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INDETERMINATE BEAMS
1 D B E C 1 D B E C
RA A RA
! Comparison Between Indeterminate and A
Determinate
! Influence line for Statically Indeterminate
Beams
1 D B E C 1 D B E C
! Qualitative Influence Lines for Frames A VD A VD
1
1
D B E C D B E C
A ME A ME
1 3
Redundant R1 applied
Indeterminate Determinate
1 4 2 j 3
1
Compatibility equation:
f1 j + f11 R1 = ∆1 = 0
=
1
R1 = − f1 j ( )
D ∆´1 = f1j f11
1 B E C 1 D B E C 1
A RA A RA
f j1
R1 = ( )
fjj f11
+
f11
×R1
1
2 fj1 4
Influence Lines for Bending Moment
Redundant R2 applied
1 4 2 j 3
1 4 2 j 3
1
Compatibility equation.
1 1
∆ '2 + f 22 R2 = ∆ 2 = 0
1
f 2 j + f 22 R2 = ∆ 2 = 0 ME = ( ) f j4
=
α 44
1 1 α44
R2 = − f 2 j ( ) 1 1
f 22
f2j fjj f j2
+
R2 = ( ) fj4
f22 f 22
fj2
×R2
1
5 7
Influence Lines for Shear Using Equilibrium Condition for Shear and Bending Moment
• Influence line of Reaction
1 4 2 j 3
1 4 2 j 3
f 41
f11 f11 f j1
=1 R1 = ( )
1 f11 R1 f11
1 f j1
1 f11
VE = ( ) f j 4 f 22
f 44 f 42 =1 f j2
1 f 22 f 22
f 22
f j2
1 R2 R2 = ( )
f 22
f44 1
fj4 f 33
=1
1 f 33
f j3
R3 R3 = ( )
f j3 f 33
f 43 1
6 f 33 8
f 33
Qualitative Influence Lines for Frames
x 1 1
1
1 4 2 j 3 1 M4
R1 V4 I
1
R1 R2 R3 + ↑ ΣFy = 0; R1 − 1 − V4 = 0
V4 = R1 - 1
Influence Line of VI
R1
• Unit load to the right of 4
1
1 M4
V4 = R1 R1 V4
4 1
V4 + ↑ ΣFy = 0; R1 − V4 = 0
1
V4 = R1 9 11
1 V4 = R1 - 1 Maximum positive shear Maximum negative shear
R1 R2 R3 + Σ M4 = 0: M4 - 1 (l-x) - l R1 = 0
Influence Line of MI
l1 l2
M4 = - l + x + l R1
A B C D E
Ay Dy Gy
15 m 15 m 1.0
RA
1.0
1.0
Gy
RB
1.0
MB
Dy
1
1.0
1
Ay MG
13 15
G
A D H G
A B C D E
15 m 15 m
1 VG
MA
1
1 VF
1
MH
1 VH
14 16
• Find fxB by conjugate beam
Example 1
A C D B
6 kN•m Real Beam
Draw the influence line for
- the vertical reaction at A and B 1 1
- shear at C 2m 2m 2m
- bending moment at A and C
EI is constant . Plot numerical values every 2 m.
6 18 x
EI EI
72
A C D B EI Conjugate Beam
18
2m 2m 2m 2 EI
x x
EI 2 EI x
x3 72 18 x 72
+ − = M´x
6 EI EI EI EI
V´x x 2x
3 3 18
EI
17 19
• Influence line of RB
x
A C D B A C D B x3 72 18 x
f xB = M ' x = + −
6 EI EI EI
72
B 0 1
EI
72/EI
f DB 10.67/EI 37.33/EI 37.33
0 fBB D 2 0.518
f AB f CB f BB EI
f BB =1
f BB f BB f BB fxB
1
10.67
C 4 0.148
1 EI
37.33 /72 = 0.518
10.67 /72 = 0.148 f BB 72 A 6 0 0
= =1
0 f BB 72
1 Influence line of RB
18 20
Influence line of RA x
18 x x 3
A C D B A C D B f xA = M ' x = −
EI 6 EI
B 0 0 0
• Find fxA by conjugate beam Alternate Method: Use equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RA
1 kN x
A C D B 1
6 kN•m Real Beam A C D B
MA
1 kN + ↑ ΣFy = 0;
2m 2m 2m
RA 2m 2m 2m RB RA + RB − 1 = 0
x
72 RB = 1 − RA
M 'A = Conjugate Beam
EI RB
18 1
B' y = .518
EI 0.148
18
6 RB
EI
EI 1
x 2x
18 x x 3 RA = 1- RB
− = M´x 3 3
EI 6 EI 1.0
0.852
V´x x 18 1 kN
B' y = 0.482
x x2 EI
EI 2 EI RA
22 24
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VC Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of MC
1
0.518 A G B D E F C
0.148
RB
1 2@2=4 m 4@2 = 8 m
MA
-1.112 -0.892
1 26 28
Influence line of RA 4/EI
x2 x1
64/EI
A G B D E F C Conjugate beam
4m 8m
2@2=4 m 4@2 = 8 m 18.67 5.33
EI 2
x1 EI
x1
2 EI 4 EI x1
f AA
=1 3
f AA x 5.33 x1
1
− = M´ x1
12 EI EI
1 f DA V´ x1
f EA f FA 5.33
f AA x1 2 x1
f AA f AA 2 EI
x2 3 3
2 EI
64 x2 x2
EI EI
3
x2 64 18.67
M´ x2 = + −
6 EI EI EI
18.67 2 x2 x2 V´ x2
EI 3 3
29 31
x3 5.33x
• Find fxA by conjugate beam x2 x1 f xA = M ' x1 = − , for B to C
12 EI EI
3
x 18.67 x2 64
A B D E F C A G B D E F C f xA = M 'x 2 = 2 − + , for A to B
Real beam 6 EI EI EI
1 0.5
1.5 4m 2m 6m Point x (m) fxA fxA / fAA
4m 2m 6m
C 0 0 0
64
4 /EI 28
EI 10
EI F −
fAA 2 EI -0.1562
Conjugate beam fxA
16
4/EI 1 − 14 − 10 E 4 − -0.25
− 16 EI
EI EI EI
0 14
D 6 − -0.2188
5.33 EI
10.67
EI
EI f AA Influence line of RA B 8 0 0
=1
4/EI f AA
64/EI 0.438 28
0 G 10 0.4375
EI
64
10.67 f AA = M 'A = 1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156 64
EI A 1
18.67/EI EI 30 12 EI 32
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RB • Check ΣFy = 0
1 x 1 x
+ ΣM C = 0;
A G B D E F C − 8 RB + x − 12 RA = 0 A G B D E F C + ↑ ΣFy = 0;
x 12 RA + RB + RC = 1
RB = − RA RA RB RC
RA RB RC 8 8
Point RA RB RC ΣR
4m 2m 6m 4m 2m 6m
Point x (m) RA RB
1 C 0 0 1 1
C 0 0 0 0.438 -0.1562 0.485 1
F 0.6719
1 RA
F 2 -0.1562 0.485
0.438 1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156 E -0.25 0.875 0.375 1
RA E 4 -0.25 0.875
1.08 D -0.2188 1.078 0.1406 1
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156 1 0.875
D 6 -0.2188 1.078 0.59 0.49 0 1 0
B 1
0 1 RB
B 8 G 0.4375 0.5939 -0.0312 1
1.078 0.875 1
0.59 1 G 10 0.4375 0.5939 1
0.485 A 1 0 0 1
0.672
RB A 1 0 0.141 0.375
12 RC
1 33 35
-0.0312 1
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RC Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VG
B 8 0 0 0.438 A MG
1 G 10 0.4375 -0.0312 VG
0.672 VG RA
0.141 0.375 1 1
RC A 0
12 -0.562 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156
-0.0312 1 VG = RA
34 36
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VE Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of ME
fAA 60.44/EI
fDA 37.11/EI 17.77/EI
fCA fEA 4.88/EI 0
fxA
1
1
0.614
0.294
0.081 0
RA = fxA/fAA
fAA /fAA
fDA /f fCA /fAA
AA fEA /f
AA
41 43
1
• Find fxA by conjugate beam Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RB and MB
3EI 8 kN•m
2EI x 1 MB
A B A B
Real Beam
1 C
4m 2m 2m 1 kN RA 4m 2m 2m RB
1 1 1
V (kN) + 0.614
x (m) 0.294
0.081 0
RA
8
4
+ 0.919 1
M 0.706
x (m) 0.386
(kN•m) 0
RB = 1 - RA
2.67
2EI 1.33EI
EI
MB = 8RA - (8-x)(1)
60.44/EI 0 0
-1.352
fAA = M´A = 60.44/EI -1.088 -1.648
12/EI Conjugate Beam 42 44
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VB The quantitative shear and bending moment diagram and qualitative deflected curve
10 kN
x 1 MB= 13.53 kN•m
A B A B
RA 4m 2m 2m VB = RA - 1 10(0.081)=0.81 kN 4m 2m 2m RB=9.19 kN
1
0.614 1
0.294 0.614
0.081 0 0.294
RA 0.081 0
RA
MA (kN•m) 4.86
+
-
45 -13.53 47
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VC and MC The quantitative shear and bending moment diagram and qualitative deflected curve
20 kN 10 kN
x 1 MB=46.48 kN•m
C MB
A B A B
49 51
Influence line of RA x
18 x x 3
A C D B A C D B f xA = M ' x = −
EI 6 EI
B 0 0 0
72/72 = 1.0 72
61.33 /72=0.852 A 6 EI 1.0
1 kN 34.67 /72 = 0.482
f AA
=1
f AA
Influence line of RA
50 52
• Influence line of RB
x
A C D B A C D B x3 72 18 x
f xB = M ' x = + −
6 EI EI EI
B 0 72 1
EI
72/EI
f DB 10.67/EI 37.33/EI 37.33
f CB 0 fBB D 2 0.518
f AB f BB f BB EI
f BB =1 fxB
f BB f BB
1
C 4 10.67 0.148
1 EI
37.33 /72 = 0.518 72 /72 = 1
10.67 /72 = 0.148 fBB A 6 0 0
=1
0 fBB
1 Influence line of RB
53 55
6 18 x
EI EI 72
EI
Conjugate Beam A D B E C
18
EI
x2 2m 2m 2m 2m
x
2 EI
EI x
x3
72 18 x 72
+ − = M´x
6 EI EI EI EI
V´x x 2x
3 3 18
EI
54 56
The influence line for the shear at D
1 kN
1 kN
A D B E C A D B E C Real beam
D
1 kN 1 kN 2kN 1 kN
1 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
V( kN) 1
f DD
=1 x (m)
f DD
1 kN
-1
VD
D f ED 4
f DD M
1 kN (kN •m)
x (m)
4/EI
Conjugate beam
57 M´D 59
2m 2m 2m 2m
1 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m
8/EI
4/EI 8
m
3
2 kN•m 0
1 kN 1 kN 16 8
3EI 3EI
1 kN 8/EI
8
2 kN•m m 4/EI
3
2k 1 kN
16
128/3EI
3EI
40
1 kN 1 kN 58 3EI 60
2 kN
The influence line for the bending moment at D
4/EI
αDD
A Conjugate beam
C A D B E
D B E C
40 8
128/3EI
3EI 3EI 1 kN •m 1 kN •m
2m 2m 2m 2m
2m 2m 2m 2m
2/EI
2/EI
2 2 40 76 f DD
M´DL = ( )( ) − ( )(2) = −
α DD
EI 3 3EI 3EI
40 2 V´DL
3EI 3
MD
2/EI
f ED
128/3EI 2 2 128 40 52 α DD
M´DR = ( )( ) + −( )(2) =
EI 3 3EI 3EI 3EI 2/EI
40 2 V´DR 2/EI
3EI 3
4 2 2 8
− = ( )( ) − ( )(2) = M´E
EI EI 3 3EI 2 8
V´E
3 3EI 61 63
4/EI
• Using conjugate beam for find fxD
A Conjugate beam
C
D B E
40 128/3EI 8 A D B E C
3EI 3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m 1 kN •m 1 kN •m
2 8 2m 2m 2m 2m
V´ 3EI 3EI
x (m) θ
16 1 kN•m
−
40 34 3EI
− − 0.5 kN
3EI 3EI 0.5 kN
52
3EI 0.5 kN
128/3EI = M´D = fDD 1 kN•m
x (m) ∆
fxD = M ´
4 1k 0.5 kN
−
76 EI
−
3EI
52
0.406 =
128 Influence line of VD = fxD/fDD
62
0.5 kN 1 kN 0.5 kN 64
4 /(128/3) = -0.094
76 /128 = -0.594
2/EI
1 kN •m 1 kN •m
A D B E C Conjugate beam
Real beam
0.5 kN 0.5 kN 4 32 4
1 kN
EI 3EI 3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m
2m 2m 2m 2m
V (kN) 0.5
1/EI
x (m) 1/EI
1 2 4 26
M´D = ( )( ) + ( )(2) =
1 EI 3 EI 3EI
2 4 2 V´D
M EI 3
(kN •m) 1/EI
x (m)
1/EI
2/EI 2 1 2 4
− = ( )( ) − ( )(2) = M´E
EI EI 3 3EI 2 4
Conjugate beam V´E 3 EI
3
65 67
2/EI
Conjugate beam 4
4 32
EI 3EI
3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
5
4
4/EI EI 1 4
2/EI 8 EI
m αDD = 32/3EI 3EI 3EI θ
3 V´ x (m)
8
0 17 −
− 3EI
3EI
8 4
26/3EI
3EI 3EI
4/EI fxD = M ´
8 x (m) ∆
m 2/EI
3 -2/EI
26
= 0.813
32 θDL = 5/(32/3) = 0.469 rad.
32 8 f xD θDR = -17/32 = -0.531 rad.
4 Influence line of MD
3EI 3EI α xD
3EI 66 θD = 0.469 + 0.531 = 1 rad -2 /(32/3) = -0.188 68
• Use the consistency deformation method
Example 3
A G
3@5 =15 m 3@5 =15 m
Draw the influence line for the reactions at supports for the beam shown in the
1
figure below. EI is constant.
=
∆´G
+
fGG x RG
A B C D E F G
∆´G + fGGRG = 0 ------(1) 1
- Use conjugate beam for find ∆´G and fGG
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
15 30
A Real beam G A Real beam G
15 m 15 m 30 m
1 1 1 450 1
112.5 15 EI
15 2812.5 9000
EI ∆'C = M 'C = EI f 'GG = M ' 'G =
EI EI EI
A B C D E F G 2812.5 9000
+ RG = 0
EI EI
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
RG = −0.3125 kN , ↓
5.625
fCD fDD fED G
fBD fFD A
fXD
0.6875 1 0.3125
1
=
15
f CD f DD
f BD = 1 f ED f FD
f DD f DD f DD
f DD f DD fXD/fDD = Influence 1 1
line for RD
+
1 30
x RG = -0.3125 kN
1 1
70 72
• Use the conjugate beam for find fXD Influence line for RG
5.625 fCD fDD fED
fBD fFD
A G Real beam A B C D E F G
3@5 =15 m 3@5 =15 m
23.01 1 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
0.6875 0.3125
5.625 EI
6.818 m x2
EI fGG
A G Conjugate beam fFG
fEG
8.182 m
fXG
2 − 4.688 35.16 28.13
0.6875 x1 x1 EI fBG fCG
15.98 EI 1
2 EI 5.625 x1 − 0.6875 x12 EI
EI x2 f GG
EI V´2 f EG f FG =1
5.625 f GG
(5.625-0.6875x1)/EI M´2 G f GG f GG
EI
A 5 .625 x − 0 .6875 x
2
x 0 .3125 x
2
x fXG/fGG
x1 M´1= 1 1
( 1) − 2
( 2) 0.3125x2 28.13
EI 2 2 3 f BG f CG
V´1 2
.6875 x1 2 x1 0.3125 x2
2
EI 1
+ ( ) 28.13 f GG f GG
2 EI 3 + x 2 = M ' x 2 2 EI
EI
x1 = 5 m -----> fBD = M´1= 56/EI x2 = 5 m -----> fFD = M´2= 134.1/EI
=
∆´D
246.1
166.7 229.2 134.1
56 246.1
+
246.1 246.1 246.1 1
246.1
fXD/fDD fDD
X RD
1 1
∆´D + fDDRD = 0 ------(2)
- Use conjugate beam for find ∆´D and fDD
0.228 0.677 1.0 0.931 30 15
0.545 A Real beam G A Real beam G
30 m 15 m 15 m
Influence Line for RD 1 1 1 1
450
30 9000 112.5
EI 15
EI EI EI
EI
Conjugate beam Conjugate beam
74 450/EI 15 + (2/3)(15) 76
20 m
112.5 x2
9000 112.5
1.5 EI 15 2 fGG = M´G = 1968.56/EI
EI EI
M´ EI 2 x
EI x3 x3 1968.56 168.75
M´´ ( )+ − x3 =M´ G
15 m 2 3 EI EI
V´ 450/EI x
V´´ V´2
168.75/EI
112.5 15 9000 450 2812.5 112.5 2 1125 x = 5 m -----> fFG = M´= 1145.64/EI
∆'D = M ' = ( )+ − (15) = f DD = M ''= ( × 15) =
EI 3 EI EI EI EI 3 EI
x = 10 m -----> fEG = M´ = 447.73/EI 1968.56
447.73 1145.64 EI
2812.5 1125 EI EI
Substitute ∆´D and fDD in (2) : + RD = 0, RD = −2.5kN = 2.5kN , ↓
EI EI fXG
7.5 − 62.5 − 125
1
EI EI 1968 .56
2.5 1145.64
1.5 1 447.73 1968 .56
1968.56
30 1968.56
= − 62.5 − 125
fXG/fGG
1 1
1 1968.56 1968.56
+
15 1.0
x RD = -2.5 kN 0.227 0.582
Influence line for RG
1 77 -0.032 -0.064 79
1
• Use the conjugate beam for find fXG Using equilibrium condition for the influence line for Ay
fFG fGG
7.5 fEG x 1
Real beam
MA A B C D E F G
fBG fCG 2.5
1.5 3@5 =15 m 1
3@5 =15 m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
112.5
75 Ay RD RG
EI
EI 15 fGG = M´G = 1968.56/EI
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : RA = 1 − RD − RC
EI
A G Conjugate beam
10 m 1 1
− 7.5 168.75/EI
EI 15 + (10/3) = 18.33 m Unit load
18.75
EI 25 + (2/3)(5) = 28.33 m 1.0 0.929
0.228 0.678 0.542
5m 18.75 2 62.5
A M´1 = f BG = − ( × 5) = − Influence Line for RD
EI 3 EI 1.0
− 7.5
V´1 18.75 0.227 0.582
EI Influence line for RG
EI 18.75 6.67 m -0.032 -0.064
EI A 18.75 125.06
M´2 = f CG = − (6.67) = − 1.0 0.804 0.386
− 7.5 EI EI
− 18.75 V´2 78
Influence line for Ay 80
EI
EI -0.156 -0.124
Using equilibrium condition for the influence line for MA
17/04/2023
x 1
MA A B C D E F G
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
Ay RD RG
+ ΣM A = 0 : 1x − 15RD − 30 RC
5 10 15 20 25 30
KEKAKUAN
1x DAN
1.0 0.929
DISTRIBUSI BEBAN
0.228 0.678 0.542
RD x 15
1.0
0.227 0.582
RG x 30
-0.032 -0.064
2.54
1.75
Influence line for MA 81
-0.745 -0.59 1
1. DEFINISI KEKAKUAN
1
17/04/2023 17/04/2023
P (N)
3 5
Kekakuan pegas kecil jika gaya aksial yang diperlukan kecil untuk
mengubah panjang pegas sebesar satu mm.
4 6
2 3
17/04/2023 17/04/2023
Sebuah balok kayu lebar 40 mm, tinggi 60 mm, panjang 2 m, Sebuah balok kayu lebar 40 mm, tinggi 60 mm, panjang 2 m,
digunakan sebagai pegas dengan posisi seperti balok sendi rol digunakan sebagai pegas dengan posisi seperti balok kantilever
dengan beban di tengah bentang. Hitunglah kekakuan batang dengan beban di ujung. Hitunglah kekakuan batang tersebut, jika
tersebut, jika diketahui bahwa Ekayu = 10000 MPa. diketahui bahwa Ekayu=104 MPa
P P
1m 1m
d
d 2m
7 9
12 12 12 12
d 2,315 10 Pmm2
d 0,37 Pmm
48EI 48 10 7,2 104 5
3EI 3 10 7,2 10
4 5
8 10
4 5
17/04/2023 17/04/2023
P P P
P Maka nilai kekakuannya:
h P d/2 P d/2 P
k P/d
EI EI P
h/2 12 . EI
h/2 k
P h 3
P
Kolom Kolom Setengah
kantilever jepit-jepit kolom
11 13
P d / 2 ( P (1 / 8).h ) /(3.E.I )
3
Balok 1 menahan P1
P
Balok 1
d / 2 ( P.h ) /(24.E.I )
3
L1/2 Balok 2 menahan P2
P2 + P 1 = P
d ( P.h ) /(12.E.I )
3
L2/2
Balok 2
12 14
6 7
17/04/2023 17/04/2023
k P /(1 / 48).P .L /( EI )
Balok 2 3
k 48 EI / L L 48 EI / k
3
d (1 / 48).P .L /( EI )
3
3
atau
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
d (1 / 48).P .L /( EI )
3
2 2 dengan panjang balok pangkat tiga
2 2 2
15 17
Balok 2 P L
2 1
3
P k
2 2
d d
1 2 Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa:
Masing-masing balok menahan beban sebanding dengan nilai
(1 / 48).P .L /( EI ) (1 / 48).P .L /( EI )
3 3
1 1 2 2 kekakuannya
P .L P .L
3
P L
3 3
atau
1 1 2 2 1
2
3
P L
2 1
16 18
8 9
17/04/2023 17/04/2023
P 1m
cd
d 1,852 10 P mm 1
B cd cd
2m 2m 60 mm
Besar beban yang ditahan balok AB:
1m E D
C
40 mm 43,197
Penampang Kayu P P 0,89 P
43,197 5,4
ab
19 21
PL P 2000
3
3
d
ab ab
2,315 10 P mm
ab 2
48EI 48 10 7,2 10
ab 4 5 ab
Note:
Besar lendutan di tengah balok CD: Karena kekakuan balok AB 8 kali lebih besar daripada balok CD,
maka balok AB menahan beban 8 kali lebih besar daripada balok
PL P 4000
3
3
d
cd cd
1,852 10 P mm
ab 1
CD.
48EI 48 10 7,2 10
cd 4 5 cd
20 22
10 11
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Struktur terdiri 3 kolom dan satu balok yang kaku sekali seperti L
gambar di halaman selanjutnya. Bila diketahui bahwa:
a.) panjang kolom L sama besar Diagram momen
b.) (EI)kolom 2 = (EI)kolom 3 = 2 × (EI)kolom 1 (2/3).L
Mb
Hitunglah gaya geser masing-masing kolom dan reaksi horisontal
A,B, dan C
Garis elastis
θb
23 25
(1 / EI )
(1 / 2).M .L
b
. (2 / 3).L
L
b
b
3.EI
k
L
24 26
12 13
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L M
k b
Diagram Momen b
1/3.L Mb
atau
Ma=1/2Mb 2/3.L 4 EI
k
Garis Elastis L
θb
θa=0
27 29
EI
b
B D
A
(1 / 2).(1 / 2) M .(1 / 3).L (1 / 2).M .L Le Sehingga titik A
b b
EI
b
tidak berpindah
(1 / 12).M .L (1 / 3).M .L
b b
E tempat, hanya
b
EI Lb Ld berputar saja
ML
b
EI
b
28 30
14 15
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C M M M M
b c d e
k k k k
b c d e a
θa
b c d e
θa
31 33
Hubungan momen, sudut rotasi dan kekakuan adalah: Momen distribusi batang-batang tampak seperti pada gambar berikut
ini:
b
buhul
Mab Mad
b
Mae
32 34
16 17
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A D Mda
θa
Rd (EI)1 (EI)2 (EI)3 h
35 37
Mad
(+) 1/3 Lad A B C
(-) d
2/3 Lad P Balok dianggap kaku sekali
A B C
36 38
18 19
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Ditinjau portal 2 tingkat dengan beban horisontal P1 dan P2. Kekakuan tingkat 2 pada portal dihitung dengan cara sebagai
berikut:
d2
P2 P2 d1=0(tingkat 1
dijaga agar tidak
goyang)
h2 h2
Kekakuan tingkat
P1 P1 2 sebesar:
P
k 2
d
tk.2
h1 h1
2
A B C A B C
39 41
P2 d2=d1(tingkat 2
Kekakuan tingkat n pada portal
dijaga agar tidak
Pn bertingkat banyak, adalah sebesar:
goyang)
h2
Kekakuan tingkat P P
P1 1 sebesar: k n n1
d
n
n
d1
dn Catatan:
P P
h1 k 1 2
tk.1
d Nilai kekakuan tingkat dipakai pada
1
hitungan perencanaan gedung tahan
gempa
A B C
40 42
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43 45
2. Ditinjau portal 2 tingkat dengan beban 1 kN di lantai 2 4. Ditinjau portal 2 tingkat dengan beban α kN di lantai 1 dan β
kN di lantai 2
1 kN β kN
d2,2 d2 = α d2,1 + β d2,2
d2,2: goyangan lantai 2
akibat beban 1 kN di
lantai 2 α kN
d1,2 d1 = α d1,1 + β d1,2
d1,2: goyangan lantai 1
akibat beban 1 kN di d1,1 adalah besaran d1,1 pada uraian
lantai 2 di (a) sebelumnya. Begitu juga d1,2
dan seterusnya
44 46
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47 49
5. Ditinjau portal 2 tingkat dengan goyangan 1mm di lantai 1 Nilai kekakuan tingkat 2 dapat dihitung dengan cara analog yaitu
dan lantai 2 dengan memasukkan nilai d1 = 0 mm dan d2 = 1 mm.
P2 kN
0 = P1 d1,1 + P2 d1,2
d2 = 1 mm
1 = P1 d2,1 + P2 d2,2
48 50
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Pendahuluan
Cara distribusi momen merupakan salah satu cara untuk
Metode Distribusi Momen : menghitung momen-momen di dalam struktur balok dengan
beberapa bentang dengan perletakan menerus atau struktur portal.
(Moment Distribution Method) Cara ini diusulkan pertama kali oleh Prof.Hardy Cross dari
Universitas Illinois pada tahun 1930, dengan artikelnya berjudul
“Analysis of Continuous Frames by Distributing Fixed-End
Pertemuan ke - 10
Moments”.
Cara ini jika dibandingkan dengan cara-cara lain yang lebih eksak
memang tampak sedikit kurang teliti, namun karena sederhana,
mudah dipahami, serta relatif sangat mudah dihapalkan, maka
menjadi sangat populer (sebelum digunakan cara matrik yang
dihitung dengan bantuan komputer). Di Indonesia, cara ini sudah
lama dikenal secara luas dengan istilah cara “Cross”.
Prinsip kerja
Metode Distribusi Momen Pada prinsipnya, cara ini menggunakan keseimbangan momen pada
Materi ke-10: suatu titik buhul (titik pertemuan batang), dan momen induksi
terhadap titik buhul di dekatnya, sebagaimana diuraikan berikut.
Prinsip Dasar dan Definisi (Momen Primer, Faktor Ditinjau struktur dengan 4 balok yang bertemu pada titik buhul A
Kekakuan, Faktor Distribusi, Faktor Induksi). seperti berikut.
Analisis Balok Dengan menganggap bahwa balok-balok tidak mengalami
perubahan panjang maka titik A tidak dapat berpindah tempat,
kecuali hanya berrotasi saja.
Apabila pada titik A diberikan momen luar ML,a maka titik buhul A akan
berrotasi sebesar sudut θ sebagaimana tampak pada gambar berikutnya.
C
B A D θ
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Pada rotasi tersebut, semua ujung batang di A berrotasi sama besar INTRODUCTION AND BASIC PRINCIPLES
sehingga masing-masing balok menerima momen distribusi, yang jumlah
besar momennya sama besar dengan momen luar di A.
Statement of Basic Principles
ML,a = Mab + Mac + Mad + Mae
Consider the continuous beam ABCD, subjected to the given loads,
Momen distribusi di ujung balok-balok tampak seperti pada gambar as shown in Figure below.Assume that only rotation of joints occur
berikut ini.
Mac at B, C and D, and that no support displacements occur at B, C and
D. Due to the applied loads in spans AB, BC and CD, rotations occur
at B, C and D.
Mab Mad
Mae
Besar momen distribusi pada masing-masing balok sebanding dengan 150 kN
kekakuan rotasinya, yaitu : 15 kN/m
3m
10 kN/m
A B C D
Mab : Mac : Mad : Mae = kab : kac : kad : kae I I I
8m 6m 8m
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In beam AB These unbalanced moments act at the joints and modify the joint moments at B, C and
Fixed end moment at A = -wl2/12 = - (15)(8)(8)/12 = - 80 kN.m D, according to their relative stiffnesses at the respective joints. The joint moments are
Fixed end moment at B = +wl2/12 = +(15)(8)(8)/12 = + 80 kN.m distributed to either side of the joint B, C or D, according to their relative stiffnesses.
These distributed moments also modify the moments at the opposite side of the beam
span, viz., at joint A in span AB, at joints B and C in span BC and at joints C and D in
In beam BC span CD. This modification is dependent on the carry-over factor (which is equal to 0.5
Fixed end moment at B = - (Pab2)/l2 = - (150)(3)(3)2/62 in this case); when this carry over is made, the joints on opposite side are
= -112.5 kN.m assumed to be fixed.
Fixed end moment at C = + (Pab2)/l2 = + (150)(3)(3)2/62
= + 112.5 kN.m
7.2.4 Step IV
The carry-over moment becomes the unbalanced moment at the joints
In beam AB to which they are carried over. Steps 3 and 4 are repeated till the carry-
Fixed end moment at C = -wl2/12 = - (10)(8)(8)/12 = - 53.33 kN.m over or distributed moment becomes small.
Fixed end moment at D = +wl2/12 = +(10)(8)(8)/12 = + 53.33kN.m 7.2.5 Step V
Sum up all the moments at each of the joint to obtain the joint moments.
150 kN
15 kN/m 10 kN/m
MA MB A clockwise moment MA is applied
3m
A at A to produce a +ve bending in
A D B
I B I C I A A beam AB. Find A and MB.
8m 6m 8m
-53.33 RA RB
Released moments -80.0 +112.5 -112.5 +53.33
Net unbalanced moment L
-59.17 -53.33
+32.5 E, I – Member properties
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MB + MA + RAL = 0
MB = MA/2= (1/2)MA
MA A
Carry - over Factor = 1/2
A B
7.3.2 Distribution Factor
Distribution factor is the ratio according to which an externally applied unbalanced L
moment M at a joint is apportioned to the various members mating at the joint RA RB
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15 kN/m 10 kN/m
K BA 150 kN
0.5EI
DFAB 0.0
K BA K wall 0.5 (wall stiffness) B C
A D
K BA 0.5EI I I I
DF 0.4284 8m 3m 3m 8m
BA K BA K BC 0.5EI 0.667EI
K 0.667EI Simply-supported 60 60 75 75 40 40
DF BC
0.5716
BC K BA K BC 0.5EI 0.667EI reaction
K 0.667EI
End reaction
DFCB CB
0.5716 due to left hand FEM 8.726 -8.726 16.665 -16.67 12.079 -12.08
K CB K CD 0.667EI 0.500EI
K 0.500EI End reaction
DFCD CD
0.4284 due to right hand FEM -12.5 12.498 -16.1 16.102 0 0
K CB K CD 0.667EI 0.500EI
K
DFDC DC 1.00 Summed-up 56.228 63.772 75.563 74.437 53.077 27.923
K DC moments
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52.077
75.563
2.792 m
56.23
27.923
3.74 m 74.437
63.77
S. F. D.
Mmax=+38.985 kN.m
Max=+ 35.59 kN.m
126.704 31.693
35.08
48.307
-69.806 3.74 m
84.92 98.297 2.792 m
-99.985 -96.613
B. M. D
11 12
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Contoh
Metode Distribusi Momen Hitunglah momen-momen ujung batang dan selanjutnya hitunglah
Modifikasi Faktor Kekakuan (Simetris- antisimetris, gaya-gaya dalam serta diagramnya.
perletakan sendi).
Analisis Portal Tak Bergoyang.
1 2
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3 4
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5 6
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7 8
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