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Laplacian
Defined as:
T r[f
T
L = D − A;
L =
T r[L]
Lf ] =
1
⎢⎥
⎡
⎣
−a n1
∀i : ∑ L ij = 0
T r[f
n
d1
−a 21
∑ ∑ a ij (f i − f j )
i=1
If Lf = f − D
−1
j=1
Af ,
D = diag(d 1 , … , d n )
−a 12
d2
−a n2
then
and
Lf 1 =
Lf 2 =
Lf n =
1
2
⋮
0
λ2 f2
λn fn
⊥ f 1 , f 3 ⊥ {f 1 f 2 }, ⋯
< λ2 ≤ ⋯ ≤ λn
The Fiedler eigenvalue minimizes the cut between two sets of nodes:
→
…
Lf ] ≥ 0, ∀f ∈ R
2
=
f (i) =
−a 1n
−a 2n
dn
∀j : ∑ L ij
λ1 = 0
1
⎤
∑ (f i − f j )
i∼j
di
∑ a ij f (i)
j
2
λ 2 = n ⋅ min {
L = ΦΛΦ
T
Dirichlet Energies:
E G (x) = x
T
∀x ∈ R : (1 − ϵ)x
n
Φ = [f 1 , f 2 , ⋯ , f n ],
i=1
vol(G)
LG x =
∑
T
n
⎢⎥
∑ i=1 ∑ j=1 a ij (x i − x j )
j=1
the Heat Kernel Signature (HKS) of a node is its heat trace over time
Heat H
time t.
Commute time
t
(i, j)
∑
= ∑
(u,v)∈E
LG x ≤ x
(x i − x j ) 2
Λ = diag(λ 1 , λ 2 , ⋯ , λ n )
Heat equation that describes information flow across edges of graph with time:
K t = exp(−tL) = Φexp(−tΛ)Φ
T
∂h t
= Φ
∂t
⎡
e
= −Lh t
−tλ 1
0
⋮
i=2
e
λi
0
−tλ 2
0
⋮
2
: x ≠ c ⋅
is the probability that a lazy random walk starting at node i hits node j at
Defined as: The time needed by a random walk to hit j (hitting time) and return. Formally:
Eigenvectors
CT (i, j) = H (i, j) + H (j, i)
CT uv
n
⋯
⋯ e
(f i (u) − f i (v))
(x u − x v )
T
2
= T r [X
L G ′ x ≤ (1 + ϵ)x
0
⋮
𝟙, c ∈ R}
−tλ n ⎦
T
⎤
L G X]
T
LG x
T
n
= ∑ e
i=1
n
L = ∑ λi fi fi
i=1
−tλ i
T
fi fi
T
Transductive Rewiring > Cheeger constant
Curvature:
1 2(p u + p v )
p u := 1 − ∑ R uv κ uv :=
2 R uv
v∈N (u)
Smooth eigenfunctions will contribute less, but the contribution of high variance
eigenfunctions is reduced by their large inverse λ . The equation expresses a weighted (by
i
−1/2 T
Θ = √ vol(G)Λ Φ
Resistance distance
Also, a relevant metric is the resistance distance between two vertices:
CT (i, j)
R(i, j) =
vol(G)