PROF. HASSANOUR P.

CALI
,RCrim,CCS,PHD CRIM ©
 BOARD EXAM FAQ’S
1)MAHIRAP PO BA ANG BOARD EXAM?
2)ILANG SUBJECTS PO BA ANG BOARD?
3)REQUIRED BA TALAGA MAG BOARD?
4)ANO PO BANG MGA KLASENG TANONG ANG
TINATANONG SA BOARD?
5)ILANG BESES PO BA PWEDENG MAG TAKE?
6)ANO BANG BENEFITS KAPAG NAKAPASA?
7)REQUIRED BA MAG REVIEW CENTER?
8)SA TINGIN MO SIR? PAPASA KAYA AKO?
 KAYA LANG ETO KA EH….
A – ABSENT MADALAS
N – NADATING LATE, NAUWI NG MAAGA
G – GO OUT NG GO OUT
T – TEXT NG TEXT
A – ALANG DALANG GAMIT PARA SA LECTURE
N – NALIPAD ANG ISIP O KAYA NATUTULOG
G – GALING GALINGAN SA LECTURE
A – ANG DALDAL AT KULIT NA WALA SA LUGAR
K – KULANG SA NOTE TAKING
O – OK KA LANG? LAGAY NA YAN PAPASA KA? ASA KA
PA…
MAYBE THIS COULD HELP YOU TO PERFORM

•
R-EAD
U-NDERSTAND
M-EMORIZE
ALWAYS DO SEX
 DEALING WITH THE “SELF”
• Take a DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION
• Determine Strengths and Weaknesses
• Make an orderly note, arrange available reading
materials
• Time Management (focus/concentration vs
entertainment/pleasure)
• Develop applicable formula for retention
(example: RUM and SEX)
 FORENSIC

• The word forensic was derived from the Latin word

“Forum” which means a “market place”, a place
where people gathered for “public discussion” .
When it is used in conjunction with other sciences it
simply connotes the idea of application to law or for
the administration of justice. Sometimes it is also
referred to as “legal”.
 FORENSIC SCIENCE CRIMINALISTICS
• The application of • A profession or field of
techniques and forensic science that deals
principles in order to with recognition,
provide evidence to collection, preservation
legal or related and examination of
investigations and physical evidence for the
administration of justice
determinations.
• Dr. Hans Gross
• An Australian magistrate who described
Search for Truth as the ultimate goal of
all investigative and detective works.
• He is known as the Father of Modern
Criminalistics.
• The founder of Criminal Profiling
(Offender Profiling)
• The creator of the field of Criminalistics
• Father of Criminal Investigation
• Father of Australian Psychoanalyst
• The birth of Criminalistics was in 1893
• He founded Institute of Criminalistics
(Institute of Criminology
• Res Ipsa Loquitor “the thing speaks for
itself”
GOLDEN RULE OF CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

“Do not touch, change or after

anything until it has been identified,
measured and photographed”.
 ORIGIN OF FINGERPRINTS
• The Chinese are the one noted to be the first user of
fingerprints. “Hua Chi” is the name given by the Chinese in
referring fingerprints. They used fingerprints as symbolism in
the early part of the history as a part of their rituals, until they
utilize it in signing of a contract on the part of illiterate.
• The thumb mark of the destitute is place on the slip of
bamboo were the contract was written. Infants at that time
were taken fingerprints for possible identification and every
mother is familiar with the fingerprint of their newborn.
 ORIGIN OF FINGERPRINTS

• The Chinese were well acquainted with

the essential characteristics of fingerprint.
• The Aches and Whorls are called by them
“LO” (snail); Loops are “KI” (sieve or
winnowing basket). The loops are look
upon as presages of good luck.
• Emperor Te’in Shi, (426-210 BC) was the first Chinese
ruler who devised a seal carved from white jade; on
one side of it was the name of the owner and the
other side the impression of the thumb.
• Such seal were used in sealing documents as a sign
of authenticity. Though the Chinese were well
familiar with the types of fingerprints patterns, they
did not make any system to develop a classification
system.
•Law of Multiplicity of Evidence – The
greater the number of similarities and
dissimilarities; the greater is the
probability for the conclusion to be
correct.
 DR. EDMOND LOCARD
• He was a pioneer in forensic
science who became known as
the fingerprint “ Sherlock Homes”
of France”
• Father of Forensic Science
• First Police Laboratory in 1910
• Locard’s Exchange Principle
• He established the use of
“Poroscopy” in personal
identification in 1912.
• Father of Poroscopy
 ALPHONSE M. BERTILLON
• The “Father of Personal Identification”. The first to
advise a scientific method of identification called
“Anthropometry”.
• He is also known to be the father of “Mug Shot
Photography”
a. Portrait Parle (Personal or Verbal Description) – It
means “speaking likeness”. It is an identification in
which a person is being identified through memory
and described the features and put into sketch. It is
an unreliable mean since certain cases of twins
would likely to occur and subject to wrong
accusation.(literally means word picture, describing
people verbally)
b. Anthropometry – It is the measurement of several
bone structures of the human body and considered
as a first scientific method of personal identification.
This method was abolished because of the West
Case.
 THE WEST CASE
WILLIAM WEST (1901) WILL WEST (1903)
• Primarily LOOP PATTERNS 13/32 • Primarily WHORL PATTERNS 30/26
• Arrested in Kansas for murder • Not mention

It was reported by Wilder and Wentworth in 1918 on their accounting or inventory

 ANTHROPOMETRY

•It is the measurement of

several bone structures of the
human body and considered
as a first scientific method of
personal identification.
 PIONEERS IN THE SCIENCE OF FINGERPRINT

• 1. Prof. Marcelo Malphigi

• Professor of Anatomy at the University of
Bologna, Italy and is known as the
Grandfather of Fingerprints.
• He originated the term loops and spiral. And
one layer of the skin was named after him,
the Malphigian layer.
• 2. Sir Jean Johannes Purkenjie
• A professor in physiology, theology and
anatomy at the University of Breslau, Germany,
known as the Father of Dactyloscopy.
• He was one of these scientists who advanced
the field of fingerprinting.
• In 1823 Purkenjie named nine standard types of
fingerprint patterns and outlined a broad
method of classification.
• Ridges(Rugae) and Furrows (Sulci)
• He was the first to recognize these patterns and
classify them into a sytem of classification is not
used today.(Never associated to identification)
• 3. Sir Francis Galton
• A British Anthropologist, a scientist, and cousin to
Charles Darwin, who divided the types of
Fingerprint into arches, loops, and whorls known as
ALW. He also stated that if there is possibility for
two prints to be the same it is: 1: 64 Billion.
• He publishes the first book on fingerprints. In his
book, Galton identifies the individuality and
uniqueness of fingerprints.
• The unique characteristics of fingerprints, as
identified by Galton,will officially become known
as minutiae; however they are sometimes still
referred to as"Galton’s Details".
• 4. Herman Welcker
• He took the prints of his own palms
and after forty-one years he printed
the same palms to prove that prints
do not change, except for some
scratches due to old age.
• 5. Sir William Herschel(British
Administrator in District of Bengal
in India)
• He printed the palms of the
natives in order to avoid
impersonation among laborer.
Prints of the entire palms were
used instead of signature.
RajyadharKonai was the first
person Herschel printed the palm
(He requires fingerprint and
signatures on civil contracts.)
6. Sir Edward Richard Henry
• An Inspector General of Police in
Bengal, India, develops the first system of
classifying fingerprints.
• He also developed his own system of
classification while working in Scotland Yard.
• His system was of classification was
established with the help of two Hindu
police namely Kahn BahadurAzizulHaque
and Rai Hem Chandra Bose.
• It was widely accepted by almost all English
speaking countries making him know as The
“Father of Fingerprint”.
• His system finally replaced the Bertillionage
system of identification in France.
(Anthropometry by Alphonse Bertillion)
• 7. Juan Vucetich(1891)
• Argentine Police Official,
Initiated the fingerprinting of
criminals,
• (First case used was the Rojas
Homicide in 1892)
 FIRST CASE USED WAS THE ROJAS HOMICIDE IN
1892
• Six year old Ponciano Rojas and his four year old sister Teresa Rojas were found
brutally murdered in their home in Argentina. Francisca Rojas, the children's mother
had earlier rejected a man named Pedro Velazquez sexual advances and upon
returning home later that day found him fleeing the home. When she went inside
she found her two children dead.
• Police arrested Velazquez and utilized some painful interrogation techniques (i.e.
torture) but he denied any involvement in the murder. Since pain could not
convince him to confess the law enforcers tried something else, something quite
ghastly.
• Velazquez had heard Francisca Rojas boyfriend say he would never marry her while
she still had “those two brats”.
• Investigator Alvarez re-examined the crime scene and found a small brown mark on
a bedroom door, later found to be a bloody fingerprint. He then removed the
section of the door containing the fingerprint and took it back to the station. Here
he requested Francisca Rojas to be fingerprinted.
• The prints were compared, found to be identical and upon being confronted with
the evidence Francisca confessed to the murder and was eventually convicted.
 MASTERY QUIZ
FORENSIC 2 – PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES
 MASTERY QUIZ

1. He published nine (9) fingerprint patterns

but he made no mention of the value of
fingerprints for personal identification.
A.John Evangelist Purkinje
B. Francis Galton
C.Malpighi
D.J.C.A. Mayer
 MASTERY QUIZ

2. He discovered the three families of

fingerprint patterns.
A. Govard Bidloo
B. Dr. Marcelo Malpighi
C. J.C.A. Mayer
D. Francis Galton
 MASTERY QUIZ
3. He published a 41-pages book entitled “The
Origin of Fingerprint” which describes his research
starting in 1858 when he practiced actual recording
of the finger and palm prints of India.
A. Govard Bidloo
B. Sir William Herschel
C. J.C.A. Mayer
D. Francis Galton
 MASTERY QUIZ
4. He undertook in 1856 an experiment by printing his right palm to prove
himself if the ridges change. By 1897, forty one years later, he again printed his
right palm. Though taken two scores apart, it proved that the ridge
characteristics do not change.
A. John Evangelist Purkinje
B. Herman Welcker
C. William Herscel
D. Francis Galton
 MASTERY QUIZ

5. He devised the anthropometric system

of identification.
A. Alphonse Bertlillon
B. Alphense Bertillion
C. Will West
D. William West
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

•A system of recognizing and

identifying a particular person
based on his/her characteristics as
different from others.
a. Characteristics that may not easily be
changed:
• Mental Memory
• Speech
• Gait – It refers to the manner of walking or
moving on foot.
Mannerism – These are the characteristic movement of the body peculiar to
person.
• Way of sitting
• Movement of the hands
• Movement of the body
• Movement of the facial muscles
• Expression of the mouth while articulating
• Manner of learning
B. IDENTIFICATION APPLICABLE FOR BOTH LIVING
AND DEAD PERSON.

• Occupational (activity)mark
• Race (group)
• Color of the skin
• Tattoo marks
• Scar marks
• Birth marks
• Deformities
• Moles
• Injuries livings permanent result
• Tribal marks
• Sexual organs (presence of testes and ovaries)
• Blood grouping (A-B-AB-O System) and blood typing (M-N-MN)
• Handwriting and signature
• Anthropometry
DACTYLOSCOPY

•Derived from the Latin words:

•Dactyl - means finger; and
•Skopien – to study or examine.
•Is the practical, l application of the
science of fingerprints.
•Dactylography – is the scientific
study of fingerprint as a means
of identification.
•Dactylomancy – is the scientific
study of fingerprint for purposes
of personality interpretation
 FINGERPRINTS
• It is an impression
designed by the last
joint of the fingers
and thumb on
smooth surface
through the media of
ink, sweat or any
substance capable
of producing visibility.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINT
• Individuality
No two persons have the same fingerprint (based on Statistic Probability)
• Infallibility
That fingerprint is a positive and reliable means of identification. It cannot be
easily be forged.
• Constancy or permanency
That the friction ridge once fully developed its arrangement will remain the same
throughout man’s life.
RELATED SCIENCES TO THE STUDY OF
FINGERPRINT:
• 1.Chiroscopy
Derived from the Greek words:
Cheir – means a hand; and
Skopien – means to examine
• Is the science which deals with the
study of the prints of the palms of the
hand.
RELATED SCIENCES TO THE STUDY OF FINGERPRINT:
• 2.Podoscopy
Derived from the Greek words:
Podo –means the foot; and
Skopien – to examine.
• Is the science which deals with the
study of the footprints.
RELATED SCIENCES TO THE STUDY OF
FINGERPRINT:
• 3. Poroscopy
Derived from the Greek words:
Poros– means a pore, and
Skopien – to examine
• Is the scientific study of the
arrangement of the sweat pores.
• the study of the configuration, size, and
relative position of the pores in human
skin, which are the external openings of
the sebaceous and sweat glands.
Together with dactyloscopy and palm
print identification, it is used in
criminalistics for purposes of
identification.
• Edmond Locard- (Father of Poroscopy)
RELATED SCIENCES TO THE STUDY OF
FINGERPRINT:
• 4.Edgeoscopy
• Is a method of identification
through the examination of the unique
details and characteristics found along
the edges of individual fingerprint ridges.
These characteristics are the result
of the alignment and shape of the
individual ridge units and the
relationship between them, as well as the
effects of pores that are close to the
edge of the ridges.. The method was
pioneered by Salil Chatterjee in 1962,
who created it while researching the
possibility of a new criminal identification
method.
 FRICTION SKIN
• Is an epidermal hairless skin
found on the ventral or lower
surface of the hands and feet,
covered with minute ridges
and furrows and without
coloring matters or
pigment.Are strips of the skin
on the end joints of our fingers
and thumb by which
fingerprints are made.Also
called as papillary or
epidermal ridges
 COMPONENTS OF THE FRICTION
SKIN
1. Ridge surface
• a. Ridge – are elevated or hill
like structure/ the black lines with
tiny white dots.
• b. Furrow – the depressed or
canal like structure/ the white
space between ridges.
• 2. Sweat pores – the tiny openings
that serves as the exits of sweat/ the
tiny white dots.
• 3. Sweat duct – it serves as the
passage way.
• 4. Sweat glands – the glands that
produces of sweat.
• 1. Epidermis – the outermost layer
• Stratum Corneum,- the outer layer
• Stratum mucosum- immediately
beneath the covering layer.
• Five Subdivisions of the Stratum
Corneum
• 1. Corneous layer
• 2.Transparent layer
• 3. Granucar layer
• 4. Malphigian layer
• 5. Generating Layer
• 2. Dermis – the inner layer containing
the blood vessel, dermal papillae,
various glands and nerves.
• Ridge Formation:
• Ridges starts to form in the fingers and thumb during the 3rd to 4th
months of the fetus life

• Dermal Papillae
• These are irregular pegs composed of delicate connective tissue
protruding and forming the ridges of the skin on the fingers, palms, toes and
soles of the feet.
RIDGE DESTRUCTION

• The destruction of the friction skin can

either be temporary or permanent.
Generally temporary destruction occur
when only the epidermis layer of the
friction skin has been damage, while
permanent damage can be injected to
the friction skin due to damage to the
dermis layer.
GENERAL RULES ON RIDGE
DESTRUCTION:
•Destruction of the Epidermis –
temporary, dermis – permanent
damage.
•Cut - a depth of more than 1 mm
will constitute permanent scar.
SOME ATTEMPTS OF DESTROYING RIDGES
AND DISGUISED
John Delinger
• Known as the U.S. public enemy number one
who attempt to destroy his own prints using
corrosive acids.
Robert James Pitts/ Roscoe Pitts
• Works on surgery to forged his own
fingerprints and was named “Man without
fingerprint”.
 VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF THE FINGER:
•a. Polydactyl – Born with more than the
regular number of (10) fingers.
•b. Macrodactyl – Having enlarged finger.
•c. Microdactyl – Having small finger.
•d. Ectrodactyl – Born with missing finger.
•e. Syndactyl – Side fusion of the fingers.
•f. Brachdactyl- short finger
 IMPORTANCE OF FINGERPRINTS

• It is used for identifying suspects for investigation purposes.

• Used to provide identity for unidentified dead person and missing person.
• Detecting criminal identity through fingerprints collected at the scene of a
crime and detecting recidivism or habitual delinquency.
• Used a verification or confirmation of public documents.
• Used as records in the police departments and other law enforcement
agencies for the purpose of issuing clearance.
DIFFERENT RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS

1. BIFURCATION – is a
single ridge that
divides itself in two or
more branches. It is
sometimes called as
fork, making its
impression.
2. Converging ridge
• Is a ridge formation
characterized by a close angular
end and serves as a point of
convergence; or it is the meeting of
two ridges that were previously
running side by side.
• 3. Diverging ridges
• Is the spreading of
two ridges that are
flowing side by side
and suddenly
separating or
spreading apart
•4. Enclosure or
lake ridge/eyelet
•A ridge that
divides into two
branches and
meets to form the
original ridge.
•5. Ending ridge
•Refers to an
endpoint of a
ridge, or a ridge
with abrupt
ending.
• 7. Type lines
• These are considered as the
boundaries of fingerprint patterns.
• These are the two innermost
ridges that are running parallel or
nearly parallel with each other
which diverge at a certain point
tending to surround the pattern
area.
• 6. Pattern area
• Is that part of the fingerprint that lies within
the area surrounded by the type lines. It is
where the core, delta, and other ridge
characteristics used for classification can
be found. The pattern area is only part
of the fingerprint impression with which
are concerned in regard to interpretation
and classification. It is present in all
patterns, of course but in many arches
and tented arches it is impossible to
define.
• This is not important; however, the only
patterns in which we need to define the
pattern area for classification purposes
are loops and whorls.
• “The pattern area of loops and
whorls are enclosed by type lines.”
• 8.Recurving or
looping ridge
• Is a kind of ridge
formation that curves
back in the direction
from which it started.
It looks like a
hairpin.
•9. Appendage
•Is a short ridge
found at the top
or at the summit
of a
recurvingridge
• 10. Sufficient
recurve
• Is a recurving ridge
complete in its
shoulder and is free
from any
appendage.
• 11. Rod or bar
• Is a short or long ridge found inside
the innermost recurving ridge of a
loop pattern.
• 12. Obstruction
• Is a short ridge found inside the
innermost recurving ridge that
spoiled the inner line of flow
towards the center of the pattern.
THE FINGERPRINT PATTERNS
A. THE THREE GENERAL/FAMILY OF
FINGERPRINT PATTERNS.
• 1. The Arch (5%)
• 2. The Whorl (35%)
• 3. The Loop (60%)
 THE (8) EIGHT STANDARD TYPES OF FINGERPRINT
PATTERNS
• Presently, there are eight standard patterns
which are widely used in the field of fingerprint.
Before, on the Galton and Henry System, they
used the Nine standard fingerprint pattern. Only
that after the
• Galton-Henry System with FBI Modification and
Extension, we have our eight standard
fingerprint patterns.
• Galton and Henry System
• Groups/Families = 3
➢1. Arch (3) – Plain, Tented, and
Exceptional
➢Arch.
➢2. Loop (4) – Plain, Lateral, Twin and
Central Pocket Loop
➢3. Whorl (2) – Plain Whorl and
Accidental Whorl
• Galton-Henry System with FBI
Modification and Extension
• Groups/Families = 3
➢1. Arch (2) – Plain and Tented
Arch
➢2. Loop (2) – Radial and Ulnar
loop
➢3. Whorl (4) – Plain, Central
Pocket Loop,
➢Double Loop, and Accidental
Whorl
THE (8) EIGHT TYPES OF
FINGERPRINT PATTERNS
• 1. Loops
• •The terms “radial” and “ulnar” are derived
from the radius bones and ulna bone of the
forearm. Loops which flow in the direction of
the ulna bone (towards the little finger) are
called ulnar loops and those which flow in the
direction of the radius bone are called radial
loops.
• •To differentiate an ulnar loop in the plain or
rolled impression it important to know from
what hand it was taken
• Note: the classification of loops is base
on the way the loops flow on the hand (not
the card), so that on the fingerprint card for
the left hand, loops flowing towards the thumb
impression are ulnar, and loops flowing
towards the little finger impression are radial
• 2. Arches
• •The Plain arch is the simplest
of all fingerprint patterns, and
it is easily distinguished.
• •Is a pattern in which the
ridges flows from one side to
the other or flows towards the,
without recurving, usually
having a slight upward curved
in the pattern, making the
pattern like an arch. It has no
core and no delta.
•Whorls
•❖ Basic Elements of Whorl
•1. Two or More Deltas
•2. At least one complete circuiting
ridge
• A. Plain whorl is a pattern
consisting of two deltas and
which at least one ridge
makes a turn through one
complete circuit. And if an
imaginary line was drawn
between two deltas, it must
touch or cross any circuiting
ridge. It consists of the simplest
form of whorl construction and
is most common of the whorl
subdivisions.
• B. Central pocket loop – is a
pattern which possesses two
deltas with one or more ridges
forming a complete circuit,
which maybe oval, spiral or
circular: or it is a pattern
consisting of two deltas, with
one or more recurving ridges
with an obstruction at right
angle to the inner line of flow,
and when an imaginary line
was drawn between two
deltas, it should not touch or
cross any circuiting ridge.
• C. Double loop – this pattern
consisting of two separate and
distinct loop formations, with sets of
• shoulders and two deltas.
• Elements:
• a. Two separate loop formation
• b. Two separate and distinct sets of
shoulder
• c. Two deltas
• D. Accidental whorl – this is a
pattern consisting of a
combination of two different
types of pattern such
• as a loop and a whorl, a loop
and a central pocket loop, or
any combination of two
different loop and whorl
• type patter, but it cannot be a
combination of a plain arch
with any pattern. It can have
two or more deltas.
 THE TWO FINGERPRINT TERMINUS (FOCAL
POINTS)
• 1. The Delta (also called the outer
terminus) is a point along a ridge
formation found at the center or near the
center of the diverging type lines.
• 2. The Core (also known as the heart or
the inner terminus) usually found at the
center or innermost recurve of the type
lines.
❖ RULES ON SELECTING DELTA
• 1. Delta must be located midway between the diverging type lines at or just in
front or where they diverge.
• 2. In order for a bifurcation to be selected it should open towards the core.
• 3. When there is a bifurcation and other type possible delta the bifurcation is
selected.
• 4. If there are two or more possible deltas none is bifurcation, the one nearest
the core
• should be chosen.
 ❖ RULES IN SELECTING CORE
• 1. The core is the heart of the fingerprint pattern
it is usually found inside the innermost
• sufficient recurve in a loop or at the center of
the circuiting ridge.
• 2. In case that the innermost recurve contains
an appendage, the core is located on the
• next innermost recurve without appendage.
TYPES OF FINGERPRINT IMPRESSION

• 1. Rolled Impression –
are fingerprint
impression taken
individually by rolling
each finger from one
side to the other side
and from the tip to the
end of the first joint.
• 2. Plain Impression –
are impression
made by
simultaneously
pressing the finger
to the card, use as
a reference to
classification.
BASIC INSTRUMENT IN TAKING PRINTS:

•1. Ink Slab – is a

metallic or glass
plate where the
ink is spread for
purpose
•2. Ink Roller – is
a rubber made
roller designed
to spread the
fingerprint `ink
to the slab.
• 3. Fingerprint Ink – is
a special form of
ink designed for
taking fingerprint
impression
sometimes
submitted with a
printer’s ink.
•4. Fingerprint
card – is an 8” x
8” card
designed for
recording
fingerprint
impression
• 5. Card holder –
usually a fixed card
holder placed in a
flat table designed to
prevent the
movement of the
card in the course of
the taking of the
fingerprint.
•6. Latent Print
Transfer Card –
Used to
preserved
developed
latent prints.
•7. Fingerprint
Strip Holder –
Used to hold
card for post-
mortem
fingerprint.
•8. Magnifying
lens (Horse-
Shoe Type) – An
expert
magnifying lens.
 BASIC RULE IN TAKING FINGERPRINTS:
• 1. Subject should be instructed to stand straight but relax
facing the slab.
• 2. The subject hand should be completely dry
• 3. Thumb fingers are rolled towards the body while other
fingers are rolled away from the body.
• 4. In case of Split/Webbed thumb, it should be rolled
together and be classified based on: = (1) get the bigger
one; if of the same size, Get the inner one.
• 5. In case of Polydactyl or Extra Finger which is totally
separate: Print the extra finger on the other side of the card
and make a note.
• Latent Prints – Are those prints that are
hidden or concealed which are usually left
accidentally on the crime scene. These
are prints naked to the human eye but
they actually exist.
• - The word “Latent” is a Latin word which
means “something indistinct or hidden”
 LATENT PRINTS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO DIFFERENT CATEGORIES.

•According to imprinted surface.

•a. Soft Surface – (such as soap, wax,
wet paint, fresh caulk, etc.) are likely
to be three dimensional plastic prints.
•b. Hard Surface – are either patent
(visible) or latent (invisible) prints.
 ✓ ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF VISIBILITY
• Types of Latent Prints
• ➢ Visible Prints - are those prints which are readily visible to the naked eye.
Such as blood, dirt, ink, paint, or any colored surface is transferred from a finger
to a surface. It can either be: Molded prints or Prints made by contamination
with colored substance.
• ➢ Semi-Visible Prints – Are prints found on clay, dust, muds and another sticky
surface.
• ➢ Invisible Prints - prints that are generally made by sweat or perspiration that
requires developing for visibility. It is the common type observed in the crime
scene.
 METHODS OF
DEVELOPING LATENT
PRINTS:
• 1.Dusting Method = considered as
the simplest and traditional
methods used in developing prints
at the scene of the crime. (Use of
Powder and Brush)
• 2.Rolling Method = basically used in
developing prints in paper done by
simply rolling the paper with powder
spreading in its surface.
• 3.Fuming Methods = done by using
chemical fumes such as Iodine and
Ammonium Fumes.
• 4.Silver Nitrate method – done by
spraying a 5 percent solution of
silver nitrate to the surface of the
paper.
• 5.Ninhydrin Method = is considered
as one of the best method used in
developing prints in paper.
• 6.Laser Method = is a modern
method of tracing and developing
prints.
• Post Mortem Fingerprints- are prints taken from
a diseased person.
• Automated Fingerprint Identification System
(AFIS) – Is a kind of storage, search and
retrieval system for finger and palm print
electronic images and demographic data.
AFIS software utilize the impressions from the
rolled and plain impressions of all fingers to
compare the unsolved crime latent database.
 MASTERY QUIZ
FORENSIC 2 – PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES
 MASTERY QUIZ

6.The following are families of fingerprint

pattern except-
A. Whorl
B. Loop
C. Arch
D. Accidental
 MASTERY QUIZ

7.The upper ten impressions in the

fingerprint card are taken individually.
These are referred to as the ___________.
A.Rolled impression
B. Plain Impression
C.Slapped Impression
D.Flat Impression
 MASTERY QUIZ

8. These are the innermost ridges running

parallel or nearly parallel to each other which
diverge and surround or tend to surround the
pattern area.
A. Bifurcation
B. Type Lines
C. Pattern Area
D. Core
 MASTERY QUIZ

9. It is a type of fingerprint pattern which

possesses either an angle or up thrust, or two
of the three basic characteristics of the loop.
A. Plain Arch
B. Tented Arch
C. Ulnar Loop
D. Radial Loop
 MASTERY QUIZ

10. A type of fingerprint pattern in which

the ridges run its direction to the radius or
to the thumb.
A.Radial Bone
B. Radial Loop
C.Ulnar Loop
D.Arch
 MASTERY QUIZ

11. It is a kind of fingerprint pattern consisting

of two (2) different types of pattern with the
exception of the plain arch.
A.Central Pocket Loop Whorl
B. Accidental Whorl
C.Double Loop Whorl
D.Plain Whorl
 MASTERY QUIZ

12. In taking fingerprints, the technician

must encourage the subject being
fingerprinted to relax.
A.True
B. False
C.Partially True
D.Partially False
 MASTERY QUIZ
13. It is that part of a loop or whorl in
which the core and delta appear which
we are concerned in the classification
process.
A.Type lines
B. Pattern Area
C.Bifurcation
D.Delta
 MASTERY QUIZ

14. The core and delta are also termed as

A.Focal Points
B. Inner Terminus
C.Pattern Area
D.Outer Ridges
 MASTERY QUIZ

15. It refers to a fingerprint pattern wherein the

ridges flow from one side to the other without
recurving and make a rise at the center.
A.Plain Arch
B. Tented Arch
C.Plain whorl
D.Plain Loop
CLASSIFICATION FORMULA
•The Henry- Galton System with the
FBI modification and extension as
adopted by almost all English-
Speaking countries of the world.
The Philippines as one is using this
system
FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION FORMULA:
• 1. Checking – Verifying the rolled impression using
the plain impression as guide or reference.
• 2. Blocking-Out – It is the process of placing under
each pattern the letter symbols representing their
pattern interpretation prior to the actual
classification formula.
• 3. Classification Formula – It is the result of the
evaluation and interpretation of the ten (10)
fingerprints applying the principle of ridge counting,
ridge tracing
•FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION - the
sorting of fingerprints into file groups so
that a file may be set upon the basis of
fingerprints alone. Fingerprints are
classified by General shape (arch,
loop, or whorl), position in finger, and
relative size.
• Blocking - It is the process of writing
below each pattern the
corresponding symbol of the
fingerprints in the spaces provided
for in the chart (smaller blocks)
conspicuously or in capital letters
purposely to facilitate the
attainment of the Primary
Classification.
P.W. CPLW RADIAL LOOP ULNAR LOOP ACCIDENTAL
WHOR

W C / \ W
ULNAR LOOP RADIAL DLW PLAIN ARCH
CPLW

W U \ W A
*KMPSSF
1. PRIMARY DIVISION
• Is the summation of all
numerical value assigned to
Whorls appearing in
fingerprint chart which are
Numerators and
denominators Plus the pre-
established fraction of 1/1. It
is always represented by
numerical value.
ALL WHORLS APPEARING IN THE FOLLOWING
FINGERS WILL HAVE ITS CORRESPONDING
NUMERICAL VALUE, TO
WIT:
• (1st Pair) 1st and 2nd Finger (Right Thumb and Right Index) = “Numerical Value
of 16”
• (2nd Pair) 3rd and 4th Finger (Right Middle and Right Ring) = “Numerical Value
of 8”
• (3rd Pair) 5th and 6th Finger (Right Little and Left Thumb) = “Numerical Value
of 4”
• (4th Pair) 7th and 8th Finger (Left Index and Left Middle) = “Numerical Value of
2”
• (5th Pair) 9th and 10th Finger (Left Ring and Left Little) = “Numerical Value of
1”
•✓ All Values appearing on the EVEN
numbers will be the NUMERATOR
while those in the ODD
•number will be the DENOMINATOR.
✓ Patterns without numerical value
are the arches and loops.
PAIRS OF FINGERS IN A
CLASSIFICATION CARD
2. SECONDARY DIVISION
• This division is obtaining by writing
the Capital letter symbols (taken
from the index fingers) and the small
letters (from thumb, middle, ring
and little finger.
• A. By capital letters – all letters
appearing at the index finger with
the right as the numerator
• and the left index denominator,
which can be (A, T, R, U, W, C, D, or
X)
• B. Small letters- only letter r (radial),
a (plain arch), and t (tented arch)
are included.
small letters-rat radial
loop,plain arc and
tented
thumb,middle,ring
and little
CAPITAL LETTER
index finger
(A,T,R,U,W,C,D,X)
3. SUB-SECONDARY DIVISION

• This is done by ridge

counting of loops
and ridge tracing of
whorls appearing in
the index, middle,
and ring fingers of
both right and left
hands.
• a. Ridge Counting of Loop
• Index = 1-9 Ridge Counts (INNER)
• = 10 or more Ridge Counts
(OUTER)
• Middle = 1-10 Ridge Counts
(INNER)
• = 11 or more Ridge Counts
(OUTER)
• Ring = 1-13 Ridge Counts (INNER)
• = 14 or more Ridge Counts
(OUTER)
• b. Ridge Tracing of Whorl
• INNER (I) – 3 or more Intervening
Ridges “INSIDE” or “ABOVE” the
Right Delta.
• OUTER (O) - 3 or more Intervening
Ridges “OUTSIDE” or “BELOW” the
Right Delta.
• Meeting (M) – 2 or Less Intervening
Ridges either “ABOVE” or “BELOW”
the Right Delta.
• c. Appearance of Plain Arch and
Tented Arch should be represented
with a dash (-).
SAMPLE
• 4. Major Division
• This is similar to Sub-Secondary
division though it is applying to the
thumb only and ridge
• counting has been modified.
• it is similar to the previous division though it applies only on the both
THUMB ONLY but the ridge counting (for loop patterns) has been
modified. Meaning in the ridge counting, we will not use the inner (I) and
outer (O) symbol. Still the result from such ridge counting be exhibited on
the upper right corner of the frame where the pattern is found and
deducted into symbol and later on expressed in the classification line.
Two sets of table for symbol are used for loop whenever both patterns
appear in the thumbs and the ridge count on the left thumb is 17 or
more making it called exceptional and marking it automatically as large
(L). For the whorl patterns, the same ridge tracing we used in sub-
secondary division. We will use the I,M,O system. The right thumb will
serve as the numerator while the left thumb will serve as the
denominator.
• For whorl patterns – ridge tracing (I,M,O system)
• For loop patterns – ridge counting (modified) S,M,L and two table will be
used
• For arch patterns – represented by dash (-) in classification line
• Ridge Tracing of Whorl
• INNER (I) – 3 or more Intervening Ridges
“INSIDE” or “ABOVE” the Right Delta.
• OUTER (O) - 3 or more Intervening Ridges
“OUTSIDE” or “BELOW” the Right Delta.
• Meeting (M) – 2 or Less Intervening Ridges
either “ABOVE” or “BELOW” the Right Delta.
• This is done by ridge counting of loops and whorls from the two little
fingers. In this division whorls
5. FINAL DIVISION
• are ridge counted not to be ridge traced.
• 1. Loops –ridge counted in its conventional way;
• 2. Whorls:
• a. Plain whorl and central pocket loop whorl shall be treated as ulnar
loop from the hand of origin;
• b. A double loop is ridge counted to an upright loop or the ridge count
of the top loop; and
• c. An accidental whorl be ridge counted in all but the least ridge count
will be used.
• d. Appearance of Plain Arch and Tented Arch should be represented
with a dash (-).
•This division is derived by6. KEY DIVISION
getting the
ridge count of the first loop formation
appearing in the ten fingers except
the two little fingers. In case of
absence of a loop, the first whorl will
be ridge counted following the rules
of ridge counting a whorl under final
division.
 CLASSIFICATION OF AMPUTATED FINGERS:
• 1. When one or more fingers from same hand are amputated or missing, it is
given the classification of the opposite fingers (including the ridge count or
ridge tracing, except the primary classification)
• 2. When two or more opposite fingers are amputated or missing, it is given the
classification of plain whorl with ridge tracing of Meeting (M)
• 3. When all fingers are amputated or missing, they are all treated as plain
whorls with ridge tracing of Meeting (M)
 MASTERY QUIZ
FORENSIC 2 – PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES
 MASTERY QUIZ
16. The Classification formula is written horizontally
on the fingerprint card. It is consists of six (6)
classification.
A. True
B. False
C. Partially True
D. Partially False
 MASTERY QUIZ
17. It is the sum total of all numerical values of
Whorls in a set of finger plus (+) a fraction of over 1.
A. Secondary Classification
B. Key Classification
C. Primary Classification
D. Final Classification
 MASTERY QUIZ

18. It is the process of writing the symbols of

the corresponding patterns on the space
provided in the fingerprint cards.
A.Pairing
B. Blocking
C.Tracing
D.Interpretation
 MASTERY QUIZ

19. What is written between the Key

Classification and the Primary
Classification?
A.Secondary Classification
B. Key Classification
C.Major Classification
D.Final Classification
 MASTERY QUIZ

20. It is the ridge count of the loop

appearing on the set of prints on the
fingerprint card.
A. Secondary Classification
B. Key Classification
C. Major Classification
D. Final Classification
 MASTERY QUIZ

21. It is the process of counting ridges that

cross or touch an imaginary line drawn
between the delta and core of a loop.
A.Ridge counting
B. Ridge tracing
C.Ridge Ending
D.None of these
 MASTERY QUIZ
22. It refers to the process of charting the ridge that originates from the lower
side of the left delta toward the right delta to see where it flows in relation to
the right delta.
A. Ridge counting
B. Ridge Tracing
C. Ridge ending
D. Short Ridge
 MASTERY QUIZ
23. The numerical value of the right thumb and
right index for purposes of primary classification is-
A. 16
B. 8
C. 4
D. 2
•
 MASTERY QUIZ

24. The arch and loop patterns are not

included in the Primary Classification.
A. True
B. False
C. Partially True
D. Partially False
 MASTERY QUIZ

25. Which of the following patterns was

considered to be the most common?
A. A. Arches
B. C. Whorls
C.Loops
D.D. Plain whorls