Research Methodology MCQ

Research Methodology MCQ
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1) Who was the author of the book named "Methods in Social Research"?
a. Kerlinger
b. CR Kothari
c. Goode and Hatt
d. Wilkinson
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Answer: c) Goode and Halt
Explanation: The book named "Methods in Social Research" was authored by Goode

and Hatt on Dec 01, 1952, which was specifically aimed to improve student's knowledge
as well as response skills.
Java Collection MCQ Set 1
2) What is the major attribute of Correlation Analysis?
a. Association among variables

b. Difference among variables
c. Regression among variables
d. Variations among variables
Answer: a) Association among variables
Explanation: Mainly the correlational analysis focus on finding the association between

one or more quantitative independent variables and one or more quantitative
dependent variables.
3) What is the name of the conceptual framework in which the research is carried out?
a. Research hypothesis
b. Synopsis of Research
c. Research paradigm
d. Research design
Answer: d) Research design
Explanation: A conceptual framework can be understood as a Research design that you

require before research.
4) What is the main role of research in education?
a. To upsurge one's social status.

b. To increase one's job prospects.
c. To augment one's personal growth.
d. To help an applicant in becoming a renowned educationalist.
Answer: d) To help an applicant in becoming a renowned educationalist
Explanation: Educational research can be defined as an assurance for reviewing and

improving educational practice, which will result in becoming a renowned
educationalist.
5) Which of the following features are considered as critical in qualitative research?
a. Collecting data with the help of standardized research tools.

b. Design sampling with probability sample techniques.
c. Collecting data with bottom-up empirical evidence.
d. Gathering data with top-down schematic evidence.
Answer: c) Collecting data with bottom-up empirical evidence.
Explanation: In qualitative research, we use an inductive methodology that starts from

particular to general. In other words, we study society from the bottom, then move
upward to make the theories.
6) How is random sampling helpful?
a. Reasonably accurate
b. An economical method of data collection
c. Free from personal biases
d. All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: In random sampling, for each element of the set, there exist a possibility
to get selected.
7) A research intends to explore the result of possible factors for the organization of
effective mid-day meal interventions. Which research method will be most appropriate for
this study?
a. Descriptive survey method

b. Historical method
c. Ex-post facto method
d. Experimental method
Answer: c) Ex-post facto method
Explanation: Mainly in the ex-post facto method, the existing groups with qualities are
compared on some dependent variable. It is also known as quasi-experimental for the
fact that instead of randomly assigning the subjects, they are grouped on the basis of a
particular characteristic or trait.
8) Tippit table refers to as _________
a. Table of random digits

b. The table used in sampling methods
c. The table used in statistical investigations
d. All of the above
Explanation: Tippit table was first published by L.H.C Tippett in 1927.
9) In order to pursue the research, which of the following is priorly required?
a. Developing a research design

b. Formulating a research question
c. Deciding about the data analysis procedure
d. Formulating a research hypothesis
Answer: b) Formulating a research question
Explanation: Before starting with research, it is necessary to have a research question or

a topic because once the problem is identified, then we can decide the research design.
10) The format of thesis writing is the same as in
a. Writing of Seminar representation

b. Preparation of research paper/article
c. A research dissertation
d. Presenting a workshop/conference paper
Answer: c) A research dissertation
Explanation: The format of thesis writing is similar to that of a research dissertation, or

we can simply say that dissertation is another word for a thesis.
11) Which one among the following statements is false in the context of participatory
research?
a. It recognizes knowledge as power

b. It is a collective process of inquiry
c. It emphasizes people as experts
d. Its sole purpose is the production of knowledge
Answer: d) Its sole purpose is the production of knowledge
Explanation: Participatory action research is a kind of research that stresses

participation and action.
12) Which one among the following statement is true in the context of the testing of
hypotheses?
a. It is only the alternative hypotheses that can be tested.

b. It is only the null hypotheses that can be tested.
c. Both the alternative and the null hypotheses can be tested.
d. Both the alternative and the null hypotheses cannot be tested.
Answer: b) It is only the null hypothesis that can be tested.
Explanation: Hypotheses testing evaluates its plausibility by using sample data.
13) What are the conditions in which Type-I error occurs?
a. The null hypotheses get accepted even if it is false

b. The null hypotheses get rejected even if it is true
c. Both the null hypotheses as well as alternative hypotheses are rejected
d. None of the above
Answer: b) The null hypotheses get rejected even if it is true
Explanation: The Type-I Error can be defined as the first kind of error.
14) Research and Development become the index of development of the country. Which of
the following reasons are true with regards to this statement?
a. R&D targets human development

b. R&D can enhance people's standard of living in the country
c. R&D reflects the actual economic and social conditions being prevailed in the
country
d. All the above
Answer: d) All of the above.
Explanation: No explanation.
15) What does the longitudinal research approach actually deal with?
a. Long-term research
b. Short-term research
c. Horizontal research
Answer: a) Long-term research
Explanation: In general, the longitudinal approach is long-term research in which the

researchers keep on examining similar individuals to detect if any change has occurred
over a while.
16) What do you understand by the term "Anusandhan"?
a. Goal-oriented
b. Following an aim
c. Attaining an aim
d. Praying to achieve an aim
Answer: b) Following an aim
17) Evaluation Research is concerned with __________
a. How well are we doing?

b. Why are we doing?
c. What are we doing?
Answer: a) How well are we doing?
Explanation: Instead of focusing on the process, the evaluation research measures the

consequences of the process, for example, if the objectives are met or not.
18) Which of the following does not correspond to characteristics of research?
a. Research is not passive

b. Research is systematic
c. Research is not a problem-oriented
d. Research is not a process
Answer: d) Research is not a process
Explanation: Research is an inspired and systematic work that is undertaken by the

researchers to intensify expertise.
19) Which of the following options are the main tasks of research in modern society?
a. To learn new things

b. To keep pace with the advancement in knowledge
c. To systematically examine and critically analyze the investigations/sources with
the objective
d. All of the above

Explanation: Research is an inspired and systematic work that is undertaken by the
researchers to intensify expertise.
20) What is the main aim of interdisciplinary research?
a. To over simplify the problem of research

b. To bring out the holistic approach to research
c. To create a new trend in research methodology
d. To reduce the emphasis on a single subject in the research domain
Answer: b) To bring out the holistic approach to research
Explanation: Particularly in interdisciplinary research, it combines two or more

hypothetical disciplines into one activity.
21) The main aim of the scientific method in the research field is to _________
a. Improve data interpretation

b. Confirm triangulation
c. Introduce new variables
d. Eliminate spurious relations
Answer: d) Eliminate spurious relations
Explanation: Scientific research aims to build knowledge by hypothesizing new theories

and discovering laws.
22) A researcher is interested in studying the prospects of a particular political party in an

urban area. So, what tool should he prefer for the study?
a. Rating Scale
b. Interview
c. Questionnaire
d. Schedule
Answer: c) Questionnaire
Explanation: Since it is an urban area, so there is a probability of literacy amongst a

greater number of people. Also, there would be numerous questions over the ruling
period of a political party, which cannot be simply answered by rating. The rating can
only be considered if any political party has done some work, which is why the
Questionnaire is used.
23) The conclusions/findings of which type of research cannot be generalized to other

situations?
a. Casual Comparative Research

b. Historical Research
c. Descriptive Research
d. Experimental Research
Answer: b) Historical Research
Explanation: One cannot generalize historical research in the USA, which has been
done in India.
24) How to judge the depth of any research?
a. By research title
b. By research duration
c. By research objectives
d. By total expenditure on research
Answer: c) By research objectives
Explanation: Research objectives concisely demonstrate what we are trying to achieve

through the research.
25) Who can successfully conduct Research?
a. Someone who is a hard worker

b. Possesses post-graduation degree
c. Has studied research methodology
d. Possesses thinking and reasoning ability
Answer: c) Has studied research methodology
Explanation: Anyone who has studied the research methodology can undergo the
research.
26) Which of the following is not the method of Research?
a. Survey
b. Historical
c. Observation
d. Philosophical
Answer: c) Observation
Explanation: Mainly the research method comprises strategies, processes or techniques
that are being utilized to collect the data or evidence so as to reveal new information or
create a better understanding of a topic.
27) A research problem is feasible only when
a. It has utility and relevance

b. It is new and adds something to knowledge
c. It is researchable
d. All of the above
Explanation: A research problem can be defined as a statement about the area of

interest, a condition that is required to be improved, a difficulty that has to be
eradicated, or any disquieting question existing in scholarly literature, in theory, or in
practice that points to be solved.
28) Circle graphs are used to show
a. How is one part related to other parts?

b. How various sections share in the whole?
c. How is one whole related to another whole?
d. How are various parts related to the whole?
Answer: d) How are various parts related to the whole?
Explanation: A circle graph helps in visualizing information as well as the data.
29) Authenticity of a research finding is its

a. Validity
b. Objectivity
c. Originality
d. All of the above
Answer: b) Objectivity
30) Which one is called non-probability sampling?
a. Quota sampling
b. Cluster sampling
c. Systematic sampling
d. Stratified random sampling
Answer: a) Quota sampling
Explanation: In non-probability sampling, all the members do not get an equal

opportunity to participate in the study.
31) What does a good thesis involve?
a) Reducing punctuations as well as grammatical errors to minimalist

b) Correct reference citations
c) Consistency in the way of thesis writing
d) Well defined abstract
Select the answers from the codes given below:

a. b), c) and d)
b. a), b), c) and d)
c. a), b) and c)
d. a), b) and d)
Answer: B. a), b), c) and d)
Explanation: All of the above.
32) Which one among the following statements is correct in context to research?
a) Research refers to a series of systematic activity or activities undertaken to find out

the solution to a problem.
b) It is a systematic, logical and unbiased process wherein verification of hypotheses,
data analysis, interpretation and formation of principles can be done.
c) It is an intellectual inquiry or quest towards truth,
d) It enhances knowledge.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
a. a), b), c) and d)

b. a), b) and c)
c. b), c) and d)
d. a), c) and d)
Answer: A. a), b), c) and d)
Explanation: All of the above.
33) On what basis did Jean Piaget give his theory of cognitive development of humans?
a. Evaluation Research
b. Fundamental Research
c. Applied Research
d. Action Research
Answer: b) Fundamental Research
Explanation: Jean Piaget, in his cognitive-developmental theory, proposed the idea that

children can actively construct knowledge simply by exploring and manipulating the
world around them.
34) What are the core elements of a dissertation?
a. Introduction; Data Collection; Data Analysis; Conclusions and Recommendations

b. Executive Summary; Literature Review; Data Gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography
c. Research Plan; Research Data; Analysis; References
d. Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussions and
Conclusions
Answer: d) Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussions

and Conclusions
Explanation: The core elements of the dissertation are as follows:
Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussions and

Conclusions
35) "Sampling Cases" can be defined as
a. Sampling using a sampling frame

b. Identifying people who are suitable for research
c. Literally the researcher's brief case
d. A sampling of people, newspapers, television programs etc.
Answer: d) A sampling of people, newspapers, television programs etc.
Explanation: In general, sampling in case study research involves decisions made by the
researchers regarding the strategies of sampling, the number of case studies, and the
definition of the unit of analysis.
36) Which technique is generally followed when the population is finite?
a. Systematic Sampling Technique

b. Purposive Sampling Technique
c. Area Sampling Technique
Answer: a) Systematic Sampling Technique
Explanation: Systematic sampling can be understood as a probability sampling method

in which the members of the population are selected by the researchers at a regular
interval.
37) Research problem is selected from the standpoint of
a. Social relevance
b. Financial support
c. Researcher's interest
d. Availability of relevant literature
Answer: a) Social relevance
38) The F-test:
a. Is essentially a two-tailed test.

b. Is essentially a one-tailed test.
c. Can be one-tailed as well as two-tailed depending on the hypotheses.
d. Can never be one tailed test.
Answer: c) Can be one-tailed as well as two-tailed depending on the hypotheses
Explanation: An F-test corresponds to a statistical test in which the test statistic has an
F-distribution under the null hypothesis.
39) Which one among the following is the most comprehensive source of population data?
a. Census
b. National Sample Surveys
c. Demographic Health Surveys
d. National Family Health Surveys
Answer: a) Census
Explanation: Census is an official survey that keeps track of the population data.
40) The process not needed in experimental research is

a. Controlling
b. Observation
c. Reference collection
d. Manipulation and replication
Answer: b) Observation
41) What are those conditions where a research problem is not viable?
a. It is new and adds something to knowledge

b. It can be researched
c. It has utility and relevance
d. It contains dependent and independent variables
Answer: d) It contains dependent and independent variables
Explanation: A research problem can be defined as a statement about the concerned

area, a condition needed to be improved, a difficulty that has to be eliminated, or a
troubling question existing in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice pointing
towards the need of delivering a deliberate investigation.
42) How can we enhance the research objective?
a. By making it more valid

b. By making it more reliable
c. By making it more impartial
d. All of the above
Explanation: The research objectives must be concisely described before starting the

research as it illustrates what we are going to achieve as an end result after the
accomplishment.
43) Action-research can be understood as ___________
a. A longitudinal research
b. An applied research
c. A kind of research being carried out to solve a specific problem
d. All of the above
Answer: c) A kind of research being carried out to solve a specific problem
Explanation: In general, action research is termed as a philosophy or a research

methodology, which is implemented in social sciences.
44) On what basis can one formulate the assumptions?
a. The cultural background of the country

b. Universities
c. Some specific characteristics of castes
d. All of the above
Answer: a) The cultural background of the country
Explanation: An assumption can be identified as an unexamined belief, which we

contemplate without even comprehending it. Also, the conclusions that we draw are
often based on assumptions.
45) Which one among the following falls under the category of research development?
a. Descriptive Research
b. Philosophical Research
c. Action Research
d. All of the above
46) What is the use of Factorial Analysis?
a. For setting the hypotheses

b. To understand the difference between two variables
c. To understand the relationship between two variables
d. To understand the difference between various variables
Answer: b) To understand the difference between two variables
Explanation: Factor analysis can be understood as a statistical method that defines the

variability between two variables in terms of factors, which are nothing but unobserved
variables.
47) What is the best-suited name for a process that doesn't necessitate experimental
research?
a. Manipulation
b. Controlling
c. Content analysis
d. Observation
Answer: a) Manipulation
Explanation: In an experimental research design, whenever the independent variables

(i.e., treatment variables or factors) decisively get altered by researchers, then that
process is termed as an experimental manipulation.
48) Which one among the following variables cannot be expressed in quantitative terms?
a. Numerical Aptitude
b. Marital Status
c. Socio-economic Status
d. Professional Attitude
Answer: d) Professional Attitude
Explanation: A professional attitude is an ability that inclines you to manage your time,
portray a leadership quality, make you self-determined and persistent.
49) The "Sociogram" technique is used to study _________
a. Vocational Interest
b. Human Relations
c. Professional Competence
d. Achievement Motivation
Answer: b) Human Relations

Explanation: The term sociogram can be defined as a graphical representation of
human relation that portrays the social links formed by one particular person.
50) Which one among the following phrases does not correspond to the meaning of
research as a process?
a. Problem Solving
b. Trial and Error
c. Objective Observation
d. Systematic Activity
Answer: c) Objective Observation
Explanation: The research process comprises classifying, locating, evaluating, and

investigating the data, which is required to support your research question, followed by
developing and expressing your ideas.
https://noteslearning.com/research-methodology-mcqs/#google_vignette
1. ________ is the first step in the research process.

 Collecting data
 Formulating a research question
 Analyzing data
 Drawing conclusion
2. Which of the following is an example of qualitative research methods?
 Survey
 Case Study
 Experiment
 Meta-analysis
3. What is a hypothesis in research?
 A conclusion drawn from data analysis
 A summary of research findings
 A measurement of data accuracy
 A statement of predicted relationship between variables
4. What is the purpose of a literature review in research?
 To identify the research gaps
 To summarize research findings
 To collect primary data
 To analyze data
5. What is a dependent variable in research?
 The variable that is manipulated by the researcher
 The variable that remains constant throughout the research
 The variable that is measured and observed
 The variable that is not relevant to the research question
6. What is the purpose of a research proposal?
 To present research findings
 To provide a rationale for the study
 To establish causality
 To guide the data collection process
7. What is a research design?
 A plan for data analysis
 A method for data collection
 A statistical technique
 A framework for conducting research
8. What is the purpose of statistical analysis in research?
 To collect primary data
 To draw conclusion from data
 To develop research hypotheses
9. What is the appropriate statistical analysis for comparing means between
two groups?
 Chi-squared test
 Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
 Regression analysis
 T-test
10.What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
 To provide a baseline for comparison
 To receive the experimental treatment
 To control for confounding variables
 To ensure internal validity
11.Which of the following is an example of a primary source of data?
 Research article
 Textbook
 Meta analysis
 Interview transcript
12._________ is the characteristics of qualitative research.
 Large sample size
 Standardize data collection methods
 Emphasis on context and social interactions
 Objectives and detached perspective
13.________ is NOT a common data collection method in qualitative research.
 Participant observation
 Structured interviews
 Content Analysis
 Focus Groups
14.________ is the primary focus of qualitative research.
 Causality
 Understanding the meanings and interpretations of individuals
 Hypothesis testing
 Statistical analysis
15.In qualitative research, data collection methods typically include
 Structured questionnaires
 Experiments
 Surveys
 Interviews and Observations
16.Which of the following is an example of a qualitative research question?
 What is the prevalence of depression in college students?
 How does gender influence job satisfaction ?
 What is the relationship between income and happiness?
 What are the factors that contribute to successful weight loss?
17.Which of the following research methods is primarily associated with
qualitative research?
 Experimental research
 Longitudinal research
 Phenomenology
 Correlation research
18.__________ is an example of a quantitative research method.
 Case study
 Ethnography
 Correlational Study
 Phenomenological study
19._________ is the main purpose of a research hypothesis.
 To provide a clear research direction
 To analyze data
 To establish causality
20.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research question?
 Clear and Focused
 Relevant and significant
 Testable and measurable
 Broad and ambiguous
21.What is a random sample in research?
 A sample that is selected by chance
 A sample that is selected based on specific criteria
 A sample that is selected from population in a systematic way
 A sample that is selected based on convenience
22.What is a case study in research?
 A survey of a large population
 An in-depth investigation of a single individual or group
 An experimental design that tests a hypothesis
 An analysis of existing statistical data
23. _____________ is a research population.
 The group of people who participate in the study
 The larger group from which the participants are selected
 The variables being studied
 THe data collected in the study
24.Which of the following is a measure of central tendency in statistics?
 Standard Deviation
 Correlation Coefficient
 Mean
 Chi-square test
25._____________ is a non-experimental research design.
 Randomized controlled trial
 Quasi-experimental design
 Case Study
 Cross-sectional study
26.What is the appropriate statistical test to test the association between two
categorical variables in a research study?
 T-test
 ANOVA
 Regression Analysis
 Chi-square test
27.Which statistical test is appropriate to test the difference between
proportions of two groups?
 T-tests
 ANOVA
 Chi-square test
 Z-test
28.Which of the following statistical tests is appropriate to test the difference
between medians of two groups?
 T-test
 ANOVA
 Wilcoxon rank-sum test
 Regression analysis
29.Which of the following statistical tests is appropriate to test the difference
between means of two related samples?
 T-test
 ANOVA
 Chi-square test
 Paired-sample test
30.Which of the following statistical tests is appropriate to test the
relationship between two continuous variables while controlling other
variables?
 T-test
 ANOVA
 Chi-square test
 Regression Analysis
31.What is the main purpose of a pilot study in research?
 To gather primary data
 To establish the sample size
 To test the research hypothesis
 To refine the research methodology
32.__________ is a non-probability sampling technique.
 Convenience Sampling
 Stratified Sampling
 Cluster Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling
33.What is the primary purpose of inferential statistics in research?
 To summarize and describe data
 To explore relationships between variables
 To interpret qualitative data
 To test hypotheses and make inferences about a population
34.________ is NOT a type of research data.
 Primary data
 Secondary data
 Tertiary data
 Meta data
35.What is a literature review?
 A summary of book
 A summary of research study
 A summary of the literature on a particular topic
 A summary of a movie
36.What is the first step in conducting a literature review?
 Identify the research question
 Identify the study population
 Identify the research hypothesis
 Identify the research methodology
37.What is the purpose of a conceptual framework in research?
 To provide a summary of the main concepts related to the research
topic
 To establish the theoretical foundation for the research study
 To outline the research design and methods
 To report the findings of the research study
38.________ is NOT a step in the research process.
 Literature review
 Data analysis
 Research question
 Data collection
39.Which of the following is NOT a criterion for establishing causality in
research?
 Temporal order
 Covariation
 Association
 Control of confounding variables
40.What is a research instrument?
 The research question
 The research design
 The data collection method
 The data analysis plan
41.________ is a data analysis plan.
 A plan for collecting data in as research study
 A plan for analyzing data collected in a research study
 A plan for reporting research findings
 A plan for selecting research participants
42.Which of the following is an example of qualitative descriptive data?
 Age of participants in a research study
 Gender of participants in a research study
 Scores on a likert scale in a questionnaire
 Responses to open-ended questions in a survey
43.Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?
 Standard Deviation
 Variance
 Median
 Range
44.What is the mode in descriptive data analysis?
 The value that appears most frequently in a dataset
 The average of a dataset
 The middle value of a dataset
 The difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset
45.______________________, is NOT a characteristic of fundamental research.
 It is exploratory in nature.
 It is aimed at developing new theories
 It is focused on solving practical problems
 It is conducted without a specific application
46.Which of the following is a type of research bias?
 Descriptive bias
 Sampling bias
 Causal bias
 Inferential bias
47.What is recall bias in data collection?
 The tendency of participants to provide socially desirable responses
 The systematic error in measurement instruments
 The distortion of memory in reporting past events
 The influence of the researcher’s expectations on data collection
48.How can researcher bias be minimized in data collection?
 Using random sampling techniques
 Double-blind data collection
 Using multiple data collection methods
 Ensuring strict adherence to research protocols
49.What is bias in research methodology?
 A measure of central tendency
 A measure of variability
 A systematic error in data collection
 A random error in data collection
50.How can researchers minimize bias in data collection?
 By using a small sample size
 By using biased data collection instruments
 By using non-random sampling techniques
 By using appropriate data collection and analysis methods
https://www.socialworkin.com/2022/10/30-mcq-on-research-methodology.html
1-Which of the following statement is correct?

(A) Reliability ensures the validity
(B) Validity ensures reliability
(C) Reliability and validity are independent of each other
(D) Reliability does not depend on objectivity
Answer: (C)
2-Which of the following indicates evaluation?
(A) Ram got 45 marks out of 200
(B) Mohan got 38 percent marks in English
(C) Shyam got First Division in final examination
(D) All the above
Answer: (D)
3-Research can be conducted by a person who:
(A) has studied research methodology
(B) holds a postgraduate degree
(C) possesses thinking and reasoning ability
(D) is a hard worker
Answer: (A)
4-Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) Objectives of research are stated in first chapter of the thesis
(B) Researcher must possess analytical ability
(C) Variability is the source of problem
(D) All the above
Answer: (D)
5-Which of the following is not the Method of Research?
(A) Observation
(B) Historical
(C) Survey
(D) Philosophical
Answer: (A)
6- Research can be classified as:
(A) Basic, Applied and Action Research
(B) Quantitative and Qualitative Research
(C) Philosophical, Historical, Survey and Experimental Research
(D) All the above
Answer: (D)
7-The first step of research is:
(A) Selecting a problem
(B) Searching a problem
(C) Finding a problem
(D) Identifying a problem
Answer: (D)
8 -To test null hypothesis, a researcher uses:
(A) t test
(B) ANOVA
(C) X2
(D) factorial analysis
Answer: (B)
9-A research problem is feasible only when:
(A) it has utility and relevance
(B) it is researchable
(C) it is new and adds something to knowledge
(D) all the above
Answer: (D)
10-Bibliography given in a research report:
(A) shows vast knowledge of the researcher
(B) helps those interested in further research
(C) has no relevance to research
(D) all the above
Answer: (B)
11-Fundamental research reflects the ability to:
(A) Synthesize new ideals
(B) Expound new principles
(C) Evaluate the existing material concerning research
(D) Study the existing literature regarding various topics
Answer: (B)
12-The study in which the investigators attempt to trace an effect is known as:
(A) Survey Research
(B) 'Ex-post Facto' Research
(C) Historical Research
(D) Summative Research
Answer: (B)
13-Generalised conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as:
(A) Data analysis and interpretation
(B) Parameter inference
(C) Statistical inference
(D) All of the above
Answer: (A)
14-The experimental study is based on:
(A) The manipulation of variables
(B) Conceptual parameters
(C) Replication of research
(D) Survey of literature
Answer: (A)
15-The main characteristic of scientific research is:
(A) empirical
(B) theoretical
(C) experimental
(D) all of the above
Answer: (D)
16- Authenticity of a research finding is its:
(A) Originality
(B) Validity
(C) Objectivity
Answer: (C)
17-Which technique is generally followed when the population is finite?
(A) Area Sampling Technique
(B) Purposive Sampling Technique
(C) Systematic Sampling Technique
(D) None of the above
Answer: (C)
18-Research problem is selected from the stand point of:
(A) Researcher's interest
(B) Financial support
(C) Social relevance
(D) Availability of relevant literature
Answer: (C)
19-Which one is called non-probability sampling?
(A) Cluster sampling
(B) Quota sampling
(C) Systematic sampling
(D) Stratified random sampling
20-Formulation of hypothesis may NOT be required in:
(A) Survey method
(B) Historical studies
(C) Experimental studies
(D) Normative studies
Answer: (B)
21-Field-work-based research is classified as:
(A) Empirical
(B) Historical
(C) Experimental
(D) Biographical
Answer: (A)
22-Which of the following sampling method is appropriate to study the
prevalence of AIDS amongst male and female in India in 1976, 1986, 1996 and
2006?
(A) Cluster sampling
(B) Systematic sampling
(C) Quota sampling
(D) Stratified random sampling
Answer: (B)
23- The research is always -
(A) verifying the old knowledge
(B) exploring new knowledge
(C) filling the gap between knowledge
(D) all of these
Answer: (D)
24-The research that applies the laws at the time of field study to draw more and
more clear ideas about the problem is:
(A) Applied research
(B) Action research
(C) Experimental research
(D) None of these
Answer: (C)
25-When a research problem is related to heterogeneous population, the most
suitable sampling method is:
(A) Cluster Sampling
(B) Stratified Sampling
(C) Convenient Sampling
(D) Lottery Method
Answer: (B)
26-The process not needed in experimental research is:
(A) Observation
(B) Manipulation and replication
(C) Controlling
(D) Reference collection
Answer: (A)
27-A research problem is not feasible only when:
(A) it is researchable
(B) it is new and adds something to the knowledge
(C) it consists of independent and dependent variables
(D) it has utility and relevance
Answer: (C)
28- How can the objectivity of the research be enhanced?
(A) Through its impartiality
(B) Through its reliability
(C) Through its validity
(D) All of these
Answer: (D)
29-Action-research is:
(A) An applied research
(B) A research carried out to solve immediate problems
(C) A longitudinal research
(D) All the above
Answer: (B)
30- The basis on which assumptions are formulated:
(A) Cultural background of the country
(B) Universities
(C) Specific characteristics of the castes
(D) All of these
Answer: (A)
31-Which of the following is classified in the category of the developmental
research?
(A) Philosophical research
(B) Action research
(C) Descriptive research
(D) All the above
Answer: (D)
32-We use Factorial Analysis:
(A) To know the relationship between two variables
(B) To test the Hypothesis
(C) To know the difference between two variables
(D) To know the difference among the many variables
Answer: (C)
33-A null hypothesis is
(A) when there is no difference between the variables
(B) the same as research hypothesis
(C) subjective in nature
(D) when there is difference between the variables
Answer: (A)
34-The research which is exploring new facts through the study of the past is
called
(A) Philosophical research
(B) Historical research
(C) Mythological research
(D) Content analysis
Answer: (B)
35-Manipulation is always a part of
(A) Historical research
(B) Fundamental research
(C) Descriptive research
(D) Experimental research
Answer: (C)
36-Which correlation coefficient best explains the relationship between creativity
and intelligence?
(A) 1.00
(B) 0.6
(C) 0.5
(D) 0.3
Answer: (A)
38-Research is
(A) Searching again and again
(B) Finding a solution to any problem
(C) Working in a scientific way to search for the truth of any problem
(D) None of the above
Answer: (C)
39- A common test in research demands much priority on
(A) Reliability
(B) Useability
(C) Objectivity
Answer: (D)
40-Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?
(A) Searching sources of information to locate the problem.
(B) Survey of related literature
(C) Identification of the problem
(D) Searching for solutions to the problem
Answer: (A)
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of-research-methodology/14031504
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1. When estimated value is subtracted from actual value, the difference is

called
a. Absolute error
b. Estimated error
c. Relative error
d. Percentage error
Answer
Answer. a
2. Response error, prestige error, non-response error, publication errors
are
a. Sampling error
b. Non-sampling error
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of these
Answer
Answer. b
3. Errors occurred due to accident or by Chance refers to
a. Biased error
b. Unbiased error
c. Systematic error
d. Constant error
Answer
Answer. b
4. Sampling error may arise due to
a. Error of Origin
b. Error of Inadequacy
c. Error of Manipulation
d. All of the above
Answer
Answer. d
5. Approximation can be done by
a. adding figures
b. discarding figures
c. the nearest figure
d. all of the above
Answer
Answer. d
6. Snowball sampling is used for data collection through
a. Connecting Relations
b. Small population
c. Representatives
d. None of these
Answer
Answer. a
7. The list of all units in a population is called
a. Sampling frame
b. Parameter
c. Statistics
d. Random sampling
Answer
Answer. a
8. The data which are collected for the first time by the investigator is
called
a. Primary data
b. Secondary Data
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of these
Answer
Answer. a
9. Questionnaire should have following number of questions
a. 25
b. 40
c. 30
d. According to the need of survey
Answer
Answer. d
10. Schedule is filled by
a. Enumerator
b. Researcher
c. Respondents
d. All of the above
Answer
Answer. a
11. The person, who helps the investigator in investigation is known as
a. Enumerator
b. Searcher
c. Researcher
d. None of these
Answer
Answer. a
12. When data collected is passed through one statistical method,
organisation, classification, tabulation, computation, etc. are called
a. Raw Data
b. Processed Data
c. Unorganiscd Data
d. Personal Data
Answer
Answer. b
13. Heterogenous group are classified into Homogenous group and then
randomly sample is chosen refers to
a. Simple Random sampling

b. Stratified Random sampling
c. Systematic Sampling
d. Multistage Random sampling
Answer
Answer. b
14. Lottery system is the method of
a. Simple Random sampling

b. Stratified Random sampling
d. Multistage Random sampling
Answer
Answer. a
15. Which one is not the type of Non-random sampling technique?
a. Quota Sampling
b. Convenience sampling
d. Snowfall
Answer
Answer. c
16. Both law of sample investigation are based on
a. Theory of probability
b. Theory of motivation
c. Theory of statistics
d. All of the above
Answer
Answer. a
17. Which law is related to Sample Investigation?
a. Law of statistical Regularity

b. Law of inertia of large numbers
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of these
Answer
Answer. c
18. Which one is essential elements of a sample?
a. Representatives
b. Independence
c. Similarity and homogeneity
d. All of the above
Answer
Answer. d
19. In which all the elementary units connected with the problem are
studied (surveyed)?
a. Questionnaire
b. Census
c. Interview
d. All of the above
Answer
Answer. b
20. The number of individual selected in a sample is called its
a. sampling
b. quantity
c. sample Size
d. sample height
Answer
Answer. c
26. Example for fact finding study is
A. Pure Research
B. Survey
26. Example for fact finding study is
C. Action Research
D. Long term Research
Answer» B. Survey
27. Facts or information’s are analyzed and critical evaluation is made in

A. Survey
B. Action research
C. Analytical research
D. Pilot study
Answer» C. Analytical research
28. Research conducted to find solution for an immediate problem is ………….

A. Fundamental Research
B. Analytical Research
C. Survey
D. Action Research
Answer» D. Action Research
29. Fundamental Research is otherwise called

A. Action Research
B. Survey
C. Pilot study
D. Pure Research
Answer» D. Pure Research

30. Motivation Research is a type of …………… research
A. Quantitative
B. Qualitative
C. Pure
D. applied
Answer» B. Qualitative
31. Research related to abstract ideas or concepts is

A. Empirical research
B. Conceptual Research
C. Quantitative research
D. Qualitative research
Answer» B. Conceptual Research
32. A research which follows case study method is called

A. Clinical or diagnostic
B. Causal
C. Analytical
D. Qualitative
Answer» A. Clinical or diagnostic
33. Research conducted in class room atmosphere is called

A. Field study
B. Survey
C. Laboratory Research
D. Empirical Research
33. Research conducted in class room atmosphere is called
Answer» C. Laboratory Research
34. Research through experiment and observation is called

A. Clinical Research
B. Experimental Research
C. Laboratory Research
D. Empirical Research
Answer» D. Empirical Research
35. Population Census is an example of ………….. Research

A. Survey
B. Empirical
C. Clinical
D. Diagnostic
Answer» A. Survey
36. The author of “ The Grammar of Science” is

A. Ostle
B. Richard
C. Karl Pearson
D. Kerlinger
Answer» C. Karl Pearson
37. “The Romance of Research” is authored by

A. Redmen and Mory
37. “The Romance of Research” is authored by
B. P.V.Young
C. Robert C meir
D. Harold Dazier
Answer» A. Redmen and Mory
38. ………….. is a way to systematically solve the research problem

A. Technique
B. Operations
C. Research methodology
D. Research Process
Answer» C. Research methodology
39. Good Research is always ……………

A. Slow
B. Fast
C. Narrow
D. Systematic
Answer» D. Systematic
40. Good research is ……………

A. Logical
B. Non logical
C. Narrow
D. Systematic
Answer» A. Logical
41. “Criteria of Good Research” is written by
A. Delta Kappan
B. James Harold Fox
C. P.V.Young
D. Karl Popper
Answer» B. James Harold Fox
42. Research method is a part of …………..

A. Problem
B. Experiment
C. Research Techniques
D. Research methodology
Answer» D. Research methodology
43. Identifying causes of a problem and possible solution to a problem is

A. Field Study
B. diagnosis tic study
C. Action study
D. Pilot study
Answer» B. diagnosis tic study
44. ………… helps in social planning

A. Social Science Research
B. Experience Survey
C. Problem formulation
44. ………… helps in social planning
D. diagnostic study
Answer» A. Social Science Research
45. “Foundations of Behavioral Research” is written by

A. P.V. Young
B. Kerlinger
C. Emory
D. Clover Vernon
Answer» B. Kerlinger
46. Methods and issues in Social Research” is written by

A. Black James and Champions
B. P.V. Young
C. Mortan Kaplan
D. William Emory
Answer» A. Black James and Champions
47. “Scientific Social Survey and Research” is written by

A. Best John
B. Emory
C. Clover
D. P.V. Young
Answer» D. P.V. Young

48. “Doubt is often better than ……………….”
A. Belief
B. Value
C. Confidence
D. Overconfidence
Answer» D. Overconfidence
49. Research help in explaining the ………… with which something operates.
A. Velocity
B. Momentum
C. Frequency
D. gravity
Answer» C. Frequency
50. …………… is a motivation for research in students

A. Research degree
B. Research Academy
C. Research Labs
D. Research Problems
Answer» A. Research degree
2. Which of the following is an example of quantitative research?

a) A case study
b) A survey
c) An ethnography
d) A focus group
Mcqs on research methodology pdf
Answer: b) A survey
Hide Answer
3. What is the difference between a population and a sample in research?
a) A population is a subset of a sample
b) A population is the entire group of individuals, while a sample is a subset of

the population
c) A sample is the entire group of individuals, while a population is a subset of

the sample
d) There is no difference between a population and a sample
Answer: b) A population is the entire group of individuals, while a sample is a

subset of the population
Hide Answer
4. What is the purpose of a research hypothesis?
a) To prove a theory
b) To provide a general research direction
c) To establish the reliability of the research results
d) To provide a clear research question
Answer: b) To provide a general research direction

Hide Answer
5. Which of the following is an example of a primary source of data?
a) A research article
b) A textbook
c) A newspaper article
d) An interview transcript
Answer: d) An interview transcript

Hide Answer
6. Which of the following is an example of qualitative research?
a) A survey
b) An experiment
c) A case study
d) An observational study
Answer: c) A case study

Hide Answer
7. What is a research design?
a) The way data is collected in a research study
b) The way data is analyzed in a research study
c) The way the research question is formulated
d) The overall plan for a research study
Answer: d) The overall plan for a research study

Hide Answer
8. What is the purpose of a literature review in a research study?

a) To summarize previous research on a topic
b) To generate new research questions
c) To provide a rationale for the research study
d) All of the above

Hide Answer
9. Which of the following is an example of non-probability sampling?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Stratified random sampling
c) Convenience sampling
d) Cluster sampling
Answer: c) Convenience sampling

Hide Answer
10. What is the difference between validity and reliability in research?
a) Validity refers to the extent to which a study measures what it intends to

measure, while reliability refers to the consistency of the study’s results
b) Validity refers to the consistency of the study’s results, while reliability refers to
the extent to which a study measures what it intends to measure
c) Validity and reliability refer to the same thing in research
d) Neither validity nor reliability are important in research

Answer: a) Validity refers to the extent to which a study measures what it intends
to measure, while reliability refers to the consistency of the study’s results
Hide Answer
11. Which of the following is an example of a dependent variable?
a) Age
b) Gender
c) Income
d) Test scores
Answer: d) Test scores

Hide Answer
12. What is a research proposal?
a) A document that outlines the methodology and scope of a research study
b) A document that summarizes the findings of a research study
c) A document that provides an overview of a researcher’s qualifications
d) A document that outlines the budget for a research study
Answer: a) A document that outlines the methodology and scope of a research

study
Hide Answer
13. Which of the following is an example of a research question?
a) How does stress affect academic performance?
b) Students who experience stress have lower academic performance

c) The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between stress and
academic performance
d) None of the above
Answer: a) How does stress affect academic performance?

Hide Answer
14. What is the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative

hypothesis?
a) A null hypothesis states that there is no difference between groups, while an

alternative hypothesis states that there is a difference
b) A null hypothesis states that there is a difference between groups, while an

alternative hypothesis states that there is no difference
c) A null hypothesis is not used in research, while an alternative hypothesis is

used instead
d) A null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis are the same thing
Answer: a) A null hypothesis states that there is no difference between groups,

while an alternative hypothesis states that there is a difference
Hide Answer
15. What is the purpose of a research ethics committee?
a) To ensure that research studies are conducted in an ethical manner
b) To provide funding for research studies
c) To review research studies and determine their scientific merit
d) To provide training for researchers
Answer: a) To ensure that research studies are conducted in an ethical

Question 1
What is a research design?
You did not answer the question.

Correct answer:
d) A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data.
Feedback:
"A research design provides a framework for the collection and analysis of data".
The choice of methods to be used is, indeed, very important, as is an understanding of your
fundamental research philosophy. But a research design will highlight these choices and
other decisions about which elements are considered to be more important than others, as
well as your hypotheses about causality and predictability. Consider it as a blueprint for the
research you propose to conduct.
Page reference: 28
Question 2
If a study is "reliable", this means that:

Correct answer:
b) the measures devised for concepts are stable on different occasions.
Feedback:
The essential question about research is its reliability. It is often the case that concepts in the
social sciences can be construed differently in different social contexts, so the promise of
repeatability makes readers feel the results can be relied on more. But what is even more
important is that there should be not much variation (or none at all) in responses to the same
instruments by the same type of respondent.
Page reference: 28
Question 3
"Internal validity" refers to:

Correct answer:
a) whether or not there is really a causal relationship between two variables.
Feedback:
"Validity" has a special meaning in research, usually indicating the truth of something, its
authenticity. It looks at the relationship around causal relationships. It reflects the extent to
which a causal conclusion based on a study is warranted. Many of our research activities can
be seen as valid steps towards producing a dissertation, for example, but our conclusions will
not be worthwhile unless our research was valid. If a measure proves unreliable (see question
2), it lacks "measurement validity" but "internal validity" is lost when the "internal"
relationship between variables is lost, or ambiguous, or confused. Consider if something you
did as part of your study affected something that you observed, The main consideration with
internal validity is whether observed changes can be related to your intervention (i.e. the
cause) and not to other potential causes for the outcome).
Page reference: 29
Question 4
Lincoln and Guba (1985) propose that an alternative criterion for evaluating qualitative
research would be:

Correct answer:
b) trustworthiness.
Feedback:
"Trustworthiness" is as an example of a criterion that could determine how good the
qualitative research might have been (Lincoln and Guba, 1985). This criterion may be
subdivided into dimensions of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability,
to act as elements for reliability and validity in quantitative research.
Page reference: 30
Question 5
Naturalism has been defined as:

Correct answer:
d) all of the above.
Feedback:
"Naturalism" is an unusual expression which has many meanings. Some of these meanings
may seem contradictory. All of the definitions shown in this question are correct, although
"a" is positivist as opposed to the interpretivism suggested by "b" and "c".
Research methodologies such as ethnography, observation, or unstructured qualitative
interviews try to come close to the natural context of the data, while being relatively non-
intrusive.
Page reference: 31
Question 6
The term 'external validity' is concerned with:

Correct answer:
a) the question of whether the results of a study can be generalized beyond the specific
research context.
Feedback:
This issue is concerned with the question of whether the results of a study can be generalized
beyond the specific research context.
It is in this context that the issue of how people or organizations are selected to participate in
research becomes crucial. External validity is one of the main reasons why quantitative
researchers are so keen to generate representative samples.
Page reference: 30
Question 7
What is a cross-sectional design?

Correct answer:
c) The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time.
Feedback:
A cross-sectional design entails the collection of data on more than one case (usually quite a
lot more than one) and at a single point in time in order to collect a body of quantitative or
quantifiable data in connection with two or more variables (usually many more than two),
which are then examined to detect patterns of association.
Such an approach is frequently called a survey design because researchers using this method
may produce questionnaires to be filled in by many respondents in the same time period. The
search is for variation within a social group, or between social groups, in attitudes or
orientation to specific variables. Since no manipulation of variables is possible, co-
relationships between variables is all that can be discovered.
Page reference: 40
Question 8
Survey research is cross-sectional and as a result, it is

Correct answer:
a) Low in internal validity but high in replicability.
Feedback:
A survey attempts to discover the range of responses to a set of variables. The researcher can
give a lot of details concerning procedures for selecting respondents, handling of the research
instrument (perhaps a questionnaire) and the analysis methodology. In this way, replicability
can be almost guaranteed. However, since the analysis can only pinpoint degrees of co-
relation between variables, causality remains in the realm of inference, meaning low (or no)
internal validity. Remember that internal validity depends on causality and reliability on
replicability.
Page reference: 41
Question 9
What does the term 'longitudinal design' mean?

Correct answer:
d) A study completed over a distinct period of time to map changes in social phenomena.
Feedback:
The longitudinal design represents a distinct form of research design that is typically used to
map change in business and management research.
Pettigrew (1990) has emphasized the importance of longitudinal study in understanding
organizations as a way of providing data on the mechanisms and processes through which
changes are created. Such a 'contextualist' research design involves drawing on 'phenomena
at vertical and horizontal levels of analysis and the interconnections between those levels
through time' (1990: 269). However, partly because of the time and cost involved,
longitudinal design is relatively little used in business and management research.
Page reference: 43
Question 10
Cross cultural studies are an example of:

Correct answer:
b) Comparative design
Feedback:
Cross cultural studies are an example of comparative design.
The case study design is usually focused on those aspects which could only have happened
at that time, in that place, for whatever reason.
The comparative design typically studies two contrasting cases, so that a better
understanding of social phenomena can be formed. Clearly, cross-cultural studies are a good
example, therefore, of comparative design in action.
Page reference: 48-50
Question 11
Which of the following requirements for a dissertation may depend on your institution?

Correct answer:
d) All of the above
Feedback:
When beginning a research project, it is important to find out what is required of you. Each
institution or department will have worked out its own rules about the format and
presentation of dissertations, usually communicated in a 'dissertation module description'
available on-line, if not actually handed out in hard copy. This document is essential reading,
because it forms a key element of how your work will be assessed. You must not ignore
these protocols. Bryman goes so far as to say, on page 55 "If anything in this book conflicts
with your institution's guidelines and requirements ignore this book!" Find out whether an
abstract is required (it usually is), what the word length should be, how you should reference
your work, and so on.
Page reference: 55
Question 12
The role of a project supervisor is to:

Correct answer:
b) provide academic support, guidance and critical feedback on your work.
Feedback:
If you are writing an undergraduate or postgraduate dissertation, you will normally be
allocated an academic supervisor to help you. The role of the supervisor is to provide
intellectual support and practical guidance on carrying out a research project, as well as
critical but constructive feedback on your written work. Most institutions stipulate the
amount of contact a student may expect to have with their supervisor, so it makes sense to
use the resource to the full. It may be the case that the supervisor will be one of your
examiners, so discussing work-in-progress regularly is very productive. However, it is
important to remember that they cannot do the research for you and that you are responsible
for your own schedule and deadlines.
Question 13
Why is it important to have well formulated research questions?

Correct answer:
d) All of the above.
Feedback:
Not having research questions or having poorly formulated research questions will lead to
poor research. If you do not specify clear research questions, there is a great risk that your
research will be unfocused and that you will be unsure about what your research is about and
what you are collecting data for. It does not matter how well you design a questionnaire or
how skilled an interviewer you are; you must be clear about your research questions.
Page reference: 61
Question 14
What did Marx (1997) mean when he suggested that "intellectual puzzles and contradictions"
can be a possible source of research questions?

Correct answer:
a) The researcher may feel that there is a contradiction in the literature, presenting a "puzzle"
to be solved.
Feedback:
Marx (1997) meant that the researcher may feel that there is a contradiction in the literature,
presenting a "puzzle" to be solved. Marx presented a list of thirteen possible origins of
research questions, including personal experience, the existing literature, new methods and
theories and so on. It is worth studying the complete list, even if you feel fairly confident of
your own research questions, because you may gain insights into your questions' theoretical
origins.
Page reference: 61
Question 15
Which of the following is a criterion for a good research question?

Correct answer:
d) Questions should connect with established theory and research.
Feedback:
Research questions for a dissertation or project should meet the following criteria:
Questions should be clear. They must be understandable to you and to others.
Questions should be researchable. They should be capable of development into a
research design, so that data may be collected in relation to them. This means that extremely
abstract terms are unlikely to be suitable.
Questions should connect with established theory and research. This means that there
should be a literature on which you can draw to help illuminate how your research questions
should be approached. Even if you find a topic that has been scarcely addressed by social
scientists, it is unlikely that there will be no relevant literature (for example, on related or
parallel topics). Making connections with theory and research will also allow you to show
how your research has made a contribution to knowledge and understanding.
Questions should be linked to each other. Unrelated research questions are unlikely to be
acceptable, since you should be developing an argument in your dissertation. You will not
very readily be able to construct a single argument in connection with unrelated research
questions.
Questions should have potential for making a contribution to knowledge. They should
at the very least hold out the prospect of being able to make a contribution-however small-to
the topic.
Questions should be neither too broad nor too narrow. The research questions should
be neither too large (so that you would need a massive grant to study them) nor too small (so
that you cannot make a reasonably significant contribution to your area of study).
Page reference: 66
Question 16
Which of the following should be included in a research proposal?

Correct answer:
c) Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them.
Feedback:
Almost certainly, your own institution will require you to prepare a dissertation proposal,
which is actually your proposal to conduct a specific research study. The focus is, therefore,
on the specific topic you have selected and the precise methods you propose to use. You will,
typically, be asked to indicate some readings in the field of the research, usually so that an
appropriate supervisor can be allocated. The point of these readings is to show the basis for
your research questions, so it is assumed you understand them pretty well. Previous
experience may be considered if the research seems unorthodox or novel but the research
proposal should be capable of "standing on its own feet".
Question 17
Which of the following should you think about when preparing your research?
Correct answer:
Feedback:
In preparing your research project, you need to be well organised. There is a certain amount
of "groundwork" that you can do before beginning your data collection and analysis. For
example, you can prepare for the research by thinking about possible sampling strategies,
whether sampling frames exist and how they can be accessed, ethical issues you will have to
address, and ways of negotiating access to organizational data and/or people you would like
to survey.
Question 18
Why is it helpful to keep a research diary or log book while you are conducting your project?

Correct answer:
c) To keep a record of what you did and what happened throughout the research process.
Feedback:
It can be very helpful to keep a written log book or diary of the whole period during which
you conducted your project. This is because the research process is typically long, busy and
full of unexpected turns of events. Keeping a record of what happened, and when, will help
you to monitor how well the research is progressing (in terms of survey response rates, etc)
and whether you are managing to answer your research questions. It will also be an
extremely useful resource when it comes to writing up your "Methods" chapter later on, as
you will already have a set of notes about the research process in chronological order, and
this will encourage you to be reflexive about your own role in shaping the outcomes of the
project.
Page reference: 68, 178-179
Question 19
Which of the following are sampling considerations?

Correct answer:
Feedback:
You will need to think about access and sampling issues. If your research requires you to
gain access to or the cooperation of one or more closed settings such as an organization, you
need to confirm at the earliest opportunity that you have the necessary permission to conduct
your work. You also need to consider how you will go about gaining access to people. These
issues lead you into sampling considerations, such as the following:
Who do you need to study in order to investigate your research questions?
How easily can you gain access to a sampling frame?
What kind of sampling strategy will you employ (for example, probability
sampling, quota sampling, theoretical sampling, convenience sampling)?
Can you justify your choice of sampling method?
Question 20
What practical steps can you take before you actually start your research?

Correct answer:
Feedback:
Before writing your research proposal, when you are beginning to gather your thoughts, in
other words, there are practical steps you can take. All of the answers shown for this question
are correct, because they can stop you from moving too far down a particular track only to
discover later, or be told later, that it simply isn't feasible. You can have access to a tape
recorder but do you really know how to use it, or change its batteries? Your institution is a
subscriber to SPSS but can you use it? This is the time to learn about these things, not when
trying to conduct an interview or after your questionnaires have been returned.
Page reference: 70 (Checklist)
1. The researcher who is conducting the research must be ___ and neutral in approach.
View Answer
Answer: Objective
2. Research always requires a ___ and ___ method of inquiry
View Answer
Answer: Structured, sequential

3. Research is done for ___ existing theories or arriving at new ___
View Answer
Answer: Proving, models

4. An important aspect of business research is its ___ assisting nature.
View Answer
Answer: Decision
5. Applied research is the kind of research where one needs to apply specific statistical
procedures. (True/ false)
View Answer
Answer: False
6. In basic research, the context is vast and the time period is flexible. (True/ false)
View Answer
Answer: True
7. The research that is especially carried out to test and validate the study hypotheses is
termed
(a) Fundamental resaeach
(b) Applied research
(c) Conclusive research
(d) Exploratory research
View Answer
Answer: (C)
8. The research studies that explore the effect of one thing on another and more
specifically, the effect of one variable on another are known as
(a) Causal research
(b) Applied research
(c) Conclusive research
(d) Exploratory research
View Answer
Answer: (A)
9. Every research study always begins with a hypothesis. (True/ false)
View Answer
Answer: False
10. The group of individuals from whom one needs to collect data for the study is called
the sample. (True/ false)
View Answer
Answer: True
11. The assumption about the expected result of the research is called the ___.
View Answer
Answer: Hypothesis
12. The data collection methods may be classified into ___ and ___ data methods.
View Answer
Answer: Primary, secondary

13. Marketing department of a business organization carries out research related to:
(a) Product
(b) Pricing
(c) Promotion
(d) All the above
View Answer
Answer: (D)
14. Demand forecasting and quality assurance and management are part of
(a) Personnel and human resource management
(b) Marketing function
(c) Financial and accounting research
(d) Production and operations management
View Answer
Answer: (A)
15. The research study must follow a ___ plan for investigation.
View Answer
Answer: Sequential
16. One of the most important aspects of a research study is that it must be ___ if one
follows similar conditions.
View Answer
Answer: Replicable
17. The management decision problem must be reduced to a ___ problem.
View Answer
Answer: Research
18. A research problem can be defined as ___ in the decision makers’ existing body of
knowledge which inhibits efficient decision making.
View Answer
Answer: A gap
19. Simple research problems usually test ___ relationships.
View Answer
Answer: Linear
20. Complex problems look at the interrelationship between ___ variables.
View Answer
Answer: Multiple
21. The management problem is a difficulty faced by the ___
View Answer
Answer: Decision maker

22. The management research problem has to be converted into a ___ before it can be
tested.
View Answer
Answer: Research problem

23. The management decision problem can be tested, that is, subjected to research
inquiry.
(True/ False)
View Answer
Answer: False
24. How can students be made to learn the course on research methodology is a
research problem. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
25. Which of these is not a step in the problem identification process?
(a) Discussion with subject experts
(b) Review of existing literature
(c) Theoretical foundation and model building
(d) Management decision making
View Answer
Answer: (D)
26. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) and the
Chicago Manual of Style (1993) are:
(a) Well known works on research
(b) Referencing style guides in management
(c) Publishing journals
(d) Management journals
View Answer
Answer: (B)
27. A valuable source of problem formulation is based on informal interviews conducted
with industry experts. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: True
28. Formulation of the research problem does not require primary data collection.
(True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
29. The causal variable is also called the ___ variable.
View Answer
Answer: Independent
30. The ___ variable is also called the effect.
View Answer
Answer: Dependent
31. If one evaluates the impact of the pedagogy of Prof. N S on the research methods
course grades of students, then Prof. N S, here, is the unit of analysis. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
32. Moderating variables are the ones that have a strong effect on the relationship
between the independent and dependent variables. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: True
33. The hypotheses are always made in question form. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
34. The hypotheses must be measurable and quantifiable. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: True
35. The hypotheses that talk about the relation between two or more variables are called
___ hypotheses.
View Answer
Answer: Relational
36. If one is making a proposition about the magnitude or behavior of a particular
population, we call it a ___ hypothesis.
View Answer
Answer: Descriptive
37. A formal document that presents the research objectives, design of achieving these
objectives, and the expected outcomes/deliverables of the study is called
(a) Research design
(b) Research proposal
(c) Research hypothesis
(d) Research report
View Answer
Answer: (B)
38. In a research proposal, the time-bound dissemination of the study with the major
phases of the research has to be presented using the
(a) CPM
(b) GANTT charts
(c) PERT charts
(d) All the above
View Answer
Answer: (D)
39. Academic proposals require extensive literature review. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: True
40. External organizational proposals are generally conducted by external research
agencies. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: True
41. The execution details of the research question to be investigated are referred to as
the ___.
View Answer
Answer: Research design

42. Research designs come ___ the problem formulation stage.
View Answer
Answer: After
43. Researcher design is the same as the research method. (True/false)
View Answer
Answer: False
44. The formulated design must ensure:
(a) Converting the research question and the hypotheses into measurable variables
(b) Specifying the process to complete the above task
(c) Specifying the ‘control mechanism(s)’
(d) All the above
View Answer
Answer: (D)
45. Previously collected findings in facts and figures which have been authenticated and
published are referred to as ___.
View Answer
Answer: Secondary data sources

46. A carefully selected small set of individuals representative of the larger respondent
population under study is called a ___.
View Answer
Answer: Focus group

47. The case study method is generally focused on a single unit of analysis. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: True
48. Expert opinion survey and respondent group discussions together form a two-tiered
research design. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
49. A research study that tracks the profile of a typical social networking user is an
example of an exploratory research design. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
50. If one wants to assess changes in investment behavior of the general public over
time, the best design available to the researcher is a longitudinal design. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: True
51. A study to analyze the profile of the supporters of Anna Hazare would need a cross-
sectional research design. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: True
52. Married couples are the unit of analysis in a cohort analysis. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
53. Different groups of people tested over a single stretch of time is a special
characteristic of a longitudinal design. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
54. The research variable in a longitudinal research design is studied over fixed intervals
in time. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: True
55. Descriptive designs do not require any quantitative statistical analysis. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
56. ___ validity refers to the generalization of the sample results to that of the
population.
View Answer
Answer: External
57. Test units are selected at random in a quasi-experimental design. (True/ False)
View Answer
Answer: False
58. There cannot be more than two independent variables in a factorial experiment.
(True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
59. There is no possibility of error in true experimental research design. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
60. In the true experimental design and statistical design, the respondents are selected
at random which may not be the case in real life. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: True
61. The data that is always collected first in a research study is called ___ data.
View Answer
Answer: Primary
62. ___ data is not always specific to the research problem under study.
View Answer
Answer: Secondary
63. Census data is an example of the primary data source. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
64. Sampling frame of the respondent population is an example of secondary data.
(True/False)
View Answer
Answer: True
65. Primary data methods have a significant time and cost advantage over secondary
data. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
66. Cash register receipt is an example of ___ secondary data sources.
View Answer
Answer: Internal
67. Customer grievance data available with the company is an important source of ___
data.
View Answer
Answer: Secondary
68. Statistical abstracts of India are prepared by ___.
View Answer
Answer: Central Statistical Organization

69. The ___ prepares the National Sample Survey (NSS).
View Answer
Answer: Ministry of Planning

70. Poor’s Statistical Services is a government publication on the people below the
poverty line. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
71. Syndicate sources are periodic in nature. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: True
72. Observation is a direct method of collecting
(a) Primary data
(b) Secondary data
(c) Both
(d) Published data
View Answer
Answer: (A)
73. Observing the remains or the leftovers of the consumers’ basket is referred to as
(a) Structured observation
(b) Unstructured observation
(c) Trace analysis
(d) Mechanical observation
View Answer
Answer: (C)
74. In case one wants to know why some people use plastic bags for carrying their
groceries even after the imposition of a ban on plastic bags by the Delhi Government,
one may use the observation method to collect the data. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
75. Usually the observation method entails that the observation is disguised, i.e., carried
out without the respondent’s knowledge. (True/False)
View Answer
Answer: False
2.
By which of the following means objective facts cannot

be secured or established by a researcher?
A. By observation and experiment
B. By research
C. By objective analysis of data
D. From material collected on the basis of oath and affirmation
Answer & Solution Discuss in Board Save for Later
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option D
No explanation is given for this question Let's Discuss on Board
3.
Field study is a method of research in which the

observations are taken in the
A. Natural set up
B. Observed set up
C. Laboratories
D. Fields
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option A
4.
The validity and reliability of a research will be at stake

when
A. The incident was reported after a long period of time from that of its occurrence
B. The author who is the source of information is biased, incompetent or dishonest
C. The researcher himself is not competent enough to draw logical conclusions

D. All of the above
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option D
5.
Who has developed a variation of 'life history' approach

called 'literary folklorist'?
A. Thomas and Znaniecki
B. Dolby-Stahl
C. Bertram
D. Freeman
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
6.
The points of intersection of the 'less than' and the 'more

than' ogives correspond to
A. Mean
B. Median
C. Geometric mean
D. None of these
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
7.
According to Weber, there is no absolutely of culture
A. Objective analysis
B. Proper study
C. Authentic discription
D. None of the above
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option A
8.
If wishes or values do not consciously or unconsciously

distort reporter's description of the situation, then the
report is
A. Subjective
B. Objective
C. Absolute
D. Original
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
9.
Hypothesis cannot be stated in
A. Declarative terms
B. Null and question form terms
C. General terms
D. Directional terms
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option C
10.
Social research is
A. The logical arrangement of facts which mutually explained each other
B. The collection of the required data maps charts, observation etc
C. The collection of facts on a given subject
D. All the relevant facts put together

Answer & Solution
Answer: Option A
11 which one of the following sequence is correct in sociological
investigation?
A. Formulation of problem, Planning research design, Field work, Analysing data, drawing
conclusion
B. Analysing data, Planning research design, Field work, Formulation of problem, Drawing
conclusion
C. Formulation of problem, Analysing data, Planning research design, Field work, drawing
conclusion
D. Field work, Planning research Design, Formulation of problem, Drawing conclusion
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option A
12.
The two type of observation are
A. Spontaneous and controlled

B. Formal and informal
C. Open-ended and closed-ended
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option D
13.
Why does Stacey argue against the idea of a feminist

ethnography?
A. Because it creates a non-exploitative relationship between the researcher and the

researched
B. Because she fundamentally disagrees with all feminist principles
C. Because she thinks that the fieldwork relationship is inherently unequal
D. Because she does not think that ethnography is a useful research method

Answer & Solution
Answer: Option C
14.
A logical sentence is called
A. Proposition
B. Syllogism
C. Preposition
D. Clause
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option A
15.
If by obtaining two curves one for X variable and other

for Y variable we see the both curves moving in the same
direction, it indicates
A. Positive correlation
B. Negative correlation
C. Partial correlation
D. None of these
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option A
16.
Who is known to have used 'participant observation'

methods in study of American society?
A. B. Malinowski
B. W. F. Whyte
C. W. J. Goode
D. P. K. Hatt

Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
17.
Who found an epistemological break between Marx's

early philosophical work and his later scientific theories
and knowledge?
A. Alfred Schutz
B. J. Alexander
C. L. Althusser
D. M. Merton
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option C
18.
The coeficient of correlation is independent of change of
A. Origin
B. Scale
C. Both A and B
D. None of these
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option C
19.
Epistemology studies
A. Origin and Nature of knowledge
B. Validity of knowledge
C. Extend of knowledge
D. A, B and C
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option D
20.
Which of the following is a non-probability sample?
A. Simple random sample
B. Quota sample
C. Purposive sample
D. Both A and C
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option D
22.
A set of techniques used to measure attractions and

repulsions during inter-personal relations in quantitative
and diagrammatic terms is known as
A. Sociometry
B. Social survey
C. Quantitative method
D. Social statistics
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option A
23.
The most important criterion of a good sample is its
A. Small size
B. Large size
C. Representativeness
D. Ambiguity
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option C
24.
The nature of relationship is studied through
A. Correlation
B. Regression
C. Progression
D. None of these
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
25.
Which of the following type of research hypothesis is a

pre-requisites?
A. Biographical study
B. Experimental study
C. Interpretative research
D. Critical research
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
26.
Statistical observations arranged in chronological order

is called
A. Regression
B. Time services
C. Progression
D. None of these
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
27.
Objectivity means
A. Absence of personal values
B. Lack of personal values and bias in one's work
C. Using scientific method of study
D. Full of personal value
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
28.
Which one of the following methods is known as

probability sampling?
A. A sample selected by Tippets numbers from the given totality
B. A sample selected from those who were available
C. A sample selected considering the purpose of research

D. A sample selected by considering the various categories of respondents
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option A
29.
The standard deviation of sampling distribution is called .

.......
A. Standard error
B. Probable error
C. Both A and B
D. None of these
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option A
30.
Who said this statement?

"I once asked a Australian native why he had to avoid his
mother-in-law, and his reply was 'because she is my best
friend in the world: she has given me my wife'. The
mutual respect between son-in-law and parents-in-law is
a mode of friendship. It presents conflict that might arise
through divergence of interests."
A. Radcliffe-Brown
B. B. Malinowski
C. Margaret Mead
D. Ruth Benedict
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option A
31 The measure of dispersion (mean and SD) shows
A. Degree of inequality
B. Degree of equality
C. Both A and B
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option A
32.
With whom you will associate the method of participant

observation?
A. Psychology
B. Social Anthropology
C. Archaeology
D. Biology
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
33.
The . . . . . . . . method consists in the collection of data

concerning the living, the working conditions of people in
a given area with a view to formulate practical social
measures for their betterment and welfare.
A. Ideal types
B. Social survey
C. Sociometry
D. Statistics
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
34.
The research antagonistic to ex-post tacto research is
A. Experimental studies
B. Library researches
C. Normative researches
D. All of the above
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option A
35.
Which types of sampling method is ideally suited, where

there is no knowledge about population?
A. Conventional sampling method
B. Purposive sampling method
C. Quota sampling method
D. Snowball sampling method
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option D
36.
In an experimental group dynamic situation and new

social norms arise
A. When the experimenter gives an instruction
B. When individuals are faced with ambiguous situations
C. When instrumental roles are performed
D. When expressive roles are performed
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
37.
Thurston scale is a type of
A. Interview schedule
B. Attitude scale
C. Opinion poll
D. Questionnaire
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
38.
What is positivism?
A. Positivism refers to statistics and statistical analysis
B. Positivism refers to knowledge about the nature of our being in the world as revealed
through theoretical philosophising
C. Positivism is a philosophical position on how we go about obtaining knowledge
D. Positivism holds that knowledge is grounded in religion
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option C
39.
A relationship in which change in one variable always

induce change in another variable is known as
A. Positive correlation
B. Linear correlation
C. Unfounding relation
D. Cause and effect relationship
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option D
40.
Which method involves counting of the incidence of

particular items belonging to a set of usually pre-
determined categories?
A. Case Study
B. Content Analysis
C. Both A and B
D. None of these
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
41.
Why is data analysis concerned with data reduction?
A. Because far too much data is collected than is required
B. Because we need to make sense of the data
C. Because of the repetitions in answers to questionnaires
D. Because the sample size has been exceeded
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B

42.
Assertion (A): Variance is always greater than the standard

deviation.
Reason (R): Variance is the square of the standard deviation.
A. Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option A
43.
While taking deviations the signs are ignored in
A. Quartile deviation
B. Range
C. Mean deviation
D. All of these
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option C
44.
Fisher's ideal index is
A. Arithmetic mean of Laspeyre's and Paasche's index
B. Median of Laspeyre's and Paasche's index
C. Geometric mean of Laspeyre's and Paasche's index
D. None of these
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option C

45.
What is true about objectivity?
A. Objectivity seeks scientific temperature
B. Objectivity is based on cause-effect relationship
C. In collecting facts, objectivity fulfils the manifestation of problems in time and space relationship
D. All the above
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option D
46.
If an event cannot take place, probability will be
A. 1
B. -1
C. 0
D. None of these
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option C
47.
Respondent is the term used in
A. Formal sociology
B. Sociology of knowledge
C. Kinship studies
D. Social survey research
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option D
48.
The root-mean square deviation is also called
A. Mean deviation
B. Standard deviation
C. Quartile deviation
D. None of these
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B
49.
Objectives of research studies depend upon
A. The society to be studied
B. The goal to be attained
C. The personality-patterns of the research scholar
D. None of these
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option B

50.
The final result of a study will be more accurate if the sample

drawn is
A. Taken randomly
B. Fixed by quota
C. Representative to the population
D. Purposive
Answer & Solution
Answer: Option C

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Research Methodology MCQ

Answer: c) Goode and Halt

Explanation: The book named "Methods in Social Research" was authored by Goode

Java Collection MCQ Set 1

2) What is the major attribute of Correlation Analysis?

a. Association among variables

Answer: a) Association among variables

Explanation: Mainly the correlational analysis focus on finding the association between

Answer: d) Research design

Explanation: A conceptual framework can be understood as a Research design that you

4) What is the main role of research in education?

a. To upsurge one's social status.

Answer: d) To help an applicant in becoming a renowned educationalist

Explanation: Educational research can be defined as an assurance for reviewing and

5) Which of the following features are considered as critical in qualitative research?

a. Collecting data with the help of standardized research tools.

Answer: c) Collecting data with bottom-up empirical evidence.

Explanation: In qualitative research, we use an inductive methodology that starts from

6) How is random sampling helpful?

Answer: d) All of the above

a. Descriptive survey method

8) Tippit table refers to as _________

a. Table of random digits

Answer: d) All of the above

Explanation: Tippit table was first published by L.H.C Tippett in 1927.

9) In order to pursue the research, which of the following is priorly required?

a. Developing a research design

Answer: b) Formulating a research question

Explanation: Before starting with research, it is necessary to have a research question or

a. Writing of Seminar representation

Answer: c) A research dissertation

Explanation: The format of thesis writing is similar to that of a research dissertation, or

a. It recognizes knowledge as power

Answer: d) Its sole purpose is the production of knowledge

Explanation: Participatory action research is a kind of research that stresses

a. It is only the alternative hypotheses that can be tested.

Answer: b) It is only the null hypothesis that can be tested.

Explanation: Hypotheses testing evaluates its plausibility by using sample data.

13) What are the conditions in which Type-I error occurs?

a. The null hypotheses get accepted even if it is false

Answer: b) The null hypotheses get rejected even if it is true

Explanation: The Type-I Error can be defined as the first kind of error.

a. R&D targets human development

Answer: d) All of the above.

Answer: a) Long-term research

Explanation: In general, the longitudinal approach is long-term research in which the

16) What do you understand by the term "Anusandhan"?

Answer: b) Following an aim

17) Evaluation Research is concerned with __________

a. How well are we doing?

Answer: a) How well are we doing?

Explanation: Instead of focusing on the process, the evaluation research measures the

18) Which of the following does not correspond to characteristics of research?

a. Research is not passive

Answer: d) Research is not a process

Explanation: Research is an inspired and systematic work that is undertaken by the

a. To learn new things

Answer: d) All of the above

20) What is the main aim of interdisciplinary research?

a. To over simplify the problem of research

Answer: b) To bring out the holistic approach to research

Explanation: Particularly in interdisciplinary research, it combines two or more

a. Improve data interpretation

Answer: d) Eliminate spurious relations