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INDETERMINATE BEAMS
Indeterminate Determinate
1 D B E C 1 D B E C
A RA A RA
2
Indeterminate Determinate
1 D B E C 1 D B E C
RA A RA
A
1 D B E C 1 D B E C
A VD A VD
1
1
D B E C D B E C
A ME A ME
Redundant R1 applied
1 4 2 j 3
1
Compatibility equation:
f1 j + f11 R1 = ∆1 = 0
=
1
R1 = − f1 j ( )
∆´1 = f1j f11
1
f j1
R1 = ( )
fjj f11
+
f11
×R1
1
fj1 4
Redundant R2 applied
1 4 2 j 3
1
Compatibility equation.
∆ '2 + f 22 R2 = ∆ 2 = 0
f 2 j + f 22 R2 = ∆ 2 = 0
=
1 1
R2 = − f 2 j ( )
f 22
f2j fjj f j2
+
R2 = ( )
f22 f 22
fj2
×R2
1
1 4 2 j 3
1
VE = ( ) f j4
f 44
1
1
f44
fj4
1
6
Influence Lines for Bending Moment
1 4 2 j 3
1 1
1
ME = ( ) f j4
α 44
α44
1 1
fj4
f 41
f11 f11 f j1
=1 R1 = ( )
f11 R1 f11
1 f j1
f 22 f11
f 42 =1 f j2
f 22 f 22
f 22
f j2
R2 R2 = ( )
f 22
1
f 33
=1
f 33
f j3
R3 R3 = ( )
f j3 f 33
f 43 1
f 33 8
f 33
• Influence line of Shear • Unit load to the left of 4
x 1
1
1 4 2 j 3 1 M4
R1 V4
R1 R2 R3 + ↑ ΣFy = 0; R1 − 1 − V4 = 0
V4 = R1 - 1
R1
• Unit load to the right of 4
1
1 M4
V4 = R1 R1 V4
4 1
V4 + ↑ ΣFy = 0; R1 − V4 = 0
1
V4 = R1 9
1 V4 = R1 - 1
x 1
1
1 4 2 j 3 1 M4
l
R1 V4
R1 R2 R3 + Σ M4 = 0: M4 - 1 (l-x) - l R1 = 0
l1 l2
M4 = - l + x + l R1
I
1
Influence Line of VI
11
Maximum positive shear Maximum negative shear
1 1
Influence Line of MI
MA A D G
Ay Dy Gy
15 m 15 m
1.0
Gy
1.0
Dy
1.0
Ay
13
A D H G
15 m 15 m
MA
1
1
MH
14
G
A B C D E
1.0
RA
1.0
RB
MB
1
MG
15
A B C D E
1 VG
1 VF
1 VH
16
Example 1
A C D B
2m 2m 2m
17
• Influence line of RB
A C D B
2m 2m 2m
f DB
f AB f CB f BB
f BB =1
f BB f BB f BB
18
• Find fxB by conjugate beam
A C D B
6 kN•m Real Beam
1 1
2m 2m 2m
6 18 x
EI EI
72
EI Conjugate Beam
18
EI
x x2
EI 2 EI x
x3 72 18 x 72
+ − = M´x
6 EI EI EI EI
V´x x 2x
3 3 18
EI
19
A C D B x3 72 18 x
f xB = M ' x = + −
6 EI EI EI
72
B 0 1
EI
72/EI
10.67/EI 37.33/EI 37.33
0 fBB D 2 0.518
EI
fxB
1
10.67
C 4 0.148
EI
37.33 /72 = 0.518
10.67 /72 = 0.148 f BB 72 A 6 0 0
= =1
0 f BB 72
1 Influence line of RB
20
Influence line of RA
A C D B
2m 2m 2m
1 kN f CA
f DA
f AA
f AA f AA
=1
f AA
21
1 kN
2m 2m 2m
x
72 Conjugate Beam
M 'A =
EI
18
B' y =
EI
18
6
EI
EI
x 2x
18 x x 3 3 3
− = M´x
EI 6 EI
V´x x 18
B' y =
x x2 EI
EI 2 EI
22
x
18 x x 3
A C D B f xA = M 'x = −
EI 6 EI
B 0 0 0
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0;
RA 2m 2m 2m RB RA + RB − 1 = 0
RB = 1 − RA
RB
1
.518
0.148
RB
1
RA = 1- RB
1.0
0.852
1 kN
0.482
RA
24
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VC
VC RB
RA 2m 2m 2m RB
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0;
1 + RB + VC = 0
0.518
0.148 VC = - RB
RB
• Unit load to the left of C
1
1 x
MC
0.852
VC RB
0.482
1 + ↑ ΣFy = 0;
VC
+ VC − 1 + RB = 0
-0.148
VC = 1 - RB 25
1 x
MA A C D B
+ ΣM A = 0;
− M A − 1(6 − x) + 6 RB = 0
RA 2m 2m 2m RB
M A = −6 + x + 6 RB
1
0.518
0.148
RB
1
MA
-1.112 -0.892
1 26
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of MC
MC
0.592 1 4m
VC RB
C
0.074
+ ΣM C = 0;
MC
− M C − 1(4 − x) + 4 RB = 0
MC = -4 + x + 4RB 27
Example 2
Draw the influence line and plot numerical values every 2 m for
- the vertical reaction at supports A, B and C
- Shear at G and E
- Bending moment at G and E
EI is constant.
A G B D E F C
2@2=4 m 4@2 = 8 m
28
Influence line of RA
A G B D E F C
2@2=4 m 4@2 = 8 m
f AA
=1
f AA
1 f DA f EA f FA
f AA f AA f AA
29
A B D E F C
Real beam
1 0.5
1.5
4m 2m 6m
4 /EI
Conjugate beam
4/EI
0
5.33
10.67
EI
EI
4/EI
64/EI
0
64
10.67 f AA = M ' A =
EI
18.67/EI EI 30
4/EI
x2 x1
64/EI
Conjugate beam
4m 8m
18.67 5.33
EI 2
x1 EI
x1
2 EI 4 EI x1
3
x1 5.33 x1
− = M´ x1
12 EI EI
V´ x1
x1 2 x1 5.33
x2
2
3 3 EI
2 EI
64 x2 x2
EI EI
3
x2 64 18.67
M´ x2 = + −
6 EI EI EI
18.67 2 x2 x2 V´ x2
EI 3 3
31
x3 5.33x
x2 x1 f xA = M ' x1 = − , for B to C
12 EI EI
3
x2 18.67 x2 64
A G B D E F C f xA = M 'x 2 = − + , for A to B
6 EI EI EI
1 x
+ ΣM C = 0;
A G B D E F C − 8 RB + x − 12 RA = 0
x 12
RB = − RA
RA RB RC 8 8
4m 2m 6m
Point x (m) RA RB
C 0 0 0
1
F 2 -0.1562 0.485
0.438
RA E 4 -0.25 0.875
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156
D 6 -0.2188 1.078
B 0 1
8
1 1.078 0.875 0.4375 0.5939
0.59 0.485 G 10
RB A 1 0
12
1 33
1 x
+ ΣM B = 0;
A G B D E F C 4 RA − 1( x − 8) − 8 RC = 0
x
RA RB RC RC = 0.5 RA − +1
8
4m 2m 6m Point x (m) RA RC
C 0 0 1
1 F 2 -0.1562 0.6719
0.438 -0.25
E 4 0.375
RA
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156 D 6 -0.2188 0.1406
B 8 0 0
1 G 10 0.4375 -0.0312
0.672
0.141 0.375 1
RC A 0
12
-0.0312 1
34
• Check ΣFy = 0
1 x
A G B D E F C + ↑ ΣFy = 0;
RA + RB + RC = 1
RA RB RC
Point RA RB RC ΣR
4m 2m 6m
1 C 0 0 1 1
0.438 -0.1562 0.485 1
F 0.6719
RA
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156 E -0.25 0.875 0.375 1
A MG
VG
RA
4m 2m 6m
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; RA − 1 − VG = 0
1
0.438 VG = RA - 1
RA
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156
• Unit load to the right of G
0.438 A MG
VG
VG RA
1
-0.562 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156
VG = RA
36
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VE
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; RC + VE = 0
4m 2m 6m
VE = - RC
1
0.672 • Unit load to the right of E
0.141 0.375
RC
1 x
-0.0312 1
ME
0.625 VE RC
0.328
0.0312 1
VE + ↑ ΣFy = 0; VE − 1 + RC = 0
-0.141
-0.375 VE = 1 - RC
37
A MG
2m
RA VG
4m 2m 6m
+ ΣM G = 0;
M G + 1(2 − x) − 2 RA = 0
1
MG = -2 + x + 2RA
0.438
RA • Unit load to the right of G
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156
A MG
2m
0.876 RA VG
1
+ ΣM G = 0;
MG
M G − 2 RA = 0
-0.438 -0.5 -0.312
MG = 2RA
38
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of ME
1
• Unit load to the left of E
x
A G B D E F C 4m
ME
VE RC
4m 2m 6m + ΣME = 0;
ME = 4RC
1
0.672
0.375 • Unit load to the right of E
0.141
RC 1 x
-0.0312 1
ME
1.5 VE 4m RC
1
0.564 0.688 + ΣM E = 0;
ME − M E − 1(4 − x) + 4 RC = 0
-0.125
ME = - 4 + x+ 4RC
39
Example 3
20 kN 10 kN
2EI 3EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m
40
Influence line of RA
2EI 3EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m
fAA
fDA fCA fEA
fAA /fAA
fDA /f fCA /fAA
AA fEA /f
AA
41
1
3EI 8 kN•m
2EI
A B
Real Beam
1 C
4m 2m 2m 1 kN
1 1
V (kN) +
x (m)
8
4
M +
x (m)
(kN•m)
2.67
2EI 1.33EI
EI
60.44/EI
60.44/EI
A C B
12/EI Conjugate Beam
60.44/EI
37.11/EI
17.77/EI 4.88/EI 0
fxA
1
0.614
0.294
0.081 0
RA = fxA/fAA
43
RA 4m 2m 2m RB
1
0.614
0.294
0.081 0
RA
0.706 0.919 1
0.386
0
RB = 1 - RA
MB = 8RA - (8-x)(1)
0 0
-1.352
-1.088 -1.648 44
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VB
x 1
A B
RA 4m 2m 2m VB = RA - 1
1
0.614
0.294 0.081 0
RA
0
VB = RA -1
-0.386
-0.706 -1
-0.919
45
RA 4m 2m 2m RB
1
0.614
0.294
0.081 0
RA
VC = RA - 1 VC = RA
0.294 0.081
1 0
VC
-0.386 -0.706
10(0.081)=0.81 kN 4m 2m 2m RB=9.19 kN
1
0.614
0.294 0.081 0
RA
-9.19
MA (kN•m) 4.86
+
-
-13.53 47
The quantitative shear and bending moment diagram and qualitative deflected curve
20 kN 10 kN
MB=46.48 kN•m
A B
1
0.614
0.294 0.081 0
RA
-
-13.31 -23.31 -23.31
MA (kN•m) 26.76
0.14
+
-
-46.48 48
APPENDIX
•Muller-Breslau for the influence line of reaction, shear and moment
•Influence lines for MDOF beams
Example 1
A C D B
2m 2m 2m
49
Influence line of RA
A C D B
2m 2m 2m
1 kN f CA
f AA f DA
f AA f AA
=1
f AA
50
• Find fxA by conjugate beam
1 kN
A C D B
6 kN•m Real Beam
1 kN
2m 2m 2m
x
72 Conjugate Beam
M 'A =
EI
18
B' y =
EI
18
6 /EI
EI
x 2x
18 x x 3 3 3
− = M´x
EI 6 EI
V´x x 18
B' y =
x x2
EI
EI 2 EI
51
x
18 x x 3
A C D B f xA = M 'x = −
EI 6 EI
B 0 0 0
72/72 = 1.0 72
61.33 /72=0.852 A 6 EI 1.0
1 kN 34.67 /72 = 0.482
f AA
=1
f AA
Influence line of RA
52
• Influence line of RB
A C D B
2m 2m 2m
f DB
f AB f CB f BB f BB
f BB =1
f BB f BB
53
A C D B
6 kN•m Real Beam
1 1
2m 2m 2m
6 18 x
EI EI 72
EI
Conjugate Beam
18
EI
x2
x
2 EI
EI x
x3 72 18 x 72
+ − = M´x
6 EI EI EI EI
V´x x 2x
3 3 18
EI
54
x
A C D B x3 72 18 x
f xB = M ' x = + −
6 EI EI EI
B 0 72 1
EI
72/EI
10.67/EI 37.33/EI 37.33
0 fBB D 2 0.518
EI
fxB
1
C 4 10.67 0.148
EI
37.33 /72 = 0.518 72 /72 = 1
10.67 /72 = 0.148 fBB A 6 0 0
=1
0 fBB
1 Influence line of RB
55
Example 2
A D B E C
2m 2m 2m 2m
56
The influence line for the shear at D
1 kN
A D B E C
D
1 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m
f DD
=1
f DD
1 kN
VD
D f ED
f DD
1 kN
57
1 kN
A D B E C
1 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m
2 kN•m
1 kN 1 kN
1 kN
2 kN•m
2k 1 kN
1 kN 1 kN 58
2 kN
1 kN
A D B E C Real beam
1 kN 2kN 1 kN
1 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m
V( kN) 1
x (m)
-1
4
M
(kN •m)
x (m)
4/EI
Conjugate beam
M´D 59
• Determine M´D at D
4/EI
A C Conjugate beam
M´D D B E
2m 2m 2m 2m
8/EI
4/EI 8
m
3
0
16 8
3EI 3EI
8/EI
8
m 4/EI
3
16
128/3EI
3EI
40
3EI 60
4/EI
A Conjugate beam
C
40 D B E
128/3EI 8
3EI 3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m
2/EI
2/EI
2 2 40 76
M´DL = ( )( ) − ( )(2) = −
EI 3 3EI 3EI
40 2 V´DL
3EI 3
2/EI
128/3EI 2 2 128 40 52
M´DR = ( )( ) + −( )(2) =
EI 3 3EI 3EI 3EI 2/EI
40 2 V´DR 2/EI
3EI 3
4 2 2 8
− = ( )( ) − ( )(2) = M´E
EI EI 3 3EI 2 8
V´E
3 3EI 61
4/EI
A Conjugate beam
C
D B E
40 128/3EI 8
3EI 3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m
2 8
V´ 3EI 3EI
x (m) θ
16
−
40 34 3EI
− −
3EI 3EI
52
3EI
128/3EI = M´D = fDD
x (m) ∆
fxD = M ´
4
−
76 EI
−
3EI
52
0.406 =
128 Influence line of VD = fxD/fDD
4 /(128/3) = -0.094 62
76 /128 = -0.594
The influence line for the bending moment at D
αDD
A D B E C
1 kN •m 1 kN •m
2m 2m 2m 2m
f DD
α DD
MD
f ED
α DD
63
A D B E C
1 kN •m 1 kN •m
2m 2m 2m 2m
1 kN•m
0.5 kN
0.5 kN
0.5 kN
1 kN•m
1k 0.5 kN
0.5 kN 1 kN 0.5 kN 64
1 kN •m 1 kN •m
A D B E C Real beam
0.5 kN 1 kN 0.5 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m
V (kN) 0.5
x (m)
1
2
M
(kN •m)
x (m)
2/EI
Conjugate beam
65
2/EI
Conjugate beam
2m 2m 2m 2m
4/EI
2/EI 8
m
3
0
8 4
3EI 3EI
4/EI
8
m 2/EI
3
32 8
4
3EI 3EI
3EI 66
2/EI
Conjugate beam
4 32 4
EI 3EI 3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m
1/EI
1/EI
1 2 4 26
M´D = ( )( ) + ( )(2) =
EI 3 EI 3EI
4 2 V´D
EI 3
1/EI
1/EI
2 1 2 4
− = ( )( ) − ( )(2) = M´E
EI EI 3 3EI 2 4
V´E 3 EI
3
67
2/EI
Conjugate beam
4 4
32
EI 3EI
3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m
5
4
EI 1 4
EI
αDD = 32/3EI 3EI 3EI θ
V´ x (m)
8
17 −
− 3EI
3EI
26/3EI
fxD = M ´
x (m) ∆
-2/EI
26
= 0.813
32 θDL = 5/(32/3) = 0.469 rad.
f xD θDR = -17/32 = -0.531 rad.
Influence line of MD
α xD
θD = 0.469 + 0.531 = 1 rad -2 /(32/3) = -0.188 68
Example 3
Draw the influence line for the reactions at supports for the beam shown in the
figure below. EI is constant.
A B C D E F G
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
69
A B C D E F G
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
f CD f DD
f BD = 1 f ED f FD
f DD f DD f DD
f DD f DD fXD/fDD = Influence
line for RD
1
70
• Use the consistency deformation method
A G
3@5 =15 m 3@5 =15 m
1
=
∆´G
+
fGG x RG
2812.5 9000
+ RG = 0
EI EI
RG = −0.3125 kN , ↓
5.625
A G
0.6875 1 0.3125
=
15
1 1
+
30
x RG = -0.3125 kN
1 1
72
• Use the conjugate beam for find fXD
5.625 fCD fDD fED
fBD fFD
A G Real beam
3@5 =15 m 3@5 =15 m
0.6875 23.01 1 0.3125
5.625 EI
6.818 m x2
EI
A G Conjugate beam
8.182 m
2 − 4.688 35.16 28.13
0.6875 x1 x1 EI
15.98 EI EI
2 EI 5.625 x1 − 0.6875 x12
EI x2
5.625 EI V´2
(5.625-0.6875x1)/EI M´2 G
EI
A 2
5.625 x1 − 0.6875 x1 x1 2
0.3125 x2 x2
x1 M´1= ( ) − ( ) 0.3125x2 28.13
EI 2 2 3 2
V´1 2
.6875 x1 2 x1 0.3125 x2 EI
+ ( ) 28.13
2 EI 3 + x2 = M ' x 2 2 EI
EI
x1 = 5 m -----> fBD = M´1= 56/EI x2 = 5 m -----> fFD = M´2= 134.1/EI
246.1
166.7 229.2 134.1
56 246.1
246.1 246.1 246.1
246.1
fXD/fDD
1
74
Influence line for RG
A B C D E F G
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
fFG fGG
fEG
fXG
fBG fCG
1
f GG
f EG f FG =1
f GG
f GG f GG
fXG/fGG
f BG f CG
1
f GG f GG
75
fXG
1
3@5 =15 m 3@5 =15 m
=
∆´D
+
1
fDD
X RD
1
∆´D + fDDRD = 0 ------(2)
- Use conjugate beam for find ∆´D and fDD
30 15
A Real beam G A Real beam G
30 m 15 m 15 m
1 450 1 1 1
30 9000 112.5
EI 15
EI EI EI
EI
Conjugate beam Conjugate beam
450/EI 15 + (2/3)(15) 76
20 m
112.5
9000 112.5
1.5 EI 15
EI EI
M´ EI EI
M´´
15 m
V´ 450/EI
V´´
112.5 15 9000 450 2812.5 112.5 2 1125
∆'D = M ' = ( )+ − (15) = f DD = M ' ' = ( × 15) =
EI 3 EI EI EI EI 3 EI
2812.5 1125
Substitute ∆´D and fDD in (2) : + RD = 0, RD = −2.5kN = 2.5kN , ↓
EI EI
7.5
2.5 1
1.5
30
=
1 1
+
15
x RD = -2.5 kN
1 77
1
MA A B C D E F G
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
Ay RD RG
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : RA = 1 − RD − RC
1 1
Unit load
MA A B C D E F G
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
Ay RD RG
+ ΣM A = 0 : 1x − 15RD − 30 RC
20 25 30
5 10 15
1x
KEKAKUAN
DAN
DISTRIBUSI BEBAN
1. DEFINISI KEKAKUAN
1
17/04/2023
L mm
Kekakuan pegas disamping
adalah k (N/mm)
1 (mm)
Kekakuan pegas kecil jika gaya aksial yang diperlukan kecil untuk
mengubah panjang pegas sebesar satu mm.
2
17/04/2023
P (N)
d (mm)
3
17/04/2023
Contoh 5.1
P
1m 1m
12 12
d 2,315 10 Pmm2
Kekakuan balok:
P P
k 43,2 N
d 2,315 10 P 2
mm
4
17/04/2023
Contoh 5.2
d
2m
12 12
d 0,37 Pmm
3EI 3 10 7,2 10
4 5
Kekakuan balok:
P P
k 2,7 N
d 0,37 P mm
10
5
17/04/2023
2. KEKAKUAN KOLOM
P P P
d/2 P
h P
EI EI
h/2
P
Kolom Kolom Setengah
kantilever jepit-jepit kolom
11
h/2
P d / 2 ( P (1 / 8).h ) /(3.E.I )
3
d / 2 ( P.h ) /(24.E.I )
3
d ( P.h ) /(12.E.I )
3
12
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d/2 P
k P/d
P
12 . EI
h/2 k
P h 3
13
P Balok 1 menahan P1
Balok 1 Balok 2 menahan P2
L1/2
P2 + P 1 = P
L2/2
Balok 2
14
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HUBUNGAN KEKAKUAN…(LANJUTAN)
P Di tengah-tengah balok
Balok 1
L1/2 mengalami lendutan akibat
beban P
L2/2
Balok 2
Lendutan pada balok 1 = d1
d (1 / 48).P .L /( EI )
3
1 1 1
d (1 / 48).P .L /( EI )
3
2 2 2
15
HUBUNGAN KEKAKUAN…(LANJUTAN)
P
Balok 1
L1/2
L2/2
Balok 2
d d
1 2
(1 / 48).P .L /( EI ) (1 / 48).P .L /( EI )
3 3
1 1 2 2
P .L P .L
3
P L
3 3
atau
1 1 2 2 1
2
3
P L
2 1
16
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HUBUNGAN KEKAKUAN…(LANJUTAN)
k P/d
1 1 1
k P /(1 / 48).P .L /( EI )
3
1 1 1 1
k 48 EI / L L 48 EI / k
3 3
atau
1 1 1 1
17
HUBUNGAN KEKAKUAN…(LANJUTAN)
P L
3
P k
1 2
dapat diubah menjadi
1 1
P L
2 1
3
P k
2 2
18
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HUBUNGAN KEKAKUAN…(LANJUTAN)
Contoh 5.3
Dua balok kayu disusun seperti gambar di bawah ini. Apabila pada
titik E diberikan beban P hitunglah bagian beban yang ditahan oleh
balok AB dan bagian beban yang ditahan balok CD ! Diketahui:
dimensi balok kayu 40 mm × 60 mm, panjang balok AB 2 m dan
panjang balok CD 4 m. Modulus elastisitas kayu E = 104 MPa.
P 1m B
2m 2m 60 mm
1m E D
C
40 mm
Penampang Kayu
A
19
HUBUNGAN KEKAKUAN…(LANJUTAN)
Penyelesaian Contoh 5.3
Momen inersia balok:
1 1
I bh 40 60 720000mm
3 3
12 12
PL P 2000
3
3
d ab ab
2,315 10 P mm
ab 2
48EI 48 10 7,2 10
ab 4 5 ab
d cd cd
1,852 10 P mm
ab 1
48EI 48 10 7,2 10
cd 4 5 cd
20
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HUBUNGAN KEKAKUAN…(LANJUTAN)
Penyelesaian Contoh 5.3
Kekakuan balok AB:
P P
k
ab
43,197 N
ab
ab
dab
2,315 10 P 2
mm ab
cd
d 1,852 10 P mm 1
cd cd
21
HUBUNGAN KEKAKUAN…(LANJUTAN)
Note:
Karena kekakuan balok AB 8 kali lebih besar daripada balok CD,
maka balok AB menahan beban 8 kali lebih besar daripada balok
CD.
22
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HUBUNGAN KEKAKUAN…(LANJUTAN)
Contoh 5.4
Struktur terdiri 3 kolom dan satu balok yang kaku sekali seperti
gambar di halaman selanjutnya. Bila diketahui bahwa:
a.) panjang kolom L sama besar
b.) (EI)kolom 2 = (EI)kolom 3 = 2 × (EI)kolom 1
Hitunglah gaya geser masing-masing kolom dan reaksi horisontal
A,B, dan C
23
HUBUNGAN KEKAKUAN…(LANJUTAN)
Contoh 5.4
24
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Diagram momen
(2/3).L
Mb
Garis elastis
θb
25
(1 / EI )
(1 / 2).M .L
b
. (2 / 3).L
L
b
b
3.EI
k
L
26
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Diagram Momen
1/3.L Mb
Ma=1/2Mb 2/3.L
Garis Elastis
θb
θa=0
27
1/3.L Mb
Ma=1/2Mb 2/3.L
(1 / 2).M a
.(1 / 3).L (1 / 2).M .L
b
EI
b
EI
b
(1 / 12).M .L (1 / 3).M .L
b b
EI
b
ML
b
EI
b
28
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M
k b
b
atau
4 EI
k
L
29
30
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θa
θa
B D
θa
θa
31
M M
k b
atau b
k
b b
b
b
32
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M M M M
b c d e
k k k k
b c d e a
b c d e
33
Mae
34
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A D Mda
θa
Rd
35
Mad
(+) 1/3 Lad
(-)
2/3 Lad
Mda = ½ Mad
36
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A B C
37
A B C
Goyangan tingkat 1
pada portal akibat
beban horisontal P
(EI)1 (EI)2 (EI)3
A B C
38
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P2
h2
P1
h1
A B C
39
d
tk.1
1
A B C
40
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P
k 2
d
tk.2
h1
2
A B C
41
P P
k n n1
d
n
n
dn Catatan:
Nilai kekakuan tingkat dipakai pada
hitungan perencanaan gedung tahan
gempa
42
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1 kN
d1,1 d1,1: goyangan lantai 1
akibat beban 1 kN di
lantai 1
43
1 kN
d2,2
d2,2: goyangan lantai 2
akibat beban 1 kN di
lantai 2
d1,2
d1,2: goyangan lantai 1
akibat beban 1 kN di
lantai 2
44
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1 kN
d2 = d2,1 + d2,2
1 kN
d1 = d1,1 + d1,2
45
β kN
d2 = α d2,1 + β d2,2
α kN
d1 = α d1,1 + β d1,2
46
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d1 = α d1,1 + β d1,2
d2 = α d2,1 + β d2,2
47
P2 kN
d2 = 1 mm
P1 kN
d1 = 1 mm
48
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d1 = α d1,1 + β d1,2
d2 = α d2,1 + β d2,2
Menjadi :
1 = P1 d1,1 + P2 d1,2
1 = P1 d2,1 + P2 d2,2
49
0 = P1 d1,1 + P2 d1,2
1 = P1 d2,1 + P2 d2,2
50
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1
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Pendahuluan
Cara distribusi momen merupakan salah satu cara untuk
menghitung momen-momen di dalam struktur balok dengan
beberapa bentang dengan perletakan menerus atau struktur portal.
Cara ini diusulkan pertama kali oleh Prof.Hardy Cross dari
Universitas Illinois pada tahun 1930, dengan artikelnya berjudul
“Analysis of Continuous Frames by Distributing Fixed-End
Moments”.
Cara ini jika dibandingkan dengan cara-cara lain yang lebih eksak
memang tampak sedikit kurang teliti, namun karena sederhana,
mudah dipahami, serta relatif sangat mudah dihapalkan, maka
menjadi sangat populer (sebelum digunakan cara matrik yang
dihitung dengan bantuan komputer). Di Indonesia, cara ini sudah
lama dikenal secara luas dengan istilah cara “Cross”.
Prinsip kerja
Pada prinsipnya, cara ini menggunakan keseimbangan momen pada
suatu titik buhul (titik pertemuan batang), dan momen induksi
terhadap titik buhul di dekatnya, sebagaimana diuraikan berikut.
Ditinjau struktur dengan 4 balok yang bertemu pada titik buhul A
seperti berikut.
Dengan menganggap bahwa balok-balok tidak mengalami
perubahan panjang maka titik A tidak dapat berpindah tempat,
kecuali hanya berrotasi saja.
Apabila pada titik A diberikan momen luar ML,a maka titik buhul A akan
berrotasi sebesar sudut θ sebagaimana tampak pada gambar berikutnya.
C
B A D θ
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Mab Mad
Mae
Besar momen distribusi pada masing-masing balok sebanding dengan
kekakuan rotasinya, yaitu :
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150 kN
15 kN/m 10 kN/m
3m
A B C D
I I I
8m 6m 8m
7.2.1 Step I
The joints B, C and D are locked in position before any load is applied
on the beam ABCD; then given loads are applied on the beam. Since
the joints of beam ABCD are locked in position, beams AB, BC and CD
acts as individual and separate fixed beams, subjected to the applied
loads; these loads develop fixed end moments.
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In beam AB
Fixed end moment at A = -wl2/12 = - (15)(8)(8)/12 = - 80 kN.m
Fixed end moment at B = +wl2/12 = +(15)(8)(8)/12 = + 80 kN.m
In beam BC
Fixed end moment at B = - (Pab2)/l2 = - (150)(3)(3)2/62
= -112.5 kN.m
Fixed end moment at C = + (Pab2)/l2 = + (150)(3)(3)2/62
= + 112.5 kN.m
In beam AB
Fixed end moment at C = -wl2/12 = - (10)(8)(8)/12 = - 53.33 kN.m
Fixed end moment at D = +wl2/12 = +(10)(8)(8)/12 = + 53.33kN.m
7.2.2 Step II
Since the joints B, C and D were fixed artificially (to compute the the fixed-end
moments), now the joints B, C and D are released and allowed to rotate. Due to the
joint release, the joints rotate maintaining the continuous nature of the beam. Due to
the joint release, the fixed end moments on either side of joints B, C and D act in the
opposite direction now, and cause a net unbalanced moment to occur at the joint.
150 kN
15 kN/m 10 kN/m
3m
A B C D
I I I
8m 6m 8m
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These unbalanced moments act at the joints and modify the joint moments at B, C and
D, according to their relative stiffnesses at the respective joints. The joint moments are
distributed to either side of the joint B, C or D, according to their relative stiffnesses.
These distributed moments also modify the moments at the opposite side of the beam
span, viz., at joint A in span AB, at joints B and C in span BC and at joints C and D in
span CD. This modification is dependent on the carry-over factor (which is equal to 0.5
in this case); when this carry over is made, the joints on opposite side are
assumed to be fixed.
7.2.4 Step IV
The carry-over moment becomes the unbalanced moment at the joints
to which they are carried over. Steps 3 and 4 are repeated till the carry-
over or distributed moment becomes small.
7.2.5 Step V
Sum up all the moments at each of the joint to obtain the joint moments.
RA RB
L
E, I – Member properties
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MA
A fAA
B B
A L L
A
1
MAL2 f AA
L3
A
2EI 3EI
MB + MA + RAL = 0
MB = MA/2= (1/2)MA
+ ve moment M M
B MBC C
A
A C MBA
B I2
I1 MBD
L2
L1 I3
L3 At joint B
M - MBA-MBC-MBD = 0
D D
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4 E1 I 1 4 E 2 I 2 4 E 3 I 3
B
L1 L 2 L 3
K BA K BC K BD B
M M
B
K BA K BC K BD K
K
M BA K BA B BA M ( D . F ) BA M
K
Similarly
K
M BC BC M ( D . F ) BC M
K
K
M BD BD M ( D . F ) BD M
K
MA A
A B
L
RA RB
M AL
A
3EI
M 3EI 3 4EI
K AB A
A L 4 L
3
(K AB ) fixed
4
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K BA 0.5EI
DFAB 0.0
K BA K wall 0.5 (wall stiffness)
K BA 0.5EI
DF 0.4284
BA K BA K BC 0.5EI 0.667EI
K 0.667EI
DF BC
0.5716
BC K BA K BC 0.5EI 0.667EI
K 0.667EI
DFCB CB
0.5716
K CB K CD 0.667EI 0.500EI
K 0.500EI
DFCD CD
0.4284
K CB K CD 0.667EI 0.500EI
K
DFDC DC 1.00
K DC
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15 kN/m 10 kN/m
150 kN
B C
A D
I I I
8m 3m 3m 8m
Simply-supported 60 60 75 75 40 40
reaction
End reaction
due to left hand FEM 8.726 -8.726 16.665 -16.67 12.079 -12.08
End reaction
due to right hand FEM -12.5 12.498 -16.1 16.102 0 0
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52.077
75.563
2.792 m
56.23
27.923
3.74 m 74.437
63.77
S. F. D.
Mmax=+38.985 kN.m
Max=+ 35.59 kN.m
126.704 31.693
35.08
48.307
-69.806 3.74 m
84.92 98.297 2.792 m
-99.985 -96.613
B. M. D
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Terdapat kekangan
terhadap pergerakan
struktur arah lateral.
Kekangan dapat berupa
tumpuan, penyokong/
bracing, dsb.
Contoh
Hitunglah momen-momen ujung batang dan selanjutnya hitunglah
gaya-gaya dalam serta diagramnya.
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