Oral Communication in Context Unit 12:

Editing a Speech and Principles of Speech

Delivery

Table of Contents

Introduction and Unit Objectives 3

Lesson 1: Editing a Speech 4

Warm-up! 4
Learn about It! 5
Check Your Understanding 8
Let’s Step Up! 8

Lesson 2: Articulation and Modulation 9

Warm-up! 9
Learn about It! 10
Check Your Understanding 12
Let’s Step Up! 12

Lesson 3: Stage Presence and Facial Expressions, Gestures, and Movements 13

Warm-up! 13
Learn about It! 13
Check Your Understanding 15
Let’s Step Up! 16

Lesson 4: Rapport with the Audience and Delivering a Speech 17

Warm-up! 17
Learn about It! 17
Check Your Understanding 20
Let’s Step Up! 21

Performance Task 22

Self-Check: How Well Did I Learn? 25

Wrap Up 26

Bibliography 27

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GRADE 11/12 | Oral Communication in Context

UNIT 12
Editing a Speech and Principles of Speech
Delivery
Deborah Bull, a writer and presenter, said, “Body language is a very
powerful tool. We had body language before we had speech, and
apparently, 80 percent of what you understand in a conversation is
read through the body, not the words.” The same is true of speeches
as well. Of course, it helps to use the right words in order to
effectively convey your intended meaning, and editing a speech helps
make sure that there are no inappropriate or offensive words in the
speech and that the speech is the best it can be. Remember, though,
that it is also important that you focus not only on the words of the
speech but also on the way you deliver those words in front of the
audience.

In the previous unit, you were introduced to the principles of speech writing. You learned
about several considerations regarding the topic and the audience, sourcing the information,
outlining and organizing the speech, and proper word choice and grammar. This unit will
provide you with essential information that will help you in both editing and delivering a
speech.

Unit Objectives
In this unit, you should be able to:
● edit a speech for content, organization, style, language, and grammar;
● use proper articulation and modulation in delivering a speech;
● exhibit good stage presence, appropriate facial expressions, gestures, and
movements; and
● establish rapport with the audience while delivering a speech.

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 Lesson 1: Editing a Speech
You probably think that once you are done writing a speech, you
can then already deliver it in front of the audience. Writing the
speech is certainly important, but it does not end once the
actual writing is done. Before you deliver the speech, you should
first edit its content, organization, style, language, and grammar.
This lesson will teach you how.

Warm-up!
Think-Pair-Share Activity

Part 1: Choose any object within the classroom, and write a one-paragraph speech about it.

Part 2: Edit your speech using the following guide questions:

a. Does your speech provide enough information?

b. Is your speech coherent? Are the ideas presented connected to one another?
c. Does the way that words and sentences are put together convey your intended
meaning?
d. Are there too many long words and long sentences? Is the language used offensive to
the audience?
e. Does the speech have many grammatical errors?

Part 3: Once you are done editing your speech, compile your first draft and the revised speech
and exchange work with a partner.

Part 4: Analyze your partner’s work and point out each other’s areas for improvement.

Part 5: Share your work in class.

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 Learn about It!

The Importance of Editing a Speech

After writing, you still need to edit so that you can correct
errors and polish your speech. This is important because
editing can transform a dull speech into an engaging and
effective one.

Richard Dowis, an award-winning speechwriter, wrote in his

book—The Lost Art of the Great Speech: How to Write One, How to
Deliver It—six steps to follow when editing a speech. These
steps are the following:

1. Let it rest.
If you have enough time, put your speech away first before
editing it. Doing so will allow you to look at the speech with a
fresh perspective once you are ready to edit, and this will allow
you to be more objective when evaluating the speech and
deciding on revisions as well.

2. Edit for content.

Check the content of your speech to make sure that it is appropriate. Here are some guide
questions to help you out:
● Are the statements, quotes, and statistics accurate?
● Are the metaphors, analogies, and other figurative language used appropriate?
● Will the audience laugh, appreciate, or understand the humorous remarks?
● Does the speech provide enough information?
● Does the content of the speech fulfill the speech’s intended purpose?

3. Edit for organization.

Once you have already checked the content of the speech, edit its organization. Make sure
that the speech is coherent. The ideas should be connected to one another, and make the
speech a unified piece rather than a mere compilation of information and ideas. To achieve

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this, you should use transition words in order to ensure that your ideas flow smoothly.
Examples of transition words are “for example,” “to put it another way,” “as I was saying,” and
“because of this.” For a more thorough discussion of transition words, you may review Unit 11.

4. Edit for style.

Style is often defined as the way a writer expresses his or her thoughts in writing. This
concerns the way that words, sentences, and paragraphs are put together to convey the
writer’s intended meaning.

When editing for style, keep in mind that short sentences are more straightforward and are
usually more dramatic. Check your speech, too, for words or word combinations that you
might struggle with. For example, if you know that you often mispronounce the word
supposedly or word combinations such as think tank, revise those words in your speech.

5. Edit for language.

Consider whether the language approximates natural speech. Look out for the use of too
many long words, long sentences, and jargons. Check to see if any of the words are misused;
for example, effect and affect are often misused in sentences. Most importantly, edit out
words that may be offensive to the audience, such as profanity or obscenity. You may also
record yourself delivering the speech, then listen to the recording. This would give you a
better perspective of how the speech sounds and will help you edit for language.

6. Edit for grammar.

Although a speech with perfect grammar is not necessarily an excellent speech, having too
many grammatical errors in the speech can negatively affect the credibility of the information
provided therein as well as the credibility of the speaker. Keep in mind, though, that in
speeches, sounding natural is more important than strictly following the rules. Starting a
sentence with conjunctions such as and or but, for example, is acceptable, as is ending a
sentence with a preposition if it is what seems to be the best word to end the sentence with.

Now you know about the different considerations you have to take into account when editing
a speech. Let us take a look at this sample excerpt of an unedited speech.

The World Health Organization estimates that 9 out of 10 Filipinos die every hour as a result
of the consumption of tobacco. Even individuals who don’t consume tobacco are effected
because the sniffing of tobacco smoke also cause a diseases.

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 If you smoke, do you want to subject your loved ones to such fate? Your act may bring you
relaxation and peace, but you are being narrow-minded and narcissistic.

How do you think the speech should be edited? Can you come up with your own edited
version of the speech?

Below is a revised example of an excerpt of a speech. Let us take a look and compare this with
the first draft. Examine the changes that were made.

The World Health Organization estimates that 10 Filipinos die every hour because of diseases
caused by cigarette smoking. Even those who don’t smoke cigarettes are affected because the
inhalation of cigarette smoke may also cause cancer, stroke, and lung and heart diseases.

If you smoke cigarettes, you probably do so because it makes you feel relaxed. But do you
want to be responsible for putting the health of your loved ones at risk?

The first sentence has been edited for both content and style. The statistics given were
double-checked and corrected. The words “because of diseases caused by cigarette smoking”
replaced “as a result of the consumption of tobacco” in order to make the meaning clearer.

In the second sentence of the draft, the word “effected” was used. This word means “brought
about,” so it does not fit the context of the sentence. Thus, it was replaced by the word
“affected.” The first draft also made use of the phrase “a diseases,” which is grammatically
incorrect. To correct the grammar and to provide more information, this was changed to
“cancer, stroke, and lung and heart diseases.” The whole sentence has also been edited for
style.

The last two statements were edited for organization, style, and language. The reason for why
someone smokes is placed right next to the phrase “if you smoke cigarettes” as the two are
closely related ideas. Also, the statement “you are being narrow-minded and narcissistic” may
be offensive to the audience. As such, it was edited for language and changed to the
statement “But do you want to be responsible for putting the health of your loved ones at
risk?” The different words used in the edited version reflect the writer’s style and better
convey the intended meaning.

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 Check Your Understanding

1. Identify the main idea of this lesson. Why is it important?

2. Why is it necessary to “put your speech away” before editing it?
3. How should you edit your speech for organization?
4. What are the things to look out for when editing your speech for language?
5. Explain the steps to follow when editing a speech.

Let’s Step Up!

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 Lesson 2: Articulation and Modulation

There are several principles that you have to

consider when delivering a speech. All these
can influence the persuasiveness and quality
of your speech. Among these principles are
articulation and modulation. Do you have an
idea what these are? In this lesson, you will
learn more about them.

Warm-up!
Triad Activity

Part 1: Form a group of three. Choose three one-line tongue twisters. Each member should
have his or her own tongue twister and recite it quickly ten times while maintaining precision
and clarity in spoken words.

Part 2: Each member should take turns in saying “What is this?” while varying the intensity of
his or her voice and with the following emotions:

a. surprise
b. fear
c. joy
d. disgust
e. excitement

Part 3. Present your group’s part 1 and part 2 activities in class as if you were contestants in a
talent show.

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 Learn about It!

Articulation

Articulation is the shaping of speech sounds (consonants and

vowels) by the tongue, lips, palate, jaw, and teeth, which are
called articulators. It includes both the utterance of words or
pronunciation, and the clarity of speech sounds or
enunciation.

In delivering a speech, a speaker has to distinctly enunciate

the individual speech sounds and correctly pronounce each
word so that the audience will be able to understand the
words clearly. Failure to enunciate the sounds clearly and to
pronounce the words correctly can lead to the
misunderstanding of the intended meaning of words or
sentences.

To improve articulation, you can practice by reading the individual speech sounds or the
syllables of words while exaggerating or prolonging each sound or syllable. Open your mouth
fully and relax your tongue as you say each sound or syllable of a word.

Saying tongue twisters is a good way to practice your articulation. Recite each of the following
tongue twisters fast and repeatedly while maintaining precision and clarity in the spoken
words.

a. Thirdy’s thirty-third birthday is on the third Thursday of this month.

b. Whiny William woke Willa to watch Willy Wonka.
c. Shelly shared six shiny shillings to Sasha and Shara.

Modulation

Voice modulation, on the other hand, refers to varying the voice in terms of pitch, power,

10
and pace, which makes a speech more pleasing to the ear and allows a speaker to convey
the right emotions.

a. Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of a voice. A speaker should vary the pitch to
reinforce the message. A high pitch is usually used to express lighter emotions like
excitement and delight, while a low pitch is suitable for serious emotions like sadness
and sorrow. Using the same pitch can be quite boring and monotonous for the
audience.
b. Power is the vocal energy or intensity exerted by a speaker. The speaker should create
power or intensity in his or her voice to emphasize points without being loud. One thing
that can help you do this is by breathing low. Relax and let your throat be open and free
of tension. An open throat will protect your voice and allow you to create a richer
sound.
c. Pace, also called rate, is the speed of a speaker’s utterance. Complex or important
ideas are usually said slowly (but not too slowly that the audience loses concentration
or becomes impatient), while light or exciting matters are often said rapidly (but not too
fast that words become slurred or unintelligible). A speaker should use a flexible rate
that will convey the message clearly and will give the audience time to hear and
understand it.

As you deliver a speech, vary the pitch and intensity of your voice as well as your pace. Proper
voice modulation makes the words stand out and allows you to be clearly heard and
understood by the audience.

Exercises

Do the following exercises to help you practice modulating your voice:

Exercise 1: Say the following statements aloud by using the right pitch of voice based on
the situations:
a. A student announces to her parents: “I won first prize in the spelling bee!”
b. A mother relays some bad news to her son: “Last night, as all of us were asleep, Wowie
breathed his last. He’s probably happy in dog heaven now.”

Exercise 2: Say “Why did you do this?” Vary the intensity of your voice. Say it with each of
the following emotions:
a. anger
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b. genuine confusion
c. hurt

Check Your Understanding

1. What is the difference between articulation and modulation?

2. How would you differentiate pronunciation from enunciation?
3. How do articulation and modulation improve speech delivery?
4. Which of the following is not an element of voice modulation? Why?
a. pitch b. power c. pace d. pronunciation
5. 3-2-1: What are the 3 things you learned from this lesson, 2 interesting things you found
out, and 1 question you still have?

Let’s Step Up!

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 Lesson 3: Stage Presence and Facial
Expressions, Gestures, and Movements
If you are not comfortable speaking in front of a large group of
people, you would probably dread giving a speech. However,
when you do give a speech, you should not let your nervousness
show. Exhibiting a strong stage presence helps you to be more
effective in your speech delivery. This lesson will give you some
pointers in terms of stage presence and facial expressions,
gestures, and movements.

Warm-up!
Quad Activity

Part 1: Form a group of four. Think of how each member will say the following line:

“We should do it the right way because it’s the right thing to do!”

Each member should have a unique way of saying the line with appropriate facial expression,
gestures, and movements.

Part 2: Present your group activity in front of the class.

Learn about It!

Stage Presence

Becoming a good public speaker does not only entail having the ability to speak eloquently
but also the ability to command the attention of the audience. This is called stage presence. It
involves the speaker’s appearance, projection, and manner on the stage.

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A speaker needs to have stage presence for the audience to be
willing to listen to the speech and be interested enough to keep
on listening.

To achieve stage presence, you have to take the stage confidently

and deliver the speech wholeheartedly. If you wholly believe in
what you are saying, the audience is more likely to believe in you,
too.

Here are some more tips to help you develop strong stage
presence:

a. Get to know the venue.

Will it be a small room or a large auditorium? Will there be
a podium or will you just be standing onstage? Learning
about the venue will allow you to take it into account while
practicing your speech. For example, a large venue with no
podium will give you more freedom to move around the stage, while a venue with a
podium will limit your gestures and movements.

b. Be aware of your weight placement.

In everyday conversations, it is normal to lean to one side of the body, placing more
weight on one foot. However, when delivering a speech, doing so decreases your stage
presence. Therefore, you should distribute your weight equally between both feet.

Facial Expressions, Gestures, and Movements

In public speaking, actions are as important as the spoken words. The coordination of verbal
and nonverbal messages is essential to successfully deliver the message of the speech. Recall
that facial expressions, gestures, and movements fall under kinesics or body language. A good
public speaker must use body language, among others, that supports the verbal message.
These are also factors that affect one’s stage presence.

a. Facial expressions reveal the speaker’s emotions and signal to the audience the
interpretation of the given message. The audience can read through your facial cues if
you are being funny, sarcastic, or serious. Make sure that your facial expressions do not
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 contradict your verbal message.

b. Gestures are purposeful movements of the head, arms, hands, and other parts of the
body. A good public speaker uses a wide variety of gestures to support and illustrate
ideas. For example, using the fingers to signal order or sequence and raising a clenched
fist to emphasize a point are purposeful gestures. However, gripping the podium,
scratching one’s head, and putting one’s hands in and out of the pockets are distracting
gestures.

c. Movements, or the act of moving from one spot to another during delivery, can signal
transition from one idea to the next. A good public speaker considers the proper timing
of his or her movements. Moving toward the audience, for instance, is appropriate
when asking questions, making critical connections, or offering a revelation. On the
other hand, aimless pacing back and forth and bouncing are very distracting
movements. When you have no reason to move around the stage, stay still from the
waist downward, as this will help the audience focus on your message.

A good public speaker utilizes the body as a tool for illustrating and emphasizing ideas. Facial
expressions, gestures, and movements should be genuine, appropriate, well timed, and
clearly visible without being overwhelming.

Check Your Understanding

1. What is stage presence? Explain its importance.

2. How does one achieve stage presence?
3. What are the factors that affect stage presence? Explain each.
4. As a speaker, which do you think are more important -- the words you say or your
actions? Why?

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5. How do verbal and nonverbal aspects work hand-in-hand in an effectively delivered
speech?

Let’s Step Up!

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 Lesson 4: Rapport with the Audience and
Delivering a Speech
Imagine yourself delivering a speech. You see that most of the
audience is not listening to you. Some of them have even fallen
asleep. How would this make you feel? Perhaps you would be
disheartened and lose your confidence. To prevent something
like this from happening, you should know how to establish
rapport with your audience.

Warm-up!
Creative Thinking Activity

Part 1: Take an item in your bag or wallet, and write a short speech about it. You may share
the origin of the item’s name, narrate the story of how you acquired it, or discuss its
importance.

Part 2: Recite your speech in front of the class. As you deliver your speech, try to relate with
your audience by maintaining eye contact and speaking naturally. Also, take the following into
account: proper articulation and modulation, stage presence, facial expressions, gestures, and
movements.

Learn about It!

Building Rapport with the Audience

Building rapport means establishing a relationship with the audience by engaging them and
connecting with them. This is important when delivering a speech, as having rapport with the
audience would get them to enjoy your speech and help them remember your message.

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The following are some ways you can do to establish rapport with the audience:

a. Maintain eye contact.

Look in the eye of one member of the audience at a time.
Maintain eye contact with a person for a second or two.
You may even extend the eye contact to 3 or 4 seconds to
make the person feel as if your message is specifically for
him or her.

If the audience consists of a big group of people or of the

venue is large, vary your eye contact throughout the room.
Do not look down at the floor or stare at the ceiling or
walls.

If you are uncomfortable making eye contact, practice

doing so while talking to your friends or family members. It
may be awkward for you at first, but you do not have to
sustain eye contact throughout the whole conversation.
You may practice making eye contact for a couple of
seconds, then blink and look at another part of that person’s face and then look at his
or her eyes again.

b. Speak naturally.
Talk as if you are having a conversation with the audience. When delivering the speech,
make it look effortless, not overly rehearsed or robotic.

Although you made a script of your speech, you may choose not to follow it verbatim as
long as you are still imparting the same message and your words are still clear and
error-free.

For example, you may think of something on the spot that you would like to share. You
may then include it in your speech. Keep in mind though that this is best done when
you know your speech very well or when you have a copy of it with you during delivery.

c. Relate with the audience.

Identify with the audience by being open or sharing what you have in common with
them. Tell a personal story or an anecdote that the audience can relate with.
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 For example, if you are going to talk about building one’s confidence, you may start with
an anecdote about your own journey toward gaining confidence in yourself. This way,
the audience would find it easier to relate with you, knowing that you once struggled
with the same issues as they do.

Delivering a Speech

Delivering a speech involves taking into account the various principles of speech delivery. As
you deliver the speech, you should take into consideration proper articulation and
modulation. You should also exhibit good stage presence and appropriate facial expressions,
gestures, and movements as well as be able to establish rapport with the audience.

Below is an example of a speech by a member of the “18 Candles” at an 18th birthday

celebration. Read it and think about how you are going to apply the principles of speech
delivery as you say the speech in front of an audience.

I first met Angela nine years ago when we became classmates. Back then, I didn’t think we
would actually become close friends. But here we are, nine years later, closer than we have ever
been. We don’t always get along, and we do have petty fights once in a while, and I’m glad she
hasn’t pulled out all my hair by now. Kidding aside, Angela, I’m sure you know I’m grateful to
have you in my life. You’re the sister I never had, and I appreciate the friendship we share.
You’re always there for me when I need you, and this goes without saying, but do remember
that I’m always here for you too. Now that you’re already 18, I know so many doors will open
up for you, and you’ll have more responsibilities as well. But I know you’ll do just fine. Heck, if I
know, you’ll grab life by the reins and boss it around until it does what you want it to. And I’ll be
just right beside you, cheering you on. Happy 18th birthday!

The given speech should be delivered in a lighthearted manner. In saying the speech, the
speaker should gauge the reaction of the audience and pause when necessary, particularly
when the audience laughs. Eye contact should be maintained throughout the speech, and
gestures are minimal, as the speaker would be holding a candle with one hand.

Here is another example. This is an excerpt of a graduation speech.

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 Today, we all stand at the end of this journey and at the beginning of a new one. I am sure
that many of us are both scared and excited. We are scared because we don’t really know
what the future holds. We don’t know whether we will succeed at achieving our goals. We don’t
know whether we will be who we want to be. But we are also excited for all these new
experiences that we are bound to encounter and all the new people who will become a part of
our lives.

In this journey, may we find out who we really are and do our best to become who we really
want to be. As cheesy as it may sound, I hope that we all turn out to be the kind of individuals
that would make our parents and our school proud.

I also leave you with this quote from Harry Potter, “We’ve all got both light and dark inside us.
What matters is the part we choose to act on. That’s who we really are.”

The given speech should be delivered in a serious manner. Since this is a graduation speech, it
will most likely be delivered at a venue with a podium. Your gestures will be limited, so make
sure that you are able to command the attention of the audience using your articulation,
modulation, and stage presence. Also keep in mind that you should maintain eye contact with
the audience and establish rapport.

Check Your Understanding

1. What does building rapport with the audience mean?

2. What are the ways you can establish rapport with the audience?
3. Why do you need to build rapport with your audience?
4. What do you need to take into account when delivering a speech?

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5. The Minute Paper: In 1 minute, describe the most meaningful thing you have learned in
this lesson.

Let’s Step Up!

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 Performance Task
Public Speaking for Public Health

Goal: Your task is to write and deliver a speech about the role of
regular exercise or physical activity in improving cardiovascular
health.

Role: You are a young cardiologist. You have been tasked by the
Philippine Heart Association to write and deliver a speech to a local
community. The prevalence of heart disease in this community is
the highest in the country.

Audience: Persuade the local community members about the

importance of regular exercise and physical activity in improving heart health and reducing
the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Situation: The challenge involves coming up with a speech about the importance of physical
activities and regular exercise in improving heart health and reducing the risk of
cardiovascular diseases. Make it as interesting and as unique as possible. You need to
persuade your audience to engage in physical activities or regular exercise by informing them
of the negative effects of a sedentary lifestyle and the many benefits of getting involved in
regular physical activities. Explain how physical inactivity leads to many cardiovascular
disorders. Explain how people who engage in regular physical activities combined with a
healthy diet have a reduced risk of developing heart diseases.

Product/Performance and Purpose:

You will write and deliver a combination of informative and persuasive speech using the
following guidelines:
1. Make a description of the local community as having the highest prevalence of heart
disease in the whole country.
2. Explain how a sedentary lifestyle leads to many cardiovascular disorders.
3. Include a detailed description and explanation of how physical activity or regular
exercise can improve heart health.

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 5. Write a detailed description and explanation of how cardiovascular disorders can be
prevented by exercising regularly and engaging in other physical activities.
6. Edit your first draft for content, organization, style, language, and grammar.
7. Your edited speech must contain a minimum of 2,500 words.
8. Consider the following when you deliver your speech:
a. proper articulation and modulation
b. stage presence
c. facial expressions, gestures, and movements
d. rapport with the audience
9. Print your finished product (first draft and edited speech) on short bond paper, Arial
font size 12, double-spaced.

Standards and Criteria for Success: Your project will be graded using the rubric below:
Criteria Beginning Developing Accomplished Score
(0-12 points) (13-16 points) (17-20 points)

Content The speech The speech The speech

lacks many lacks one or includes all the
pertinent points two pertinent pertinent
about the topic. points about points about
the topic. the topic.

Organization The ideas in the The ideas in the The ideas in

speech are not speech are the speech are
logically logically logically
organized; organized, but organized;
transitional some transitions are
devices are not transitions are clear and
used or an unclear or properly used.
unclear. inappropriate.

Language There were There were There were

(spelling, mechanics, eight or more four to seven only zero to
grammar, and usage) language language three language
errors. errors. errors.

Punctuality The first draft The first draft The first draft
and edited and edited and edited
speech were speech were speech were

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 submitted more submitted a submitted
than a day late. day late. ahead of or on
time.

Evident purpose and The purpose, The purpose, The purpose,

research in speech topic, and main topic, and main topic, and
content ideas are not ideas are clear, main ideas are
clear. but there is a clear and
lack of detailed supported by
information. detailed and
accurate
information.

Speech delivery The speech was The speaker The speaker

uninteresting showed good demonstrated
and not delivery but good stage
presented well. needs to presence,
improve in confidence,
some areas. facial
expressions,
gestures,
movements,
proper word
articulation,
and
appropriate
voice
modulation.

Rapport with audience The speaker The speaker The speaker

failed to engage was effective in was effective
and sustain the engaging and in engaging
interest of the sustaining the and sustaining
audience; no interest of the the interest of
eye contact. audience in the audience
some parts of and
the speech. maintained
eye contact all
throughout
the speech.

Total Score:

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 Self-Check: How Well Did I Learn?
Do a self-check on how well you learned the lessons in this unit. Place a checkmark in the
appropriate box.
I think I need more I can perform well I am confident that I
Skills practice and with minimal can perform this on
assistance. assistance. my own.
I can edit a speech
for content,
organization, style,
language, and
grammar.
I can use proper
articulation and
modulation in
delivering a speech.
I can exhibit good
stage presence,
appropriate facial
expressions,
gestures, and
movements.
I can establish
rapport with the
audience while
delivering a speech.

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 Wrap Up

Editing a Speech and Principles of Speech Delivery

Steps for editing a speech ● Let it rest.
● Edit for content.
● Edit for organization.
● Edit for style.
● Edit for language.
● Edit for grammar.
Articulation the shaping of speech sounds (consonants and vowels)
by the tongue, lips, palate, jaw, and teeth, which are
called articulators
Modulation refers to varying the voice in terms of pitch, power, and
pace, which makes a speech more pleasing to the ear and
allows a speaker to convey the right emotions
Stage presence the ability to command the attention of the audience
Facial expressions reveal the speaker’s emotions and signal to the audience
the interpretation of the given message
Gestures purposeful movements of the head, arms, hands, and
other parts of the body
Movements the act of moving from one spot to another during
delivery
Rapport with the audience engaging the audience and connecting with them

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Bibliography
Cambridge Dictionary. Accessed July 10, 2018.
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/types-of-english-for
mal-informal-etc/british-and-american-english

Carlin, Diana Prentice, and James Payne.Getting Started in Public Speaking.

Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company, 1994

_______. Public Speaking Today 2nd Edition. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook
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