life
Manner of walking – Gait
Walk like robot or zombie - spastic
Fetus life
1. 4th months – buhok sa ulo
2. 3rd months – kuko
3. 6th months – pilik mata at kilay
✓ Pulverization of the dead body - CREMATION
INCAPABLE FOR WORK
✓ 1-9days slight physical injury
✓ More than 9days but not more than 30days – less serious physical injury
✓ More than 30days – serious physical injury
✓ The caliber of the gun is the DIAMETER OF THE BORE
✓ Bore measurement applied to shotgun – Gauge
✓ Berdan – 2 flash hole
✓ Boxer – 1 flash hole
✓ The size of the bullet grouping on the target – TERMINAL ACCURACY
➢ Juxtaposition – same time, level direction
➢ Pseudo match – not the same

➢ Branch of the ballistic impact of projectile upon hitting the target – TERMINAL
BALLISTICS
➢ DIRECT MOTION - the forward motion of projectile
➢ Furrows – canal like
➢ Pattern type has the ridges that enter on one side of the pattern – PLAIN ARCH
➢ Recurving Ridge – type of ridge is that which curves bact to the direction from
which it started
➢ Capital and small letters – secondary division
➢ The smallest pistol in the world? – KOLIBRI
➢ First criminal conviction in the Philippines based on finger print - People vs.
medina
How many standard finger print patterns? – eight
1. Plain arch
2. Tented arch
3. Radial loop
4. Ulnar loop
5. Plain whorl
6. Central pocket loop whorl
7. Accidental loop whorl
8. Double loop whorl
• 5% - arch
• 60% - loop
• 35% - whorl
• Father of Poroscopy – Edmond Locard
• Francis Galton – no two people has the same finger print, 1:64 billion
Friction skin
1. An epidermal hairless skin
2. Also called papillary skin
o Dactyl – finger
o SKOPIEN – to study or examine
o The father of dactyloscopy – purkenjie
o Prepared when an investigator requirement to be used for comparison of the
questioned document – REQUESTED STANDARDS
o BEAUTFUL WRITING – CALLIGRAPHY
o Polygraph machine like – X- RAY
o Ridges – hill like structure
o Furrows – canal like structure
o John Dellinger – corrosive acids
o Robert James Pitt – Man without fingerprint
Classification formula
1. Primary Division - always represented by a numerical value.
2. Secondary division – capital and small letter combination
Capital letter – index finger
Small letter – thumb, middle, ring and little fingers
3. Sub – secondary division – index and middle fingers only
4. Major Division – Thumb fingers only
5. Key Division – ridge count of the first loop except the little fingers

❑ SERELOGY – scientific study of blood serum, body fluids

❑ Aspermia – baog/without spermcells
❑ Oligospermia – low number of sperm
❑ DNA – modern identification
❑ Bifurcation – forking or diverging into several branches
❑ Recurving Ridge - compare to a HAIRPIN
Forensic – also referred to as LEGAL
FORUM – means a market place
Photographic Rays(XUVI)
1. X-ray –.01-30millimicrons
2. Ultra – violet Ray -30-400 nanometers
3. Visible light – 400-700millimicrons
4. Infra Red – 700-1000millimicrons

Motion – mobility or movement of the projectile

Projectile – metallic or non-metallic ball is propelled from a fire arm
3 Types of Motion
1. Direct motion – forward motion of the bullet
2. Rotary motion – twisted to the left and right
3. Translational motion – action of bullet once its hits a target
❑ Misfire – total/complete failure of ammunition to explode
❑ Commonly use for cavalry – CARBINE
❑ The most powerful explosives – SMOKELESS GUNPOWDER
MAIN TYPES OF FIREARM
1. ARTILLERY – projectile with more than one inch diameter ex. Bazookas,
cannons, and mortars
2. SMALL ARMS – projectile with less than one inch diameter ex. Shoulder arms,
machine gun, handguns
✓ Effective gunpowder in hand removal – hot water or warm water
✓ Extractor – pulls the case or animo from the chamber
✓ Gunpowder – also called propellant or power charge
✓ Father of gunpowder – Berthold Schwartz
✓ Pseudo match – not the same magnification and image
✓ Juxtaposition – same magnification and image
✓ Fired bullet or fired shell are usually mark with: MARK and INITIAL OF
INVESTIGATOR
✓ STYLUS – sharp pointed instrument
✓ Caliper – bore diameter of firearms
✓ Chronograph – velocity of the bullet
✓ Torsion Balance – measuring the weight of the bullet

✓ Holograph Document – a document that is completely written and signed by one

person
✓ Handwriting – bodily movement, muscular habits
✓ Last will and testaments – ONLY PRIVATE DOCUMENT
✓ Simple forgery also known as spurious signature
✓ Hand movement – involves the action of the whole hand
✓ Diacritic – these are strokes added to complete certain letters ex. Pitj
✓ Tremor - weak strokes
✓ Genuine tremor – old age
❑ Cacography - bad writing
❑ Polygraph – lie detector
❑ John A Larson – father of polygraphy , Breadboard Polygraph
❑ Kymograph – serves as the paper feed mechanism of the polygraph machine
❑ Keeler – father of modern polygraphy, creator of relevant and irrelevant technique
❑ Left and right hand written – AMBIDEXTROUS
❑ ASPHYXIA – solid = internal: choking, external: strangulation by hanging
❑ Liquid – drowning in water , Gaseous – sufocation
❑ Father of Modern Gunnery – Benjamin Robies
❑ Rifled bore – has riflings
❑ Smooth bore – no rifling
❑ Cartridge case – 70%copper, 30% zink
❑ Forensic Photography – application of photography in criminal jurisprudence and
criminal investigation.
❑ Pinhole – oldest method of forming image
 Thank you!
Goodluck Future
Criminologist